( —lB9 — ■
PUBLISHED WEDNESDAYS AND SATURDAYS BY M»v v f " ~ =
/ * FENNQ, No. 69, HiCH-STREET, BETWEEN SECOND AND THIRD STREETS, PHI!. ADELPHTA
[No. 48, of Vol. lII.]
FOR THE GAZETTE OF TIIE UNITED STATES. \
Extract of a litter front the Hon. Ezra L'Hom m E
dieu to S.L. Mitchi LLj Efj • dated Suffolk court
ty, September 12, I 791.
" \\JE have fufFered equally with you by tlie
VV severity of the drought. I have found
out one manure which, notwithstanding the dry
nefs of the season, has caused the land to pro
duce wonderfully more than any other manure
in a wer season. You will he anxious 'o know
what it is- I'll tell you.—'Tis Fifli.—The fame
they call Mosjbuncurs in New-York. We call
them Mtnhadcn. Some call them Shad. A very
■Jong fifli, but fat.
" 1 have not time to give you the particulars,
but as there are millions of these fifhes around
Long-Jfljnd, 1 have thoughts of making it one
fubje<ft of communication to the Agricultural So
titty."
Extratt of another letter from SiMEot Dr. Witt,
Esq. Surgeon-General of the State of New-York,
to Mr. Sam. L. Mitch ill, dated Albany, May
8, 1791.
" I AM very much pleased with your idea of
keeping a Calendarium Flora;, in addition to llie
common Meteorological obfei vntions. It will at
lead enable us to make the neceflary allowances
for difference of climate, when in practical agri
culture we wish to improve from experiments
made in different places. For the want of this
knowledge for instance, we are in this place in
I'ome measure at a loss in following the practice
of Pennsylvania ; and much more so, that which
is given tis in books written for the several parts
of Europe. But before this can be done to ad
vantage, a plan must be formed for making cor
respondent observations, not only in ths State, but
it Jhould extend at leajl, throughout the Union. For
this purpose, I would choose those vegetables in
the tirlt place, vvnich bitd or blollom earlielt in
the Spring, and which are universally to be
found throughout the States. I have thought of
the Anemone, the species I believe is thaliclroides,
a plant very common throughout this Stare,grow
ing chiefly in the woods, and one of the fir ft
which makes its appearance. The Dandelion may
be another, its flowers coming out early. The
Mefpilus Nivea, (so called in Barnaul's Arbuftrum
Americanum) the excellent or vjild-fervice
tree, is very common in this State at least, and
one of the earlielt blofl'omers we fee in the woods :
the banks of the Hudson from hence to New-
York, are now white with them ; with us they
are in much greater plenty than the Cornus Flo
rida, or Dog-wood ; this, 1 think, would be ano
ther proper vegetable to place particular depen
dence upon ; —befides which, there ought to be
remarks made on exotics, particularly fruit-trees.
By carrying into effet f t a plan like this, it is pro
bable foinething new, and more ufeful than has
been usually done by Agricultural Societies might be
flruck out, and an endeavour made to obtain the co
operation of the Societies of that description in the o
ther States."
[Gardeners ami Farmers will undpubredly be
benefited by attention to the above remarks, for
instead of regulating their planting and sowing
by the day of the mouth found in the Almanacks,
they will be guided by the unerring phenomena
ot the fealon itfelf ; 'tis well known that the ve
getation of Spring is in some years fix or eight
weeks more backward than in others, whereby
the husbandmen who go to work by the day of
the month, rather than by the (late of the wea
'her, commit egregious mistakes. How much
better is it for inltance, to fi>Tv fax -when Peach
trees are in blojfom, than to flick to the old method of
putting the feed into the ground 6>i the firjl of April,
he the feafoti as it may. How much more intelli
gible to strangers and foreigners, to read in the
atfts of Agricultural Societies, that Cabbage-plants
Jhould be fct far ivi/iter eating, when cherries turn
read, rather thar. on the twenty-sixth day cf June !
&c. A register made on Mr. De Witt's plan,
voold be Co advantageous, that it is earnellly to
be desired !he several Agricultural Societies on
the continent may adopt it."] /
The capital town of Cape-Fraacoi', which by
the late accounts was in imminent danger of de
rtrudtion, is large, elegant, and very opulent.
