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A NATIONAL PAPER, PUBLIS-HI.D WELJMKSDAY.N AND SATURDAYS' FY JO UK FENXO, No. 34, Ni'BfH fIFTH-STH(s£T, ¥HILADfcLPH 1A
[No. 109 of Vol. IV.]
* » -
of the imnZ&STJTES.
THOPCIITS ON TWK
ST\T*E OF AMERICAN INDIANS.
(Continuei jro.n No. 107; of '.hi' Gazette.).
No. IX,
IN the prog' ess of ocietv, the art* naturally
follow agriculture. The. cultivation of
»rts and manufactures requires the joint la-
bar and (kiil of many individual. As they
add nothiiiß to the productive power of the
focist', th?ydepetid upo" the furphls produce
»f the cultivators of the foil for their support.
T ie number of hufbandinen mud become con-
Ittterahle before diftlnft protoiTToni and a divi
fion of labor are neiieflVry. In the early stages
of (bciefey, every family manufactures its own
fceceiTa'us. As society improves and num
bers .uicreafe, a division of employ me nt takes
p} ac —.rtne who is expert in huts,
excNaiges labor with the farmer, and erects
him an habitation \yhile the farmer supplies
him w th sod—another excels in making
cloathes; he of course becomes theger.eraJ
workman for the focietv. Such we may ima
gine to have been the on gin of every profef
fion—the habit of attention acquired by con
fhnt exercise in their refpeftive employ
ments, give them a dexterity and' acutenefs
which kept pace with the improvement of
the fwciety. The arts moil neceiTary to fo
cietv, and which are firft cultivated, are fuck
as relate to the preparation and use of food—
the materials of cloathing—the prodn&ion
and use of metals, and the conftruftnon of
proper habitations. A brief detail of these
j<nece(tary for the illustration ot the
The instruments neceflary to facilitate labor
and render the earth proper for tillage, are
numerous and ingenious, and beyond the at
tainment of savages. . The cultivation of
graia alf(Vrdqitires long experience and much
observation to bringit to perfection—the art
of reducing grain to flour, tins again to
btead, isjlowjy acquired; and the latter must
have cost the experience of ages. Some na
tions at'prefent are not acquainted with the
art of fermenting their paste.
ous liquors also require much experience, and
many rude efTays mud have been made to
render them in any degree palatable. Gar
dening; and the-cultivation and improvement
©P plants and fees, are in like manner of dift
ficidt diCcovery, and remote from the obfer
yat'on of savages.
The r e arts ari r e immediately from the cul
tivation of the foil, and a : e neceflary in a
greater or less degree to the infancy of civil
fbciety.
As fofirr as men proceed beyond the savage
ftate v they for foaiething different from
the of* beads? for defence or ornament.
Eve y step in the art of cloathing is difficult
so a lavage—the raifi.ig of the flax and wool—
the* means of converting fhefe into' thread
and yarn, and the inmvmerab'e gradations in
the procePv of manufaduring these into cloth,
inquire long attention and much ingenuity*
The use of metal* also is of great service
in tfte early stages of society, and greatly ac
eel<* r 3tes the progrefe of refinement; the
methods of procuring them are however dif
ficult, and in a mea'ure unknown to men in
the firft period of society. The d'fcovery of
the ore—the means of extra&ing, refining
andfoging it—the ait of erecting furrraces—
«f procuring fuel, and of contriving machine
ry for the abridgement of tailor—the art of
tem »erUig the metal—the fibricalion of in-
a id indeed the w.hole prucefi of
the work, requires much trnc, much-
tion % and muc'i exper ence, to bring them to
any degree of perfection.
The art of con ft rusting habitations for use
♦r elegance, is a primary ol>je<st of atrention
ki the ea l : eft period of society. Atfirft, like
all othe arts, it mud have been extremely
Tude. The felling of the timber, the contriv
ing and trdjufting the proportion*:, the tools
proper for these purposes, and the whole that
relates to to pa ntingand ornament,
are difficult and imperfect, while the arts of
civilized life are unknown.
Att these arts are neceiTary to the full efta
blilhment of civil society—-they are however
•f difficult invention and flow progress, wtwn
4eft wholly to the rude efforts of uninftrufted
genius.
■ Inexperience, ages elap r ed before they ar
rived at any cimfiderable pe'feftion.—Thefie
arts we have it in ou r power to communicate
tntb* savages ; and by being early introduced
among them, would contribute greatly to their
Advancement towards poMhed manners.
