[No. XLV.] TIF~E TABLE T—No. XLV. a girl, whose size and figure are notnatu fafay favorable ; but they have the reverse ef fetft oti one who wears the graces of native ele gance. In short, a Woman of inherent beauty commits an imprudent acft, whenever she makes Iter dress so conspicuous as to be looked at, more than herfelf. It is rather a discredit to a charm ing girl, that her most dangerous rival ihould come from a milliner's shop. The etiquette of courts, like that of dress, is calculated to obfetire the real character. Those *ho avertible at the levees of princes, all ap pear tinder a mask. There are no circumftahccs that indicate the peculiar qualities of men, on ttiefe occafrons. If a blockhead commits no tnif take, he pafles for a fafhionable man, and meets With attention from pliilofophers. If the most solid merit is unattended with a knowlege of ctiijutnte, It will pass, in such a situation, as a thing of no Value. Those rules, which knaves have in all ages Invented for the fake of deceiv ing and managing fools, ha*e obtained a cur rency among the wisest and best of men. It is Meeffsry that it should be so. KftW-YORltj Sfcpt ember 16, >789. ttETCHOF PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS. to the HOUSE of REPRESENTATIVES of die UNITED STATES, SEPTEMBER 4. Sekk on thfubieti of fixing the PERMANENT SEAT of GOF ER \ r Kit. NT—"Continued. Mr. $ ad! son : tf this delay should any alteration in the sentiments of the gentlemen, it wjJJ at lead foften that hard deeifion that feenrs to he so unfavorable so the friends of the Pa- Wwmac. i hopfc wfe (Kail all cotftftrt- in the great principles on whidb we ought to conduct jtid decidc this btiinrff*. I conceive tkit an equal attention to the great -rights of every jwrt of the cottv ffiunity is the principle on whioh we are to proceed. No govern tawt, Sir, not even thCYfltm defyotfic, dan go beyond a cert a In point, #ttbout ♦iotatvug that idea of eqwk fright, "which prtvaih in the raind of every community, hi republican governments, justice, aiidfaualuy form thebafisof tbe fyftera; and perhaps the Aruffture ran reu on no other foundation that the wiidom of ma# can devise. In a federal republic, give me lesve to fay, it is even more necef that a fcaered regard should be partito tfrcjm. For beyond tbe'fcnfe of the coronronity ast large, wtorch hfcs its proper agency in Cuch a (Vfiera, no (ach government can a6t with fafety. The federal interest involves local diftinfticms, which produce lo- jtaloufies, and give at the fa'flre tifne a greater local capacity <0 'import and exert this fenife tHtrtl In a cohftaefacy of Stotej,inwhhch the people operate in on* dire&io-ft as ekizem, tfnd ; i another aKiorrmngpokticalcoiMmrtiHes, the local govtrnmeats will ever .poflefs a superior capacity to take advantage of those Jxwtrrtffn which the protection of (Tieir rights depend. If these rights be the basis of republics, and if thrre ere a double ne- HTrty of attending totfoam in a frdrerai republic, it i« further to be that-thefe isnoone of which the people can ju»d£e eafcand certainty, and of which they will judge with than of the cftablilhment of the permanent feat of and Sir, I am peritraded that however often this übjeft may be drfcufled m the rcpfeCeWatil'e body, or however tkfe cottimuhfty *hny be drawn to it, tjfae obfcrva ne which conciponded more wkh the fcnft of t-heState, • an ccvjal regard to the rights of the community. hi North- J have Teen the fame •principle Operate :in South Caro ,, 4 c Jft Che Sfatfe-of PenYri*rlvo*n«, powerfol zrs the in- in favtyrof vts we feonal cir of In.Mj>(lach«f i itts lhefai»e ctiotts have WEDNESDAY, September 16, 1789;. been made, and in all probability, when some temporary consi derations cease, we iViail find'the feme prirtciplka6ttng there also. Sir, it is not surprising,, when wc conlider the nature of!mankind, that this mould be the cafe. With refpeft, however, to the federal government, there is one consideration, wttich flVews in a peculiar manner the neeeflity and policy ofpaying a ftri£t attention to this principle. One of the greatest objections which has baen made by the opponents of the system, which has been admited by its friends, is the extent of our limits. It has been aflerted by some, and almost feared by others, that within so great a space no free government can exist. I hope and trad, that the opinion is fallacious. But at the fame time, Sir, acknowleging it to have a certain degree of force, it is equally incumbent on those, who wilh well to the Union, that this inconvenience (hould be diminiflied as much as poflible. The way to diminiftr it, is to place the government in that spot which will be lead removed from every part of the empire. Carry it to an eccentric position, and it will be equivalent to an extention of our limits. And if our limits arc altead-y extended so far as war rants in any degree the apprehension above mentioned, we ought to take