THE DAILY LViG
0
ZQU1I WZLUX2S.
Tbo London Athentnim, in a review of
series of pkotchos of celebrated English
wen, entitled "Hifltorical Gleaning," by
James E. Thorold Honors, which has just
been published by Macniilian & Co., in
London, gives the following interesting
review of the career of the celebrated John
Wilkes:
Wilkes' expulsion from the IToufle of Com
mons was the great event of a life which
filled np seventy years of the last century,
1727-97. Of that long period, Wilkes was an
active politician during thirty years, that is,
from 17.14, when he stood for Berwick-on-Tweed,
till 1781, when de abandoned all
political activity. Mr. ltogors goes lightly,
but not very good-naturedly, over the various
incidents in Wilkes' career. It is an old story
at the best, and Mr. Rogers has little or
nothing to add to it. We see the distiller's
eon bred like a gentleman, marrying an
heiress, ten or eleven years oldor than him
self, and leading the life that men so settled
or unsettled in marriage might in those days
be eipected to lead. We find him spending
money lavishly to obtain a seat in Parliament;
but we may twjpoat here what has before been
Stated in the Atheiumim, that Wilkes did not
attempt to enter on a parliamentary career as
a means of repairing his supposed shattered
fortunes. If he had been a place-hunter be
would not hav shown the hostility to Lord
Bute and the Government, which culminated
in the famous No. 45 of the North Briton,
Nor does Mr. Rogers give any reason for
asserting that Wilkes' hostility would have
given way if the Government would have
officially employed him. To the modorn sense
the famous No. 45 seems not merely inoffen
sive, but mild and justifiable. It treated the
King's speech as the speech of his ministers,
and showed that King James was proved to
be considered nothing more than the first
magistrate in the realm, and that King
George might well be content with the same
position.
Mr. Rogers here speaks of one of the best
educated men of his day, a man who had
spent thousands to enable him to satisfy his
ambition by entering Parliament, and was
not more. immoral than the distinguished
persons with whom he associated, but who
carried the fashion of immorality a little
beyond the mode. Mr. Rogers speaks of
Wilkes as a man who was living by his wits,
and he describes him as an unprincipled
adventurer. Even if Wilkes had been all
this, the mistakes and malice of the Gov
ernment converted the adventurer into a
popular hero for the issue of the General
Warrant by which Wilkes, with printers, pub
lishers, and others, were arrested, without
being designated by name, led to all the
triumph whioh ensued. The Judgment of
Chief Justice Pratt that such warrants were
illegal, the protection which the habeas corpus
afforded to persons so accused and impri
soned, and the heavy pecuniary damages
which they who had acted illegally were con
demned to pay, were triumphs for which the
public were indebted, and continue to be in
debted, to the resolution of Wilkes. Cut for
him, we might still be liable to arrest and to
being kept in prison at the mere will of a
couple of envious secretaries.
The next mistake of the Government only
increased the power and popularity of Wilkes,
lie was prosecuted for printing and publish
ing an obscene libel a fragment of a poem
called an "Essay on Woman." We have said
before that Wilkes could not be proved to
have written this parody on Pope and War
burton, and that it was never published till a
copy stolen from Wilkes' house was read in
the House of Lords by Lord Sandwich, who
bad previously heard it read in private, and
expressed his delight at what now he affected
to read with disgust. We have, on former
occasions, protested against any idea of our
being apologists for Wilkes' immorality, or
for this wretched fragment of a dirty poem,
& true copy of whioh probably does not exist,
but, as we have remarked before, Wilkes was
a better man than most of his accusers. He
was infinitely superior, at all events, to Lord
Sandwich. This exemplary peer, the "Jem
my Twitcher" of his time, scandalized moun-
; tebanks by his blasphemy, and had a volume
of sermons dedicated to him by Warburton,
who compared Wilkes to the Devil, and then
asked pardon of the Devil for damaging him
by such a comparison. It must have been by
some such parson as Risdale, who was the
tool of Sandwich, that the profane parallel
was made in the pulpit between that peer and
our Saviour, with a shade of superiority
awarded to the peer 1 Such were the man
ners of the times; and we must not judge of
Wilkes by the manners of our own.
It is hardly necessary to go over the well
known story Wilkes' journey abroad, his
outlawry, his return, his imprisonment, his
repeated elections for Middlesex, the scandal
of which was at its height when the House
declared that Luttrell, who had the fewer
votes, was the duly elected member. "If
once," said Wilkes, "the ministry shall be
permitted to say whom the freeholders shall
not choose, the next step will be to tell them
whom they shall chose." The minis
try certainly did a good deal in those
days to exasperate the people. There
was a riot in St. Georges Fields when
Wilkes was released from prison, and in the
tumult, provoked by the interference of the
military, an eminent man was murdered.