These are the means which appear to me
noli proper to bs employed to bring the In
dians t* tHe knowledge and enjoyment of the
fcteffiwgs of civilization.
Let a plan be contrived that will embrace
the whole of these objects—To inftruft them
fci 'elision—to regulate the inllitution of
marriage—to introduce the notion of private
property, of a fixed residence and agricul
ture*—to furnifli them with the instruments
of art, and to inftruA them in such as arc
">o4 aeceXuy to the iufmcy of foeiety.
Saturday, June 15, *793.
Let ftutable per Tons lie chosen and' r«f)t j
am the i'urntftad with nmteri*]?*]
for tlu' pi?oje(sttd I-Qt a con
nexion be so med between them and t' 9 Uni
ted States, and let it be made their inter eft
to maintain peace with us, and cultivate our
• fri.'ndfhip.
T'var th'efe objects are deferable, I bebeve
none wilLdenv—That - they may be atc.otii
plifhed, we.have fuiriciont encotiragen.c'oi to
warrant an experiment—'that the expence
(hould deter us from attempting if, cannot be
admitted-— the money already expended on
the war* in which we we engaged witn
would well nighfnffice to carry every arvarge
raent I have fu&gefted into effi?:sV. It would
surely redound more to the honor and inteieil
oft be United Srate's to civilize, than to extir
pate them. The attempt is further recom
mended by the consideration that this is the
only way a permanent peace with
them.
Tl.efe ohfer vat loir;. art iiitcpjdsd'o excrre
forne attention to a fuhjeft hitherto not tJHfcek
explored—to remove. fome-niiltake r corceTp'
ing it, and to 'f.r : e to more benevolent fenti-.
mfcrtts towards the Indiahs- They arf dic
tated' by no>parry, foiixd«4 <m> no favorite
hypothesis,, but on general principles of hu
man nature, and such as have served a* the
bails oftfates in former times, and are with
detereiicei'uhmitted to the public, by their
humbleitcrvant, LTCCURGOS.
♦ I v r/k not to be undujhid br tfih, to fay any
thing rcipefling tin jujiicc «r policy of the xuiir in
which we are now engaged with the Indians,
FXOM THE (NEW-YORK). DIARY.
IT Uavcircumffance highly gratifying to eve
ry class of well disposed orderly citizen*,
to fee that.the high executiveaurhority of the
Union, is so well seconded, in his endeavors
to maintain the dignity and peace of this
happy country, by the Chief Magistrate of
the State of New-York. This reflexion arose
front mtbrmatinn received yeflerday fionia
friend* that certain persona here, unmindf«i
of their duty as peaceable citizens, and re
gardless of the confequenc.es. winch might re
sult to the community at large, from thair
raftt conduit, hud equipt for Tea an armed
veffbf, and'procured a commission from the
French Mini ft er, to cruize a gain ft. and cap
ture the property of any of rlrofe nations who
are at war with Fracee, though at p&aC£
with America. My informant further a£
fured me, that as soon as Governor Clinton
had fuificiently afcertainerf the fa&, that
darmg a violation of national faith was a
bout tobe perrenated, through the maihiefs
and" avarice of a-few individuals, with a vi
gilance becomi' g his (fation, and a decision
which lias frequent!)' marked his chai after,
he ordered the* Ibip to be arretted, and cau ed
tliofe persons who had entered on this un»
warrantable, enterprize, to be confined.—
Tnis prudent and spirited conduct ofooru r Go
vernor, I concei him to ihe thanks
of the-people of America, and in a particular
manner, d mands the tefpeftful ackrrowledg
meats .of the citizens of New-York. Many
refpeftable peifons in Philadelphia, sensible flf
the delicate fi f ution of this conn try,. rela
tive considered with the powers at war, have
expredcd to the President of the United States,
their approbation of that Proclamation, on
which the present aft* of our Governor is
founded. I submit therefore with all defer
ence to the citizens of New-Yo<k > whether
an address to-his Excellency Governor Clan
ton, expressive of our resolution to aid him it
neceflarv, by every means in our power, to
preserve the reputation- of the city, and to
maintain inviolate the neutrality proclaimed,
and to decla e our entire approbation of the
manner, by which, he has been pleased to put
a (top to an ast, at once fQ unadvTed, auda
cious and illegal. A CITIZEN-
From the BALTIMORE DAILY REPOSITORY.
Messw Printer*,
I WISH through the mcJ um of your use
ful paper, to communicate to the public
the following humane and heroical action ot a
vouiTg man of my acquaintance. It refle<sts
much honor on the yornig man ; and is highly
to tvetv generous heart, particu
larly to the members of the Humane Society.