It is (aid to contain upwards of 6000 lionfes, and
between ;o and'6o,ooo inhabitants, three quar
ters of which are Negroes—a circumftr'nce high
ly unfavorablein the jjrefent conjuncture.
is
Wednesday, October 12, 179.1.
No. Til.
'"T'HE Bank of the United States will be one of
the ellential ami oioft powerful springs in
this great republic, being; conllitoted with great
discernment to anl'wer rite many beneficial pur
poses intended. It may justly be quefHoned.
whether there is a bank in any country so well
calculated to promote the inrereitof the commu
nity. It will increase the revenue, and facilitate
the collection of it ; it will throw into circula
tion from time to time as much money as the
neceflary trade and buiioefs of the people may
require ; by these meat's it will be the general
regulation of money, and while ir moves a thou
land wheels of indtittry i: will check any excess
in the circulating medium. The wisdom of go
vernment, will aid the body of DireiSors, in the
wife management of this great source of national
and individual wealth. As one fifth of the bank
is owned by the public, it will constantly engage
the moll discerning eye of government; and as
twenty-five Directors are annually to be eletfled
by the llockholdei s, to watch over and preserve
its bell interefl, no inilitution can be better
guarded or have a clearer profpetfl: of exrenfive
ufefolnefs. During its prugrefs while the in
ilitution was forming, every possible circuinftane
unfavorable was suggested, which learned in
genuity could invent j but the more it has been
considered the more it has been admired. As
the Stockholders will soon meet for the choice
of Directors, the time draws near for the com
mencement of its operations. It being highly
intereiling to thegovernment, and to the people
in general, in particular the Stockholders, to
have the bank commence its loans as soon as pos
sible, the wisdom and energy of the Directors,
will make every effort i'or this purpose. And as
the business of banks is now so well underllood,
and this great national objedl has been folong in
contemplation, we may suppose the Directors
will commence its operations early in December.
Congress will commence their next felfion
with a profpe<ft so grateful and under circuin-
Uauces so animating, they may proceed with fa
cility and pleasure to complete the bulinefs of
thie Union. The President, and the Congress,
may jnlHy be considered as the molt fortunate
and iuccefsful legislators and rulers that ever go
verned a nation. May the glorious work ttill
prosper in their hands, and the world be illumi
nated by their wisdom. A TRAVELLER.
No. IV.
IT is of infinite importance to the welfare of the
Americans, that their exports heal ways at lealt
equal to their imports—On this balance will for
ever depend innumerable advantages. To this
capital point the government will attend with all
its wisdom : For so long as the balance is in fa
vor of the country, (considering its natural fnpe
riority, and valt agriculture) it nmfl flourifh far
beyond all former experience. The increaling
emigrations from Europe may aid the balance of
money ; but the exports and the imports are the
sure criterion to determine how the balance falls.
It is neceflary to the landed interest, and to the
manufactures, that the rateof interest for money
should be low, and this can never happen until
the funded debts are fold as high as they are 111
England. So long as four per cent, can be re
ceived for money in the public funds, individuals
will nor easily obtain loans under fix per cent.—
which is tnuch more than the profits of land or
manufactures will allow. Therefore the govern
ment, and all men of patriotism and influence,
must unite their constant exertions to raise the
value of the funds, as the only means to lower
the rate of interell. This circumstance seems not
to have been attended to in time part, and the
state of the finances did not permit a proper re
gulation ; but the revenue is now amply fufficient
to raise the credit of this country immediately to
fhat of England ; and as the general profperiry
•To eminently depends upon it, the utmofl energy
of government will undoubtedly be directed to
this g r eat object. It is well known that mere
fuperfluities colt this country a great sum ; if by
the wisdom of government, and the aiding ex
ample of the rulers, and the rich, the importa
tion of these fuperfluities might be discouraged,
a large balance of money would annually be left
to carry on manufactures, and hasten the reduc
FROM THE COLUMBIAN CENTINEL.
PUBLIC HAPPINESS
' t~e , / s c st /
' ''/ / - // &*1
cPUHSo
[Whole No. 256.]
tion ofintereft and the extinction of the public
debt. This mighty concern ihould engage the
laboured attention of all the people—every one
can do fomethingin this important matter to serve
His country, and his exertions will be rewarded
by the savings he may hereby make in liis own
person and family. It is certainly pradticabls,
and the patriots of America Ihould never leave
ihe fubjetft until it fliall be fully accomplished.
Let their enlightened writers pursue it.
