The RIGHT CONSTITUTION of a COMMON WEALTH EXAMINED. [Continued Jrom our lajl. J The fourth reason is, " because afucceflion of " supreme powers deltroys faction Which is defined to be an adherence to an interest diltinvft from the true interest of the state. In this particular, one may venture to differ al together from our author, and deny the fact, that a i'ucceliion of sovereign authority in one aliembly, by popular elections, deltroys fac tion. We may atKrmtlie contrary, that a Hand ing authority in an absolute monarch, or an he j eciitary aristocracy, are less friendly to the mon ster than a simple popular go\ eminent; and that it is only in a mixed government of three inde pendent orders, of the one, the few, and the ma ny, and three separate powers, the legifiative, executive, and judicial, that all forts of factions, thole of poor and the rich, those of the gentle men and common people, thole of the one, the few, and the many, can, at all times, be quelled. The reason given by our author is enough to prove this : " 1 hose who are factions mull have " timet .° ""prove their Heights and projects, in " dif'guifing their designs, drawing in inltru " ments, and worming out their oppofites." In order to judge of this Tet us put two I'uppofitions : 1. Either the fuccellion mult be by periodical e letftions, limply ; or, 2. by periodical elections in rotation : and, in cither cafe, the means and opportunities oi improving addrels and fyltems, concealing or feigning deligns, making friends and escaping enemies, are greater in a fuccellion of popular elections than in a standing aristo cracy or simple monarchy, and infinitely greater than in a mixed government. When the mon lter I action is watched and guarded by Cerberus with his three heads, and a fop is thrown to him to corrupt or appease him, one mouth alone will devour it, and the other two will give the alarm. —But to return to our firlt cafe, a fuccellion in one alfembly, by simple annual elections. Elec tions are the belt poilible fcliools of political art and addrels. One may appeal to any man who has equal experience in elections and in courts, whether addrels and art, and even real political knowledge, is not to be acquired more ealily, and in a shorter time, in the former than in the latter. A King of France once asked his molt able and j 1011 eft ambaflador d'OflLt, where he had learned that wonderful dexterity, with which he pene trated into the bosoms of men of all nations and characters, unravelled every plait in the human foul, and every intricacy of affairs and events ? The cardinal answered, " Sire, I learned it all, 111 my youth, at the election of a parish officer." It is a common observation in England, that their greatelt statesmen, and their favorite Chatham among the reft, were formed by attendance on elections. The human heart is no where so open and so dole by turns. Every argument is there exhaulted; every paifion, prejudice,imagination, • uperltition and caprice, is easily and surely learned among tliefe scenes. One would suspect that Shakelpeare had been an electioneering a gent. W ienthsfe elections are in a fmgle city, like Rome, there will be always toofets of candi dates : If one set lucceeds one year, the other will endeavor to succeed the next. This will make the whole year a scene of fa<ftion and in trigue, and eyery citizen, except perhaps a very few who will not meddle on either lide, a parti san or factious man. If the elections are in a large country like England, for example, or one of the United States of America, where various cities, towns,boroughs,and corporations, are to be repre lented,each scene of election will have twoorinore candidates, and two or 111 ore parties, each of which will study its Heights and projects, difguifeits de signs, draw in tools, and worm out enemies. We mult remember thatevery party, and every indivi dual, is now struggling for a share in the executive and judicial power as well as legifiative, for a share in the distribution of all honors, offices, re gards, and profits. Every paflion and prejudice of every voter will be applied to,- every flattery and menace, every trick and bribe that can be bellowed, and will be accepted, will be used ; and, what is horrible to think of, that candi date or that agent who has fewelt scruples ; who will propagate lies and flanderswith molt confi dence and lecrecy ; who will wheedle, flatter, and cajole ; who will debauch the people by treats, fealts and diversions, with the least liefi tation, and bribe with the most impudent front, which can consist with hypocritical concealment, vill draw in tools and worm out enemies the faft eft : Unsullied honor, sterling integrity', real N li tae, will Hand a very unequal chance. When vice, folly, impudence, and knavery have car ried an election one year, ihey will acquire, in the rourfe of it, frefli influence "and power to suc ceed the next. In the courle of the year, the de legate in an aflembly that disposes of all com millions, contracts, and pensions has many oppor t unites to reward his friends among his ov\n con stituents, and to punifhliis enemies. The son or other relation of one friend has a commillion given liini in the army, another in the navy, a uiiru a benefice in the church, a fourth in the customs, a fifth in theexcife ; ihares in loans and contracts are diltributed among his frinds, by which they are enabled to encreafe their own and his dependents and partilans, or, in other words, to