care not to extend them farther. But the truth is, that in every point of view in which we can regard this fubjeft, we (hall find it a fubje£fc of importance. It is important that every part of the community ftiould have the pow er of fending, with equal facility, to the leat of government such reprefenfativesto take charge of their interest as they are moll dit pofed to confide in. If you place the government in an eccentric fuuation, the attendance of the members, aid all who are to tTan fa£t the public bufinefc, will not be equally convenient. The members of the Union will not have an equal chance of being re presented by men of the bed abilities. You do therefore violate the principle of eqnaVtty, in a part which is peculiarly vulnerable. If we c/ynTide* the ex pence} that is an inconvenience not without its weight. in the lad com penfat ions that have been voted, the eccentricity of our pofilion has had a difa&reeable influence. The more re mote the government is, the greater will be the neeeflity of making liberal coxrtpenfations, and holding out powerful inducements in order to obtain Cervice&bk men to reprefenf you ; and you can make no diftinftion ; you mufi give to those who have the least inconvenience, the fame as those who have the mod. The feat of government isof great importance, if you ccmfider the diffuflon oi wealth ♦hich proceeds from this source. T presume that the ex penditures that will take place where the government will be established, kv those who are immediately concerned in its admi niftr&tion, and by others who may resort to it, will not be less than half a million of dollars a yeaT. It is rb be regretted that those who may be most convenient to the centre, (hould enjoy those blcflings in a higher degree than otheis. But it is an evil which is imposed on us by nee- (Iky ; we diminish it as we place the source From which those emanations are to proceed, as near the center, as poftibte. It we confidtr, Sir, the eflVfti of legislative powerS on tlie agv enegate community, we mud feel equal inducements to look for the centre, in order to find the proper feat of government. Those who are most convenient to the feat ©f legislation, will always possess advantages over others. An early knowlege of the law, an influence incna&ing them, and a thousand other eirtumftanceSj will give a tupexiority to those who are thus fltuated. If it were pofliMe to proraulge our laws by some indantaneous operation, it would be of little consequence iq that point of view where the go vernment wat. But if on the contrary, tittle is neteflTary for this purpose, we ought as far as possible, to give every part of the com munity an opportunity of obtaining a traowlcge of the fubje£>. If we conliaer the influence of the government in its executive department, thfcre is no less reaTon to conclude that it ought to be plated in the center of the Union. It ought to be in a situation to command information, relative part of the Union, in everv conjuncture, to seize every circumdance which can be improvea, -id which ought to be attended to. Ode of the most important confederations which is pretented by this part of the fuhjett, is the niteflky of having the executive eye placed in a situation where it can fee the dangers which may threaten, and the executive arm placcd also from whence it may be extended, most effe£taally, to the protection of every part. Perhaps it is peculiarly neeeflary, that in looking for the centre, we (hould keep our eye as much as poflib>e to our western borders. For a long time, dangers will be molt apt to spring from that quartet. In to the Judiciary, if it is not equally tiefceffary, it is yet highly important, that the government (hould be equally aceeifible to every part of those who are to be governed. Why should the citiaeto* of one quarter of the Union be fubjett to greater difficul ties tlan others ? Why ftiotrld they be obliged to travel a greater distance thain others-»-to carry their witnefles, and be fubjeft to all the im onveniencies attending the administration of justice at a re rrrote distance 7 tn (hort, whether we consider the fubjeft with re gard to the executive, the legiflative f and judicial departments, we ferthe founded reasons tor fixing on that place, whtch may be the most permanent center of territory and population in refpeft to the Western Territory* For it would be an affront to the tinder fraftding of our feltow-ciligens on tlje Western Waters, to efcpefi th&t they will be united with their Atlantic brethren, on any other principle than that of equality and justice. I venture to fay that it is necessary in order prrferve the tlniou, that we (hould «Ual out the bloffings of government with an impartial hand, and that in placing the government from which these Meflmgs are to flow,, we Ihoula retire from the Atlantic, as far as is convenient, and approach that point *rhich will most ac cotfunodate the western country; and