cf)U*.y.j B * Baa3lg^^ tM ' aa,aaßa^ggaCaiSa: 1,1 1 ' il|tr ' 111 '11 '■* '*' r ' r t V.it*j-,fr n' it - ' •-. A PAPUt, PU.USH.D OH ,y W ,„ „^ r „„ ~ [No. 107 of Vol. IV.] TO THE PUBI.TC. #3" The Editor propfes to continue the publication oj the Gazette of the United State s, Jor dijlant circulation, after the JijJl of December next, on the follvvoivg viz. Jt Jho-U be publijhed on Wednesdays and Saturdays, an paper of the Medium fize*—wkich is larger than the prefect. The Price, Thiee Dollars, per annum, rxclufivc of poftagc. Subfcnptiom to be received by the rtjpeffive Pcfl- Majlcrs throughout the Union, or fuck otker per Jo as u> may fee propet to coiteH then. The paper Si to be Jorutatiid by pojl twice a ueei. No packets tj contain less than six papers—and no fubferiptions to be received for a Ufs term then fix months.—Payments to be conjantly fix months in advance.—Twenty per cent, diiuclibn from the price cf the Gazette, toil Ihe allowed to thoje who col lect and forward the fvifcriptijn money, Jree.of tx. penje, in J all oj all charges Jer.thtu trouble intht hitfivejs. Thf publication will contain u vfual, a variety oj anginal ejjays—foreign and domfiic intelligence, and a fumimry of the proceedings of the LegjLitui? oj the Union, Be. (3c. Attention will be paid to dispatching the papers with pun&uality, and Sub scribers nay depend on receiving them as regularly, as the pojlt arrive. June 8. For the GAZETTE of the UNITED STATES. THOUGHTS ON THE State of American Indians. (Continued from No. 104, of '.his Gazette.) No. IX. ANOTHER principle which contributes to form the baits of civil society, and •which dHfcjngnifHes social from savage man* ners, is the eftabiifhment and management of private property. In the earlj of fp. are fti'anfcers to rhofe diftmftions of property which in more pojifhed pe riods. Land is more connected with the na tion than with individuals—the territory which belongs to the tribe, is cultivated for their use, and each receives what is fufficient for his necessities.* As their numbers jn creafe, as their wants multiply, and society advances, the idea of appropriation is fqrm fcd. They become delirous of a better provi lion than the proniifcuous industry of many copartners affords, and by degrees withdraw their regard from the community, and diredl their views more to their o\v;i inferel^. At length when perfbnal ciiftinCtioo arises from an accumulation of the iirnple produc tions of nature, or the acquisitions of industry, they begin to claim the property of the foil, as well as the fruits which it yields. The oc cupation of land enfuet, and the agricultural (late place—this fo.rmi a new asra in the progress of manners, and corftitutes the true foundation of civil society. From this source all improvements in the various departments of social life directly or indirectly flow. Ik gradually changes the habits and manners of a people, nnd intipduces means' of eminence and refpe&ability unknown in the savage state—it confirms and improves the idea of frigate property—it necefTirikattaches thenj to a particular spot—leads to a division of lands, to industry in cultivating and enriching them— to.tl.te conftruflum of proper habita tions for the arcoipmndajtion of their families, and tofje arts subservient tq purposes. Agriculture also birth to ar(s, to com merce and to laws—prevents famine—acce lerates population—creates ma jf- new attach ments —'pens new fourecs of enjoyment, and strengthen* the bauds which connect qnd fnpr the diverged inteiefts ofiiifiety. Tl* fti-plus produce of the farmer creates a fund for the maintainanceof artificers, whole joint (kill and industry are neceflarv to give perfec tion and extent to their prndu-ttions. These agpiq return ilie farnier ijij ravy ials converted into some more agreeab'e and ufe ful form. As arts multiply, the practice of exchanging arte commodity for another takes innumerable ties are formed whicfi fentent the interest a»Fefyogs ps, men-* enlorci the obligations j-o mutual and afliftance. and sweeten the charms of so cial intcrcourle. A»ricultu-e alio creates si necelTity for new laws—the partition of lands—tl»e tenure of property—the forms of contrasts—the regn. Jation of fuccedjon of tranfinjflion and dona tion all req iir* known and ell»blithed rules. The use and value of irietajs, and efpeciafly that species which serves 'at tbe standard of j* Tf&yfM HvA *$ r—udar ie.Hct GtK rLj' M"> r ,*"**■ *»• P- 1 »"■ 157. —CtmmtaUritj of Per*, tfi 5. t. ». 