On the evening of Sunday, 6 negroes, viz.
3 men, 1 bov, and 2 women, were in a canoe
the river Salfafrai; suddenly the canoe
funk. Only ore of the poor unhappy negroes
could fwini so as to save his life. The other
five must inevitably been drowned, but for
the noble exertions of Mr. Samuel Councell,
who, with fevera] others was providentially
on board a veflel, which lay in the river, in
fight of the canoe when lh« funk. This yonng
man was the only one of the whole company,
who through humanity and feeling fur th*
unfortunate blacks, braved all danger to re
lieve them. He at the dreadful light dipt off
his coat, jumped overboard with the refl:
bis clothes and Ihoes on, swam to their assist
433
f ■< ~
+ it v\?j * rare*iu«» i
bi>y wai drowned » ha ,n«vjr
•emeige^asricouid*i«t be f.ranA Mr> Couiir
celj neiiiy lo.£ Ijis life* in this 'undertaking.
■ He laid I'tn* 3 men on the canoe which wai
keel Y'hilft employed in elTeftii.g
tni>5 T the It wo.r.rn who M'ere alinoft drowned,
i seized hi;n by the {hirt, and dagged him un
der water. £ttt-he)\:and ireaits £0 difengaj-e
. Imnfeifj.then catching rtiem aga-iri,, he, held
them'up with ore-hand, and with the orher
feiztd the canos ; remaining in that pofn ion
tf !1 two oth?r canoe* cams to his afl'tttance,
•ml-carried-- him- with - M«- trophies, fate on
fciare. The anlheotic.ty i»f this mav b» de
peifdmi o;j. A Coiifiunt
university of Pennsylvania
IT Iras hitherto been the practice of this Se
minary, as it was all along the pvattice
both oi'tfte Old College»aml of the Old Uni
versity, to examine the feveralj rolls, once ai
week J—and on every <uch occasion, to levy
fines, except corporal punishment was
Id beinlffAH, on such of'the, Students, as,,
doniij the preceding week, had* been either
lxt»in their attendance, or abil-nt altogether,,
at any .particular feiTiou :
Bitf v .this fva&ice, however good the de
sign with which it wcs was found,
to be attended with Tome inconveniences.
Thecolle&ion of so* many petty fines was
both trouHlefome and* degrading to the Pro-.
felFors. Neither, after all, could the iropo
fition of thcfe fines be expected to pr oduce
the desired efFect : for, if coni'de* able* they'
operated rather as a tax upon the parents,
than as punifliment on the boys; and, it in
con tide rabie, were but too apt to be dif:e
garded.—And, as to corporal punifbrwenty the
the infl.tflion of it so frequently, and in so
public a manner* could Tu»t but tend to wear
out,that ingenuous fen'e of fhanie and regard
to chara&er, which it is one gieatend ofedu
cation to cherish and promote :
At a- meeting, therefore, of the faculty,
held April i#, 1793» it was unanimously re
fnlved,
'«* That ail fines and corporal pumfhments
for atterrding late, or being absent altogether,
at any particular feiQon t< shall be abolilhed '•
feoondly, that, on their ft Wednesday
o£every month, there (hall bf held-a meeting
of tjie ffcveral profaffops and tutors, for the
pu'pofe of examining the. general roll* and
comparing their federal particular rolls;
when,an accurate statement of the attendance
and. behavior of each (Indent during tllfc pre*
ceding'month, (hall be made out, and pre fenc
ed to.his patents or guardians."
faculty confide, that by thus, extend
ing, as it were,, the authority of parents and
guai dians, there will be the less need for the
exertion of other authority ; and that the
apprelienfion of this monthly notice will be found
to have at 1 tuSt as 'ninth influence on the
minds of their pupils, as the apprebenfion of
the weekly fines ar;d puniflimentt weie found
to jjave formerly.
Pub'ifhed tor the information of the pa
rents and guardians of the students and fcho-
Vin at i t Un-iverity •*
By order of the Faculty ;
WILLIAMS ROGERS, Sif'ry r
Philadelphia, Ju»e 11, 1793*
'foreign Intelligence.
STOCKHOLM, March 29.
BAFON ARMKELD f , the Swed
i(h Ambafl'adftr in Italy, has re
ligned all his military appointments.
The departure of Count Stackel
berg, the Rulfisn Ambaft'ndor, will
speedily take place : and rhis No
bleman will speedily be succeeded
bv ( ount Romanzow, hitherto Mi
nifterofthe Einprefs at Frankfort.