in doing this we (hall still stop (hort of that geographical centre, whose circle would embrace out ultramontane citizens thetnfelves. In my opinion, the favor requested by Atc western inhabitants is as reasonable as poflible, wtwn Phey declere that they wrH be fathffied, if we go so far only as tojlpave open a proper and eatfy communication with the Atlan tic ; tho they still be fuhje&ed to great inconveniencies. From the Atlantic to the Miilifippi according to thebedeftimate, Ihfe 'distance is not less than seven hundred and fifty miles. If we go to Chat pint of the Patowmac which is piOpofed, it will carry the -government mirles weft—we still have 500 from the Mif (ifrppi. lam fme that if justice requires that we should take any one position in preference to another, we have every inducement of interest as well as generosity to fix 011 the Patowmac. It is im portable to reflett a moment on the separation of that branch of the Unkm, wkhont feerng the mifchiefs which that event must create. The area of the United States, when divided into equal parts, will -perhaps leave one half on die weft fide of the Allegany mountains. From the fertility of foil, and the finenefs of clirnate, and every thing that can favor a growing population, we may suppose that the frt-tlemcnt will go on with every degree of rapidity which our imagination, can conceive. If the ratio of calculation is consider ed, that we double in twenty five years, we (hall contemplate in thatfirneanadonilhing inafs of people on the western waters. — Whether this great mass fhalHorm a part of the united members, or whether itfhall' be fcperated into an alien* a jealous, and a hostile people,,mn(t depend on the meafuies that are shortly to be taken. Sir, the difference between confidcruvg them in the light of fellow iti2ens, bound to us by a common interest, obeying common laws, and pursuing common good, and considering them in the \_PitbliJhed en Wednesday and Saturday .] light I have mentioned, presents one of the greatest ideas that can fill an American mind. Instead of peace and friendfhip, we shall have rivallhip and enmity: Instead of being a great peopie, invul nerable on all (ides, and without the necemty of those eftablilh ments which other nations require, we ftiall have to support e*- pensive and dangerous eftablilhments neceflary for defence. We lhall be obliged to lay burthens on thte people to support them, and which, sooner or later will be fatal to the liberties of Ameri ca. It is incumbeilt on if we wish to ast the part of enlighten ed legislator A. oc magnanimous citizens, t6 confidei* well when We are about to Cake a step, that the step be directed by the motives I have deferibed. We must confided What.il just, what is equal* what is fa,tisfa&ory. It may be a{ked why it was neceflary to bring into view these principles, since they would not be denied. Sir, I apprehend that in general we shall not disagree as to the principle. But at the fame time principles are so connetted with fa&s, that it is ne cefTary we (hould collect all the light, and examine all the circum stances which may lead us to a juftdecifion. On a candid view of the two rivers, I flatter myfelf that the feat which will most cor respond with the public uttered, will be found on the banks of the Patowmac. It is proper that we have Tome regard to extent of territory. If that is to have weight, give me leave to fay that there isno com parison between the two rivers. I defy any gentlemen to cast his eye in the most cursory manner over the most perfect map, and fay the Patowmac is not much nearer this center than any part of the Sufquehanna. Sir, if we measure from the bank? of the Patowmac to the most eastern part of the United States', it is less distant than from the most southern. If we meafurethis great area diagonally, the Patowmac will still be nearer. If you draw a line perpendicular to the line of the Atlantic c'oaft, you will ftnd that it will run more equally through the Patowmac, than any other part of the Union ; or if there be arty difference between orte fide and the others there will be a greater space on the south-west than on the north-east. All the maps of the United States shew the truth of this. From the Ahmtic coast to that line which sepa rates the BritisH poffefFions from the United States, the average distance is not more than 150 miles. If you take the average breadth of the other branch of the United States, it will to be fxx, seven, and eight hundred miles. From thiiview of the fubieft, which it is not ealy to describe by words, I am sure that if the Patowmac is not the geographical center, it is because the Sufquehanna is le£s so. 1 acknowlege that sortie regard is 60 be paid to the center of population. But where(hall we find this center ? 1 know of n6 rule by which we may be governed, except by confldering the proportion among the Representatives of the different States. 