3. ?,♦» , Mi toe exchangeable v;< V.* other cot>yr<>-J> tiei, inuft be particularly fpecified by the kin's of rl>e society. The penally ineurrer! by the infraction of should be delineated, and an snthoritj appointed to fee it duly executed. Agriculture further facilitate', .the means of providing iubfiftence—encourages mar riage, by the profpeft of an eafv and fee Ore fopport—leffens tin- danger of famine, and multiplies the number m:d augmerttS thi hap pineft of the human species. 11 gives rifp to various employments which kindle thefparlcs of emulation, rouse the in tent powers of genius, exrite invention, and contribute to enlarge the bounds and multiply the objects of human knowledge. Thus arts, fe'ences, laws and government, all ultiniate'y flow from the eftablifhmenr~of private pro perty and. the cultivation of the foil. Thi- reprefeptation is perfectly coincident with the experience of pad ages. Tie an cient history of Greece, of China, of Ger many, of Pern, ami of forne other countries, informs us vfaat land it* the infancy of those nations was common,and nfcribes thexlivifion of it to their firft So. hiphlv Hid '' thofS mttva* eftinw-e Xhe effafeliffcrncnf of agriculture, that the most of them paid reli gious homage to those fovcreigns and legiila tors who had been the inftrnmerts of intro ducing them. To facilitate the reception and improvement of this art, they were care ful to furniih the means by which it might be easily and fuccefsfully cultivated. For this purpoie, they rendered it unlawful to destroy those animals winch are n r ually employed in the cultivation of the earth. Thus the laws of Egypt, oflntlisi, and in late times of fom* of the French idands in America, prohibited the killing of oxen, the animajs generally em ployed in agricnlture, on pe(la|tv ofde-ath,— On the fame principle it is highly probable that other laws were made to acre It rate the improvement of agricuUure. ' If, as has been attempted to be (hewn, agri culture lies at the foundation of civil society, and isthefourcef oir. wbich allfocial improve ments are derived— another important ilep to betaken in bringing the savages to the knowledge and enjovment of social lift is to give them the idea ofpeTfbnal appropriation-— a refidfinceaud thg cuUivarioa.of th« (a 1# this will be more easy :hpn may be at firft. ap prehended—they are ar present in a state bor dering upon it.—Each nation has a certain ter ritory which it claim-: as its own—the limits > of which are well known, and the encroach- : ments on lyhich ,t>y other tribes is: a fruitful, source of among; them. The transi tion is easy from the idea of national to that of individual appropriation. The Germans and Peruvians exhibit t(ie progress of this change in the habits of a na tion. This progress also jriay be more readily ef fected among the Ii dians than in nations left wholly to the impulse of their owp genius. The inftruinents of agriculture—the use of domeftid animals and the use of metals which greatly facilitate the prog re fs of this ast may be them. Extraordinary encou ragement may be giyenr then?. to excite to industry and a perpetual afforded by the profpieft of exchanging the produce of their labour for articles which they Jhay deem more desirable. +. The Egyptians to Of yris—the Greeks toCer/s— the Romans to Saturn—the Chinee Jo Yao -and the Peruvians to Manco Capac. Coquet, vol. i. p. 34. For the GAZETTE oj the ukITtDStATES. Tr i ... HE incendiaries whq are every where blowing the sparks of dilfentinn into a flame,have larely outraged decency & the ren fimentj of our nation, and indeed of the civil ized world lb far as to insult the President of the United States. The style of animadver sion on.his conduct and (>ai been as iufolent as it is insidious ; nothing can Ihew more manifeflly the profligacy of their prin ciples and t eir violent fjiirits It shews that the party who hate the confutation and the fypporters of public order .are held by no ties of or duty, and mean /O'keep with in no bounds which the moderation of other men has fuppoled even the itioft viojent would not step over. Men who have any principle of virtue will honor it in others. Yet the prctencc is that the honor done to one man is a diftipiSion inconfjftent with the temper of a government. 