Lord Barrington conveyed to the troops the
assurance of the pleasure with which the
King had heard of the readiness of the sol
diery to perform their duty, and the satisfac
tion he had in the thought that they would
always perform such duty with alacrity. The
word was as ill-timed as another charge of
borse and foot. ;
The last great service of Wilkes was
rendered when, as alderman and sheriff,
he protected one Whebloy, who had dared
' to publish the debates of the House
of Commons. The protection was dis
tasteful to the King, but it prevailed
over privilege, and Mr. Rogers acknow
ledged that "Wilkes indicated the right of
f the people to learn the expressed opinion of
their representatives, and therefore to keep
them in check." This was not all. Let us
set aside the individual, and note what was
done by the publio man. Wilkes weakened
arbitrary power, secured liberty for the
people, asserted the freedom of the press,
prepared the way for a change in the once
atrocious law of libel; and he not only stood
up for free election by a free people,
but was ' among the first who saw the
necessity for parliamentary rform. The
publication of "No. 45" and the prosecu.
. Uon which followed seemed to prepare all
parties for the inevitable contest which en
sued. Its importance and its issues struck
vervone. Jso wonder that "Fortv-Ave" en
tered into everybody's thoughts and oaloula-
tlonsj Orthodox Tories discovered in it the
7" umbor of the Beast: the Heir Apparent
- shouted it in his father's ears; it was chalked
on the soles of the shoes of the ambassador
,..., from the Emperor after the mob had stopped
,( , lis chariot for the purpose, A patriotio oon-
. : "J CIA '!TAH
fusion took possession of the popular brain,
and one man is reoorded as beginning a letter
with the words "I take the Wilkes and Lib
erty to inform you;" and there wsi a found
ing of a new, or refounding of an old, club
in the city of Cork, the members of which
had names which contained forty-five lottcrs;
they me at a tavern where they spent forty
five pence each; every man drank forty-five
wine-glasses of punch, in colobration of forty
five toasts, which were chiefly directed against
the despotism of rulers in general. Perhaps
the greatest triumph that Wilkes had, when
the effervescence was at its greatest, consisted
not so much in members of the Royal Family
"lighting np" to save their windows, nor in
lords, who hated the Tribune, having the
panels of their carriages scratched all over
with "No. 45," but in the Duke and Duchess
of Northumberland appearing in their bal
cony to salute the Wilkes mob, and in Lord
Bute illuminating his house so brilliantly (of
course to protect it) that all South Audley
street seemed in a blaze. We must not for-
et the chandler who sent to Wilkes a gift of
orty-flve dozen of candles 1
Uhe North Briton put Wilkes lire in pern
at various times, but no one could seriously
doubt Wilkes' courage. Lord Talbot chal
lenged him on a passage in one of the num
bers, the authorship of which Wilkes would
neither avow nor deny, till they had fought
upon it. When they had exchanged shots he
confessed himself to be the author of the
insulting paragraph; but Lord Talbot,
instead of demanding another shot, declared
himself satisfied, and the combatants
finished the affair by drinking a bottle of
claret together. Wilkes did not seek this
duel, and would have avoided it probably
if he had been able, but once entered
on the quarrel he bore himself becomingly.
If .there were some farcical incidents in this
encounter there was a real tragto element in
it menacing to Wilkes. He fought with a
halter round his neck, for if he had killed
Lord Talbot he would certainly have been
hanged. With this knowledge ho confided
his daughter to the guardianship of Lord
Temple before he went to meet what, no
doubt, he wished he could have avoided. After
this celebrated affair Wilkes could afford to
disregard any sneer against his courage when
he refused in Paris to fight a certain Scotch
captain named Forbes unless the latter could
find a seoond, or some one who could vouch
for his being a gentleman. The grievance of
Forbes was like that of the would-be assassin
Dunn. A quip against Scotland or Scottish-
men was an insult to them individually, but
Forbes would have avenged it like a "man of
honor," while Dunn meant nothing else than
cutting Wilkes' throat to satisfy the honor of
his country. The duel into which the North
Briton brought Wilkes with Martin, Secre
tary of the Treasury, was the one most peri
lous to Wilkes. The North Briton not only
attacked "a certain Secretary" as the basest
of mankind, but identified him a3 having "a
snout worthy of a Portuguese inquisitor."