Btfides the regi.meut< which late
ly received orders to march, that of
Jonkoeping, confiding of 1100 men,
lias received orders to hold iilcll in
readiness.
J his circumftnnce, to which may
be added the continual palling of
coin iers between this city, Copen
hagen and Peieilburg, gives ns tea
foa to conjeti tire, that foiue grand
projects are planned.
1 he armament at Cai'fcrone is
fhordy to be incieafed.
His Mpjelly was accepted as a Free
Itfafon, on die aad inft. in the-Grand
Lodge of this city : the Duke Re
gent presided as Grand Mailer.
' The Duke Regent, to give a tok
en of his elleem to Sir Sidney Smith,
an Englifbtnan. who feived as Col.
in our fleer during the last war, has
determined to fend as a prcfent >0 Sir
[Whole No. 43. j .]
Sidney, a •nnfte-rly pon rait of Charles
XII. pointed by Kiofifl.ii Kraft.
DA N T Z l t, April a
In coufcqueiice of ihe preliminary
capitulation agreed on betv*een nor
Magiiit rates, and' Lie uterin hi. General
Von Baniner, the I'ruflian
took poH'eflinti of the gates, and' ad
vanced works of tilts foi'ti ei'a on the
37th of March.
During this surrender, a part of
the gariifan of Dantzic revolted.
Supported by the mob, they iwok
poilefiion of the inner ramparts,and
discharged their cannon and ("mall
arms at the P ruffian troops.
The infurrertjon was quelled in
a few hours, with tlie lots of 14 u>*n
killed on both fides.
The ,apprehension of' il»e ring
leaders, aui-rf a'.her falurary
tions, haweeffecfted'a complete reWo
.lariion of rr*i"»!»jititj"ty."' "
We have iw>thirig> w> ftar'tven
froni;the furrentler of the ciry. »t
---felf, which is fotlhw in. a tfelw
days, becaufi* thei gnita have been
removed from theaj/idbn rampitrtts,
*ndt he P<*lifli. garrison isu compl'eie
ly dif*riinerli.
The Royal canuiuffion is dusty ex
pected fronv Berlin, f6r tihepurpofe
of making freftr, civil' ati 4 commer
cial regulations.
P A &•
The posture of atfai ra on our fron
tiers ij hourly becoming more and
mote encouraging. PunicHirier is
nearly abandoned, and the diffl-reuE
corps of the northern at my are ra
pidly organizing into an. invincible
phalanx. The traitor in his flight
had a narrow elcape from, the tij.e
of several batr-alions,; his hoife
was killed under him, and one of
his aid de-camps fell by his fide.—
All the heavy artillery is ret unveil
Pafe to Valenciennes, and all the
provision, stores and ammunition to
Douay. The fortified towns on ilie
frontier are i.u tlie hell pofliblcltate
of defence agaiiift the attacks, of
any force whatever, and in a very
fllort time, from the exertions that
are making, will be proof to the
most iibltinate ficge, and provided
with every neceti'ary for a grca,r
length of time j while t lie enemy are
in an exhausted country, and must
bring every breaktaft they make
some hundreds, of miles. Thus, it
is to be hoped, the check that tres»«
foil has effected on us, will only
serve in the end to disgrace the trai
tors. who perpetrated it ; and it v ill
be 110 small advantage to.the repub
lican cause, if this event qures thjr
French of their extravagant
tjy for individuals, and that filly
proj>eufiiy toenthufiiftic admiration
of their leaders, upon every tranf?-
ent gale of success- Ignorant or ill
disposed people do our cause im
mense harm, conilantly spreading
alarms and apprehensions on the
(late of our affairs, which have ft fa
tal effect at a diilance. Recruiting
is going on rapidly, and difciplinfe
enforcing. Our enemies well know
that France can never fall but by
an illdiretfted application of its
strength. On the 6th instant, after
evacuating Malines, an immense ba
ilie of property arrived fafe into
Douay, to fay, 90 pieces of cannon,
7,50 c mufquets of the firft quality,
2,000 pieces of small cannon with
firelocks, 3,0001b5. vvt. of copper, a
vail quantity of artillery imple
ments, and lastly a mo-tar that was
burst in the bombarding of Litte,
which the new comi.iillior.ers onth#
frontiers have oideied back to that
place, in the name of the reprefe-m
tatives of the nation, which in their
opinion will be a moil acceptable
prelent to the people of Lisle, w bos«
firmriefs and courage once Caved the
republic, and will save it again.