'This is an impu dent libel on repubi'carifin wjijcji in reality rends to give erergy to the human chara&er ; which calls into aflion tb* most fublimfc vir tue, as well as the fcntiment -which is to qheriih and reward it.' Does Syracuse stand diflipnored in hiflory for.btr gratitude to her deliverer the virtuous Don ? Was Corinth enslaved by T moleon, or was the confidence of Thebes in her Walbington condemned by her lie: oes and pbilofophers ? "thole cities are in tbe dud ; but the farce of these three great men wilj never die. Tijefi fctibbler« frel«veJlyrj in,m?»,alj a< well •> pofitics, tbtj propose to degrade 1 x- I liinwni j_- - ZTZCcTc?/ <?c Saturday, June 8, i 75^5. <It //</ / rf't^ 425 uc£ beta.<ife while twey envy, they pr* .tend to-titar.Jt. This fottiJh doctrine is the iheta'phyfics of bafcnefs—it puts out rhe light of reason *nd quenches the of (entlraeiit in the hcirt. The admiiatJrm,of an hero of whom out coun try is proud, the gratitude we fee] for him who saved it, are pretended to be dangeious. The people are impudently told to Another their best and long accuftoiried feelings and to yield tn future to the mean eft and most cow ardly of prejudices—their envy and fear of merit, because it is pre eminent. Thus it is that ouj fciibblers raiftake the fenti merit/ of the American people by supposing them in their addreffes'-already degraded to their own leyel. They tell us that Kings are movers, tiirone-s and sceptres are glittering bubbles. They corrupt virtue but can nei ther diftiugufh nor reward it. It happens however tnat the man famed for his ijluftri- W r ervicesand personal p.ierit, that afkM no recompense yet enjoys the higher, is treated rudely, as- if the gratitude <if a free people was .an fife ring to ambition or was extorted ty" usurpation and violence. Birth and power C9nnpt conifer triMi difrinltio#--—!nor acc >• 1 in* to those writers, can virtue and merit. 1 here are men whom the virtue ps others d.lhonors— -who find reproach in good exam ple—who ficlren in. its fp lend or like tjhe tempt er when he fir ft came from darkneft into the lurMhine ; like him they deceive io order to debate ; like hini they give iniidious counfe] to trample on the primary laws of our social order—and like him they incite an happy race of men to shake off their most amiable duties as fetters, to renounce then best rights in fo ciery as bribes for obeying it, and to barter a second paradise for an apple. CIV IS. Foreign Intelligence. (Ger.) March 30. ON the firft intelligence of the approach oft he Pruflian troops, the French marched to meet them at the distance of half a league from Mto* -pfVce.- -0e n e r»l» ii ft ill e aT)d Wiih'pfen had their headquarters at Btetzenheim ; Geo. Neuwinger had his at Brngen, and those of Gen. HoWgard were at this place. For the two last days he had eltablifhed himfelf at BeddefHeim. The left wing of the Proffian ar my firft attacked ihe entrenchmelits of.Wnldalgefft.eim, from which the f retich were driveh, after making a very obftihate refinance. The Prutliaii cavalry pursued the fugi tives beyond Bingen, and cut to pieces a great number of them with their sabres. During this time another body of Pruflian troops attached the batte ries on the mount of' St. Roch,w hich were also carried; the French left there a great many tilled & wound erf ivith all their artillery, The vii Tors took fbirie hundreds of prl fonerS, among whom is the famous General Newinger. Whilst this was pafling