draw in more inftruinents and parties, and worm out their oppofices. All this is lo eaf'y to comprehend, so obvious to fight, and so cer tainly known in iniiverlal experience, that it is astonishing that our author should have ventured to aflert, that such a government kills the canker worm Faction. (To be continued.) A en-York, July 13. On Saturday I a]l the fellow tug ADDRESS was pre sented to the PRESIDENT of the United States, by the Rev. William Smith, D. D. tht Hon. John Henry, Efq± of the Senate, and the Hon. Joihua Seney, EJq; oj the House of Representatives ; being a committee oj the Vtfitors and Governors of \Valli ington College, in the Jlate of Maryland, appoint ed for that purpose. viz. To TIIE PRESIDENT of the United States. SIR, WE, the Corporation of Visitors and Governors, and the Principal and Faculty of Profc{fors of Wash - ington College in the state of Maryland, ac tuated by the fmcereft personal affe<ftion, as well £ls the purelt public considerations, beg leave to embrace the present occasion of our Anniversary Meeting and Commencement, to felicitate ourfclves and our coufitry, upon your unanimous appoint ment to the Chief Magistracy in the general go vernment of the United States. Revolving upon the viciflitudes and eventful liiltory of the late war, every page of which bears ample and honorable testimony to the services which you have rendered to your country, and the exertion of tliofe Virtues and Talent's which have exalted your name to the firft rank among the Heroes and Benefattors of mankind, we cannot but recall to mind the occasion of our former ad dress to you, and your benevolent answer to the fame. The General Ajfembly of Maryland, upon the es tablishment of this Seminary, having dignified the fame with the auspicious name of" Washing ton Collece, in honorable and perpetual memory of the services of the illustrious and virtuous Commander in Chief ol'the armies of the United States ; " we exprefl'ed our confidence— " thai, amidst all the public monuments which your country fought to eredt to you even while living, none would be more acceptable than a Seminary of univtrfal Learning,exprefsly dedicated to your name, with a view toinftrudland animate the youth of many future generations, to admire and to imitate thofePußLic Virtues and Patri ot Labors which had created for you a Monu ment in the heart of every good citizen ; that we hoped you would permit your name to be placed at the head of the Viptors attd Governors of thecol lege, trusting that the time was then not very remote, when, by the termination of IVar, the JnJant institution might be enabled to salute you in person, and, like a dutiful child, as one of its firft works, present the Olive Wreath and other emblems of Peace, to its Father, Guardian and Friend." Highly encouraging to us was your answer ; " That, with pleasure, you would consent to have your name enrolled among the Fi/itors and Governors of the college, if it were not to the ex clusion of some other whose proximity and other circumstances might enable him to be a more ufe ful member ; and that as the ACI of tlie General Ajfembly, which has given your name to the col lege, would remain a monument of their esteem, it made an impression on your mind which could only be exceeded by the flattering aflurance of rhe lasting and extensive ufefulnefs of the semi nary ; and when that period should arrive when we could hail the blest return of Peace, it would add to your pleasure to fee the Infant Seat of Learn ing rising into consistency and proficiency in the sciences, under the nurturing hands of its foun ders." The happy period is now arrived when, through the blefling of God, upon the return of Peace, this Scat of Learning hath attained to finch proficiency in the Sciences, as to wait upon you with the promised f WgEATHof literary Honour which we triift you will not reject, although from an institution of ">ferior {landing, yet not of inferior gratitude and afFetftion,to the chief of those which have al- NOTE. f rhe wreath ot literary honor referred to in tin above address and in the answer to the fame, is the academical degree of Doctor ot Laws ; and as we have been favored with a copy of the preamble to the d i ploma, we are happy to lay it before our readers, as the firft specimen we have seen of the pre lent title and past services of our illustrious and beloved Pkes, dent, attempted in truly claflicall.atin. (.uln turn in finem Gradus Academici a Majoribus nof. ris prudenter mft.tut., luerint, ut Viris qui dc Religiohe, R S pub. icaet Litem optirne fint .neriti publici honores decernereutur ■ WnSrifVii 1,1 US P'®^ c ' arel '°®P""l"ni fit, GEORCIUM WASHING lON IOKOi.RATAkiM America Civitaum I non folum de Religione, Literis, Republica, et totoetiam humano gencie bene l-mper et rnultum meruiffe; f,d Hello, ;i (jiie ac Pace, rommunif omnium falutis appetentiflinmm per graviffima Return Uifcrimina, fefc Civcm pneftantiflimum' Libert atis ultorem feliciffimum, Patt i/bVE Pitrlv (Tj amiftimuni, oflemli.Te; , os igitui ftc." " ready dignified thcmfelv es lit prcfentin&Vo,, ,»•,, the like honors. * ' Bearing an ardent and unfeigned part in th admiration and applause of thole virtuous and magnanimous sentiments, illicit in obedience to the voice of your country, have led you forth once more from the enjoyment ofdomeftic ] lap pinefsto alaborious and confpicuousparticipation of the cares of public life, a: a molt ilitereftin» crilis of our affairs; we