AN [English] ILLUSTRATION OF THE
RIGHTS OF MAN.
THE doctrine of the Rights of Man in
reduces itfelf to this—" I am a man, consequent
ly 1 am free ; no man is, or can bemy superior ;
this world was created for me, and not being
accountable to any one for my anions, I will do
what 1 please : Having neither fortune nor in
dulhy, I address myfelf to the firft rich man that
1 meet, and demand the half of his property : —
He has the temerity 10 refute me—l present the
decree of the National Aflembly with one hand,
and a piflol with the other—demonllrateto him,
most clearly, that the Legislature whom he fup
]>orts, and whom he is bound by oath to obey,
has decided, that the nobility and gentry have
no longer any patrimony ; that the rights they
poflefled, by inheritance or purchase, are tranf
terred to the nation oi which 1 form a part, and
that 1 claim nothing but what is absolutely and
justly my due :—Having no lodging, 1 fix myfelf
in the fir ft convenient mansion thail'uits me, and
if my neighbour has a pretty wife or daughter, I
will po(lefs myfelf of one or the other, or both,
il 1 like it. 1 here is nothing more reasonable,
according to these new discovered Rights of Man.
Such is the practice, and such the strange inter
pretation that has been given to the doctrines,
lately ©cached in France, of the lights I
Such is ths abominable perversion !—Such the a
bilfes that have already been committed, under
the pretext of equality ;—and Heaven alone can
tell where the miieries already commenced will
terminate."
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF FRANCE.
The proceedings of Thursday and Friday, August , and , hav
mg been limited to matters of but little importance we (hall
come at once to
THE FRENCH CONSTITUTION.
Such is the title of the Report wh ch M Thou ret prefentcd o»
Fr'dav trom 11, Committees of Constitution and Revision with
the following short address : ' W " h
" LAST. night was the anmverfary of the memorable 4th of
August, 11, which the Rcprclentatives of the French nation laid
the foundations of the Conflitution. Theday following,of which
this is the anniverlary, was confrcrate.l to digesting those pre
cious foundations ; and at this epoch it is, that after two years lal
bour, we prcfent to you the conftiiutional Act."
The report was read and applauded ; and on the motion of M
la Fayette, the Committee ol Constitution was ordeicd to pre'
parea plan for prefeniing the Conftnmional Ast to the nioft i n l
dependent examination and Iree acceptation bv the K'n«
After the preamble, and <7 articles o! the Declaration of the
Rights of a man aud a citizi n, it proceed* ;
The National Aircmbly, meaning to cftablifh the French Con.
dilution on the principles recognised and declared above abolish
es irrevocably the institutions that injure liberty and equality of
1 here is no longer Nobility, or Peerage or diflinflion of orders
or feudal system.or patrimonial jurifdiftions, or any of the titles
denominations, and prerogatives derived from them, or any orl
ders of chivalry, corporations, or decorations, lor which proofs
of nobility arc required, or any other luperiority, but that of
public officers in the exercise of tlieir funftioos.
No public office is any longer saleable or hereditary.
There is no longer, for any part of the nation, or for any in.
d,vidua], any privilege or exception to the common rights of all
Frenchmen.
There i, no longer wardenfhip, or corporations of profeflions,
art*, and crafts.
The hw no longer recognises religious vow«, or any other en
gagement contrary to natural rights or to the ConftitutioD.
HEAD I.
Fundamental Difpofiticns guaranteed by thiCanJlilution.
The Constitution guarantees, as natural and civil rights,
I. That all citizens arc admifliblc to places and employment*
without any dillinftion, but thamf ability and virtue.
11. That all contributions (hall be divided equally among all
the citizens, in proportion to their mean?.
111. That the farrte crimes diall be fubjeft to the fame puniflj
mems, wi'hout any diftiriftion of pcrfons.
The Conllttution in like manner guarantees, at natural and civil
rights,
Liberty to ail men of going, flaying or departing without be
ing arnfted, acciifcd, or detained, except in cafe, determined by
the law, and according to the forms prefenbed by it.
Liberty to all men of fpcaking, writing, and printing their
thoughts, and of cxcrcifing the teligioua worfh.p to which they
are attached. '
Liberty to ail citizens of aiTembling peaceably, and without
arm*,c mplving wn h the laws of Police.
Liberty of addrcfling to a!t couftitiKcd authorities petitions in
dividually Gjaed.
A TRAVELLER.