Martin charged the anonymous writer in the
Houso w ith cowardly stabbing in the dark;
and at that charge Wilkes avowed himself the
author. A rather savage duel ensued, in
which Wilkes fell, grievously wounded. In
prospect of death, as it seemed, Wilkes gene
rously did his best to shield Martin from the
consequences; but he could not control his wit,
which would have its fling at the ruling powers.
"It's clear enough, " said the wounded suf
ferer, "that Martin did not use Government
powder." This was uttered with the more
delight as it struck at both Government and
its servants. The most of Wilkes' brightest
utterances are too well remembered to need
being repeated. His reputation in Paris as a
wit has not died out. "I have been told by
M. Louis Blano," says Mr. Rogers, "that his
witticisms are even now stock French stories,
as Sydney Smith's jests are with us." We
regret that the biographer has not given us
some sample of the exprit which has received
the stamp of Parisian sanction. In England,
one of the best things ever uttered by Wilkes
has been preserved by Lord Lytton, but not
without a "slap in the face" of the utterer.
We refer our readers to the concluding para
graph of "Paul Clifford," where Wilkes' life,
patriotism and morals find harsh treat
ment where he is called "the Drawcansir of
Liberty;" but where he is allowed to have
said "one excellent thing, for which we look
on you with benevolence nay, almost with
respect;" namely, words that are acknow
ledged as being bom witty and wise, and
which are to the effect that "the very worst
use to which you can put a man is to hang
mm.
Wilkes may have been "dull in Parlia
ment;" he did bright things there, but he said
his brightest among his private friends. His
wit was easy and brilliant; not played off for
en ect, but otten uttered tor tne conveyance
of truth. "How far does the liberty of the
press extend in England ?" said the Prince de
Croy to him, at Calais. "I cannot tell," was
the reply of Wilkes to the Governor, "but I
am trying to know." Like Chesterfield, he
uttered more wit than he wrote. It was
bold often impudent; but - spontaneous.
When the King was about to go to St.
Paul's to offer publio thanksgiving
Wilkes expressed a hope that Lord George
Germain (who had been charged with show
ing less valor than discretion at Minden)
would bs appointed "to carry the sword"
before his Majesty in the procession. His
innuendo eut assharply as his wit. At the
time that George the Third was treating his
brothers with severity, the audacious mem
ber for Middlesex took occasion to praise
tne fraternal anection or tne King of France;
"unlike," he said, '"the gloomy tyrant . . .
and then he paused, while every ear was
pricked up to catch his words, "Louis the
Eleventh. The loyalist men could not keep
from laughing. Of course, the King of
England could not be expected to be glad
at Wilkes' election to the Mayoralty of Lon
don. . A rumor was circulated that the Lord
Chancellor, on Wilkes being presented to
that official, would signify to mm that the
King did not approve of the citizens' choice.
"If he dares," said Wilkes, "I will tell him to
inform the King that I am as fit to be Lord
Mayor as he (Lord Bathurst) is to be Chan-
cellor,' and as Wilkes would have kept his
word, the formal approval of the election was
duly made. The man who did not fear kings
was not likely to be in awe of aldermen.
There was, however, some want of
courtesy in the wit he applied to
the awkward attempt at carving a pudding
by Alderman Bnrnell, who had been a brick
layer "Take a trowel to it!" As for the
wit by which he expressed a seeming
hatred to the Scotch, it was made all the
sharper by the rage with which it inspired
oeotenmen. lie seemeu to naie me nation
when he really hated only an individual be
longing to it, in which he recognized an
enemy to the British country and constitu
tion. If, when he was committed to the
Tower, he wounded the pride of Lord Egre-
mont, by refusing to be confined in tne same
room where that Lord's father had been a
prisoner for his Jacobitism if he provoked
the anger of Bute by further desiring that he
might not be lodged in any room in which a
Scotchman hud been kept there were many
Fcots who could laugh at both jests. When
his wound in the duel with Martin pre-
vented him from defending himself
in the face, of Parliament, the Government
fiarty, which body suspooted that ho was do
nding them, Wilkes oeolined to receive the
physician sent officially to visit him, but re
quested the attendance of the King's physi
cian and the bergeant-surgeon, on the ground
that if he was to be watched, a couple of
Scotchmen were the most proper fellows
to act as spies. This is rude wit, but all
Scotchmen were not irreconcilably of
fended by it. It was nothing that Dr.