fervently —Tlwt the glory and felicity of our country—the trnecon i'umuiation of the Patriot's Labors— may be your crown in this world, and ajfurt v OB ail everlaiting crown in the world to come ! Signed by order. WILLIAM SMITH, D. D. Preft dent of the Corporation, and Prtnaptl of the Faculty, "June 24, 1 789. THE PRESIDENT'S Answer. To the Corporation of Viiitors ti>:d Governors and the Principal and Faculty oj Profellors o/Wash ing ton College, in the Jt ate of Maryland. Gentlemen, YOUR very affectionate /Udrtfs, and the hemr. ary Tejtbnony of your regard which accompanied it, call forth my grateful acknowledgments. A recollection of part events, and the happy termination of our glorious Itruggle for the el tablilhment of the Rights of Man, cannot fail to inspire every feeling heart with veneration and gratitude towards the Great Ruler of events, who has so manifeffly interposed in our behalf! Among the numerous blcllings which are atten dant upon Peace, and as one whose consequences are of the moll important and extenlive kind, may be reckoned the prosperity of College: and Seminaries of Learning. As in civilized lbcieties, the welfare of the Hate and liappinefs of the people are advanced or retarded, in proportion as the morals and edu cation of the youth are attended to ; I cannot forbear, 011 this occasion, to express the fatisfac tion which I feel on feeing the encreafe of our leminaries of learning through this extensive country, and the general wilh which fcems to prevail tor eltablifliing and maintaining these va luable inlfitutions. It affords me peculiar pleasure to know that the ; Seat of Learning under your direction hath at tained to such proficiency in the Sciences fmce the PtAct ; and I sincerely pray that the great Au thor or the Universe may finile upon the lnjlitution, and make it an extensive blefiing to this country. GEORGE WASHINGTON. New-York, July 11, 1789. MISCELLANY. FROM THE ESSEX JOURNAL. M*. HOY T, BY giving the following extra# of a Ic-ftcr (which lately fell into my hands) from a gentleman who refidcd ftveral years with our illustrious Presidekt of the United States, a place in your ufeful paper, you will oblige one of the many thousand of his ad mirers, who, although he has not a personal acquaintance, isne veithelefs unde very partnuldr as well as general obligations to him, and willies that all the good people of these States may be sensible of his unbounded diftritereftednefs, formerly in rcl.n quilhingthe pleafurts and enjoyments of affluence and domestic quiet, at the risque of life, to rescue his country from slavery and opprtflion ; and now, at the repeated call of his 4 fellow citizens, r in devoting himfelfto their service in devising measures to pre serve and secure that liberty, which, 4 by the divine munificence,' he had by his wisdom and valour procured : And all this with out any other compensation than the fatisfaftion of doing good! In addition to all this, from unequivocal authority I am able to airert, that his whole influence is exerted to patronize and be friend the liberal arts and science. extract. General Washington pofTcfTes 10,000 acres of land in one body, where he lives—constantly employs 250 hands—keeps 24 ploughs going all the year, when the weather will permit lowed in I*B7, 600 bufKcls of oats, 700 acres of wheat, and pre pared as much for corn, barley, potatoes, beans, peas, See. —ha* near 500 acres in grass—and sowed 150 with turnips—Stock, 140 hor/es, 112 cows, 235 "working oxen, heiiers and ftears, and 500 iheep. Ihe lands about his feat are all laid down in grafs —the farms arc feathered round at the distance of 2, 3, 4, or 5 miles, which the General visits every day, unless the weather is abfo lutelyftormy.-—He is constantly making various and extensive ex periments for the improvement of agriculture: He is stimulated with that desire which always actuates him, to do good to his count?y and benefit mankind. In 1786 he killed 150 hojjs, weighing 18,5601b. for his family nfe (exclufiveof provisions for hisnegroes) which was made into bacon." GREATNESS OF SOUL. AN anecdote, in « A tour in Corjicawill illuflrate the posi tion, that true greatness of foul may be found as well in the low er as in the highest grades of life.— 4 ' The leader of a gang of ban ditti, who had long been famous for his exploits, was at length taken and committed to the care of a soldier, from whom he con trived to escape. Ihe soldier was tried, and condemned to death. At thephce of execution, a man, coming up to the commanding officer, fays, 44 Sir, lama flranger to you, but you Ihall soon know who I am. I have heard one of your soldiers is to die for having fuffered a prisoner to escape : He was not at all to blame; befidcs, the prisoner shall be restored to you. Behold him here. 'a™ man - 1 cannot bear that innocent man should be pu nished for rae, and I come to die myfelf."—-" No, cried the trench officer, who felt the fublimitv of the a£lion asheough f » thou (halt not die, and the soldier shall be set at liberty. Endea vouring to reap the fruits of thy generofny ; Thou defcrveft to be henceforth an honefl mart." Complete ftts from the legi/ining, of tin GAZETTE OF Tl£ UNITED STAI ES, may at any time l*e obtained b\ tkofe who chufi to [dbfcribe for that publication, at the Editor's Office, Ht. 9, Maiden-Lane- I'ublifhcd by JOHN FENNO, No. 9, Mai^" I. an E, IK dt lilt '• :;-t.Vor r\ -tif!. jr a J
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