1 believe, if we take that criterioa, the prcfent center of population will be found somewhere in Penafylvania, and not far from the Sufquehanua. I acknowlege that the prefeitt center of population is nearer the Sufquehanna than the Patowmac. But are we cheof ing a feat of government for the present moment ? Are we to confine our attention to the present state of population ? I prcfume not* we must look forward to those probable changes that are fooh to take place. I appeal to the judgement of ev«ry gentleman, if wo have not reafonto fuppofethat those future changesin the population of this country will bepirticularty favorable tofhat part which lies south of the Patowmac. On what do the measure and extent of population depend ? They depend on climate, on the foil and the vacancy. We find that population like money seeks those places where it can ast with most freedom, and has alwavs a ten dency to equalize itfelf; We fee the people moving from the more ciouded to the iefs crouded parts. We fee emigration place from the parts that are filled. "The swarms do not conje from the southern, but from the northern and eastern hive. This will continue to operate till every part of America receives its due share of population. If there beany event oh which we may cal culate with tolerable certainty, I take it thac the center of popu lation will continually advance in a south-western dire&ion. It must then travel from the Sufquehanna, if it is now found there. It may go beyond the Patowmac. But the time will be long firft; and if it (hould, the Patowmac is the great highway of commun ication between the Atlantic and the Wefterti Country, which wiU justly prevent any attempts to remove the feat further south. I have laid, Sir, that the communication to the Western Territory is more commodious through the Patowmac than the Sufquehanna: I wish all the fa£lt conne6ted with this fubje£fc could have been more fully afceitained, and more fully stated. But if we coafider the faSs which have been offered by gentlemen who spoke, we must conclude that the communication through tlje Patowmac would be much more facile and effectual than any other, Mr. Madison thenftated the different stages ofdiftanceonthe two rivers, from which he concluded that the probable distance from the place of fixing the government on the Patowmacto Fort Pitt, Ijy land, was 170 or l sco miles* and from that part of the Sufquehanna which was contemplated, 250, if the courle of the PatoWmac was followed, not more than 250, but oa the course of the Sufque hanna, about goo. Whether, therefore, said he* we measure the distance by land or water, it is in favor of the Patowmac; and if We confidtr the progress in optning this great channel, I am confident the cort fideration would be equally favoTable* It has been determined by accurate refcarch, that the waters running into the Ohio, may be found not more than two or three miles diflant from those jof the Patowmac. This is a fad of peculiar important It has been said that if Congress (hould make choice of the Pa towmac, greater discontents would arise, than if they prefered the Sufquehanna, I know not the data froni which this opinion is drawn. Who will have the best right to complain ? Will it be those who may be gratified if the government (hould be fixed on the Sufquehanna ? I believe not. "the truth k, that if the place (hort of the present geographical center is (hortofthe center of population, as it may exist in a reasonable time, we have rea son to believe that the southern inhabitants will conceivethem felves most aggrieved. 1 think I may with truth declare, if the feat of government (hould be fixed on the Sufquehanna, every part south of that river, and every part of the United States south of the Ohio, will conceive that the great principles of equal justice, have been disregarded. If we are to consider the fubjeft in that point of View, I am sure it is most expedient that we should give the preference to Patowmac. This is not all—lf you eftablilh it on the Patowmac, those who think themselves not equally dealt by, will find the cause of their discontent continually subsiding; because the center of population will be continually approaching to the geographical center. If on the other hand, you fix the feat in a place which is perpetually eccentric with refpettto territory, the centerof population will forever recede. The gentleman from Massachusetts, yesterday raised great ob» je&ions against the Patowmac, because it was, he fuppoied, fuffck je£t to periodical maladies from which the other river is free. I am not authorised from personal experience, or very particular information to draw a comparison between them : there are some general fatts that may serve to shew that if there is any dif ference, it is more likely to be in favor of the Patowmac than the Sufquehanna. The position contemplated on the banks of the former is considerably farther from tide water than the place pro