Johnson should say of him "Jack
is a gentleman and a scholar," but it was
much that Lord Mansfield, a Scotchman who
had (as it was said) drunk the Chevalier's
health on his knees, should testify that
Wilkes was "the pleasantest companion, the
politest gentleman, and the ablest scholar he
ever knew." After this evidence from an
enemy, the tattle of Mrs. Boscawen and the
fine gentleman's malice of Walpole signify
little. The lady affected when Wilkes
was made Chamberlain of London to fear
for the orphans whose funds wonld pass
through his hands. Walpole described one
of the pictures at the Exhibition of 1779,
containing portraits of Miss Wilkes and
her father two beings who loved each
other above everything else on earth,
as Wilkes " looking no squinting ten
derly at his daughter." lie further
called the group a caricature of the
Devil "acknowledging Miss Sin, in Milton."
In face of these witnesses, it need only be
said that Wilkes died in straitened circum
stances. No farthing of public or official
money was ever unlawfully touched by him.
If he had been careful of his own, he would,
no doubt, have been more deserving of the
abiding love of his only child; but she in
herited the fruit of his better action. 4 When
the great proconsul," says Mr. Rogers, allud
ing to Warren Hastings, "was under impeach
ment, Wilkes faithfully supported him; and
Hastings was not forgetful of benefits, least
of all of benefits conferred at that crisis."
Nor was his wife. Mrs. Hastings offered
Miss Wilkes a home at Daylesford; and the
offer could be accepted without humiliation.
The whole story of the mutual love between
Wilkes and his child will remind the reader
of the affection whioh existed between Atter
bnry and his daughter.
In reading Wilkes' letters to his daughter
it is as necessary to remember the manners
and outspokenness of the times as it is, when
judging of him in other respects, to judge
from a contemporary point of view. Undoubt
edly subjects are mentioned in mat corre
spondence which no father would now bring
to the notice of a child; but, this objection
apart, the letters display the wit, the scholar,
the thinker, and tbo experienced politician.
Here is one remark about which there can
not be two opinions: "Amongst the regular
and the thinking the superiority of parts
is neither felt on the one side nor acknow
ledged on the other in the same extreme
mat it is among tne dissolute. inis is
undeniable; and it reminds us of the with
ering contempt with which Wilkes spoke
of his companions at Medmenham Abbey,
with the exception of Dashwood, in whom he
recognized a certain imaginative power. He
made as full recognition of the conscience
within, and of the necessity of its being
heeded. "Any strong presentiment is found
ed, whence arisen I know not, but always
attended to, as Socrates did to the whispers
of his good genius. Witn all these ideas, I
am certainly the least superstitious of men;
but I never did neglect any such inward warn
ings of futurity." It is well known that in
what are coiled tne luots or .London Wilkes
acted so firmly and promptly as a magistrate
that he received tho thanks of the Privy
Council. Tne retired "demagogue wrote
to his daughter: "The raging of the
seas puts me as well as the Psalm
ist in mind of the madness of the multi
tude." Later, when the Whigs proposed
that the Prince of Wales should be Regent,
with kingly power, as his inherent right, but
failed, the Irish Parliament hastened to adopt
the proposal and to place Ireland, at least,
under the rule of an irresponsible Regent.
Wilkes wrote of this mischievous act of the
Irish legislature in this wise: "The Irish
Parliament justify Swift's remarks that they
are to an English Parliament what a monkey
is to a man but now they have the mischie
vous qualities of the monkey without his imi
tative qualities." To return to an illustration
of his love for his daughter: here is a pretty
idea prettily expressed: "I cut off all the
rose-buds of the trees in our little garden
(which is a secret) to moke them blow at the
end of the season, when I hope to enjoy your
company there after our trees."
We conclude with observing that the popu
lar gratitude towards Wilkes has not died
out, at least in one particular sense. There
was a time when publicans suspended his
neau irom uieir sign-posts, tne oetter to
attract customers. "The fellow," said an
angry old Church-and-King lady, "swings
everywnere but wnere ne snould be swm
ing ! ' Those signs of the popular regard have
not entirely disappeared. Wilkes' Head
squints invitation to the thirsty over a
Staffordshire publio house at Leak-with-
Jjowe. Another does the same office in
Bridges street, St. Ives. Not very long
ago, Wilkes figured as one of "The Three
Johns' a tavern sign in Westminster,
Bloomsbury, and Pentonville. The
nersonaces were John Wilkes. John Home
Tooke, and Sir John Glyn, Serieant-at-Law
the last of whom enjoyod his little day as
Wilkes counsel, and his nominee for Middle
sex when Wilkes himself was in prison. The
prisoner triumphed when the House erased
from their journals the censures they had
flung at him; and he must have thoroughly
enjoyed the opportunity of which he once
availed himself of assuring the King, whom
he had so often exasperated, that he (Wilkes)
was less of a Wilkite than any other of that
party throughout the kingdom.