on theleft win jj; of the Prussians, the right ad tanced again ft fhis place, and met with great refinance by the way, bnt the French were at length oblig ed to fall back, and to save them fel*es by flying during the night of the 28th. The hnflars of Eben j>ur fued them through this town, as far as Alzey, where they cut to pieces a part of them, and took a great number prifohers. As the Pruflians have blocked up on one fide all the paflages to Mentz, and are on thfe other in pursuit of the enemy, the pofuion ofthe latrer i? extremely critical. This d:w a continual cannonade has been heard foN»i;rcls Mentz ; about one thou sand three hundred French pril'on ers have been already couduifted to Biugen. FRANCKFORT, April i. General Nenwinger who has been taken prisoner by the Prussians, was brought hither this day with foine more Frenchmen, and several pieces cf artillery. The General has five wounds, none of which, however, art dangerous. J = —~ \ > [Whole No. 429.] 7Li* d&v eh« f* rri.'an of Caitcl made a fortle, but were repuii'eil withiofi. MANHEIM, March s)-t. No n> aiis 3i e .;urivt*(j h<*re except the port from Fi ankfort. This is the refulr of Hie invasion of the Piuffian* on rbat fide, and (he Aul irianson this fide of ihe Rhine.— The former have this day taken possession ef Worms ; the latter ga ther in our neighbourhood, and are on the poiijc of passing the Rhine. The French deem it in vain to make any ftaod at all . again ft the formi dable forces ready to pour in upon them from all quarters. They have evacuated the whole diftriOt of Worms from that city hither. Pre vious to their retreat, they set fire so their magazines at Neuhaufen & Fr:tiikemb<>l. Ac Worms they de stroyed their magazines, and threw several pieces of cannon into the Rhine. Tljqs the French hayelofl n!J their German conquests except Memz, which, on account of the vkxakneis of its garrison, will soon be forced to surrender. This evening intelligence has-been received here fhat General VV uri»- fer crofled the Rhine at Ketfcli, w i,h 70©o men, and is already at Spires. The Krfciich have vanished eve.rv where, and the PrulTinn patroje.t make incursions as far as 00-"£r- Iheim. ** APRI t. 2. 1 he Fruflian head quartets kre at GutiterfDlum. A brilk engagement rook place in that quartcr a few days the French hnd a grest number of men killed, and between 8 and 1200 made prifpners. His Prfiffian Mnjcfly is expected to reach W-orms to morrow. Genera] Nftiwinger is conveyed to Magdebourg; on his wiy he was lnfulted by the populace, on accoit'in of the fevei e colitributions which he had exaifted. BRUSSELS, April 4. This morning the French ft&e prisoners, sent hither by the Printe of Saxe CoboUig, ate expected to arrive, and wii] immediately confi nue their route co the citadel of Antwerp. The French army which was to have made ihe conquett of Holland, (till continues in virtue of its Capi» tulation with the Austrian generals to file off thtough Dendei nionde, with all their baggflge&ainmuniiion. HAGUE, April 6. On Wednesday ihe 3d inft. the states general received from the he reditary Prince of Orange, comman dant general of the troops of jhe republic on the frontier, the jfollow ing litter : " High and mighty Lords, " 1 ba v e the honor to inform your Mightinesses, that this night I re ceived a courier from the prince of Saxe Cobourg, bearing two letters from Gen. Dumomier, addrefled to the refpei'Hve commandants of Bre da and Gert ruy den berg, charging them to surrender those fortreflcs on the tertus of an honorable capi tulation. 1 immediately caused the letters to be delivered to the said commandants, and made such use of them in fopport of the negncia- Uons commenced, that I hnve no doubt of being Toon in poflcffion of both these places. " I have the honour to congratu late your high MigHtinefles on this fucceis, f 0 decisive for the lifety of the republic, not doubting but jour high cnightiuedes will Vearn with l.itisfatfl.ion, that the territory of the republic will very Toon be t ear *C*«v<~ s
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