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D. C. WHARTON SMITH & CO.,
BANKERS AND BROKERS,
Ko. 121 SOUTH THIRD STREET.
i
Baecaaaors to Bmiti. RMdolph A Oo. j
Erarj branch tf ths baalnM will ban prompt atUntioa
M ber.tofora. !
Quotation, of Etocka, GoT.rnmenU, sod Gold oon.
tantlj rec.iT.d fro Hw York brprivatt wir, from Oar
friondi. Hdnnmd P. Rwdolplj Co.
FINANCIAL.
CITY WARRANTS
Bought and Sold.
DE HAVEN & una,
No. 40 South THIRD Street.
riULADKLI-HIA,
CITY WARRANTO
BOUGHT AOT BOLD.
C. T. YERKE8. Jr.. eft CO.
KO. 20 BOUTH THIRD STREET.
rmLADBLFHI
QLliNDIIWINCl, DATIS CO,
No. 48 SOUTH THIRD STREET,
PHILADELPHIA.
GlENDINNING, DAVIS & AMOHY,
No. 17 WALL STREET, HEW YORE.
BANKERS AND BROKERS.
Buying and selling Stocks, Bonds, and .Gold
Commission a Specialty.
Philadelphia house connected by telegraphlo with
the Stock Boards and Gold Room of New York. 19
B. K. JAHIS017 & CO.,
, (SUCCESSORS TO
p. it. rcnLr.Y &c co.,
BANKERS AND DEALERS IN
Gold, Silver, and Government Bond
At Closest market Hates.
N. W. Cor. THIRD and CHESNUT St.
Special attention given to COMMISSION ORDERS
In New York and Philadelphia Stock Boards, etc.
etc. 1 864
WATCHES, JEWELRY, ETO.
EYJIS LADOBIUS & ClV
f DIAMOND DEALERS is JEWEIEBS.il
WATCH KB, JKWELRY BILTKB WABS. II
vtTATOHES and JEWELRY EEPAKED. JJ
J02 Chestnut St.. Pallav',
Ladies' and Gents1 "Watches
' AMERICAN AND IMPORTED.
Of tho most eotebtated makara,
FINE VEST CHAINS AND LEONTINE1
- In U and 18 karat
DIAMOND sad other Jewelry of the la teat deticna.
Encasement and Wedding Ring., In 18 karat and cola.
Bolid Silrw-Wwo for Bridal Prorata, Tablo Ootiery,
Flated Ware, eto. U6fmw
RICH JEWELRY,
JOHN B11ENNAN
DIAMOND DEALER AND JEWELLER, .
NO. IS BOUTH EIGHTH STREET,
B I mwl tonrn PHILADELPHIA.
ESTABLISHED 1828.
WATCHES, JEWELRY, T
CLOCKS, SILVERWARE, an -
FANCY GOODS.
WO. II . SIXTH STREET, PHTT.ATlTCTPHIA.
HOWARD WATCHES,
THE FINK AS1KRIOAN WATOH AT THE VXRY
IOWKST TUWEB BY . ,
. ALEXANDER It. HARPER,
i
Successor to John U. Harper, At ent for the Howar
Watch.
No. 303 CHESNUT STREET,
119 2m . SECOND STORY.
WILLIAM B. WARNE A CO
W hoteaal. Dealers in
- WA'l'niiKd Ami. luu'irrnv
eornor HKVKNI'H and UHHSKlfT Rt.e
( ail Second floor, and Ute of No. He & I'LiiBD bu
,VU IRE VV O R K.
". . i n--:?.;r
GALVANIZED and Painted WTRE GUARDS,
tore fronts and windows, for factory and warehons
windows, for churches and cellar windows, -
EBON and WIRE RAILINGS, for balconies, offlcea
cemetery and garden fences. ,
Liberal allowance made to Contractors, Bniidev
and Carpenters. AU orders filled with proinptne
and worfc guaranteed.
ROBERT WOOD A CO,
tnthsm No. list KIDQS Avenna PMia,
C
ORN EXCnANUH
BAOMArTTJFAOTORY.
iniINT 111 II w
B. K corner of MA AKKT and WATER Street
Philadelphia.
DEAXKR IN KAUft AM) BAGGING.
Of ororr deaoription, for
Grain. Flow, bait. Hnper-l'b.uairfiaio of Lima, Bo
Hunk. Ku.
Lars .and email GUKNy l)At.H oonotaaUi On banoV
Aio,WOOL OAOJaJl
4
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