6
THE DAILY EVENING TELEGRAPH PHILADELPHIA, FRIDAY, AUGUST 13, 18G9.
In vth. of the recent chapters of "Lllommo
ui Kit," Victor Hugo thus discourses of tho
I'.r.lish rccrnc:
The creation of n power eijnal to that of A
kin,j, nml rnllo.l tho poer..-. was n useful
lift Son in a bmlmroiis 1 hw rndimontary
political expedient pi-o.luoeu ma.
In France nnd in l-lngliin.l. In .l- ranco, tho
peer wns a shnni king: m I-.til..nd, ho was a
real prince. Xi.t ho i-ran.l as in I ruiiwi, J.nt
more substantial.
It might bo said: loss, but
worse.
Tim rtoorftfft
originated in France. The
epoch 01 its birth is uncertain: und-r Clmile-mot-no
according to logfnd, under Kobert tho
Wise nocordinii to history. History is no moro
Mire of its assertions tlion legend is. 1 nvin
writes "The Iving of France wished to at
tract to him the grandees of his dominions by
this magnificent title of peers, as if they were
Lis equals." ,
The peerage soon branched oil, and p.issu.l
from Franco into England.
The English peerage was ft great fact,
almost a great thing. It bad the Saxon r.
tenm,, not for a precedent. I he Danish (.;. ,
find' the Norman r.tnixxoir united in tno
baron. Karon is the same word as f" trans
lated into Spanish by ruron, and sigml.ving
pre-e.nineunv Man. As early as I"..., tho
barous made the lung sensible of their ex
istence. Such a king tool It was A,ll,ltni
the Conqueror. In lose,, they laid the founda
tion of tho feudal system: this foundation was
the Doomsday Kook. I'nder John Lackland,
n conflict arose: the French nobility assumed
a superiority over (Jreat Knlain, and the
French peerage summoned the King of Eng
land before its bar. Tlie English barons
were indignant. At tho consecration of
Philip Augustus, the King of England, as
lluke of Normandy, tarried the lirst square
banner, nnd tho "Duke of (iuyenne the
second. Against this king, vassal of the
foreigner, "the lords' war'' breaks out.
The barons impose on poor King John tho
Great Charter, whence springs the House of
Lords. Tho l'opo takes the king's side nnd
excommunicates the lords. This is in I L' I ",
nnd tho l'ope is Innocent III. who wrote the
" Villi Siini'h' tfjiiritHx," and sent to John
Lackland the four cardinal virtues under the
form of four golden rings. The lords hold
out. The combat is long, destined to last
several generations. Pembroke struggles.
121 is the year of tho '"Provisions of Ox
ford." Twenty-four barons put limits on the
king, discuss him. and call in a knight from
each county to take part iu the enlarged quar
rel. This was the dawn of the Commons.
Later, the lords joined to themselves two citi
zens from each town and two burgesses from
each borough. This was why. till I'.lizabeth's
time, the peers were judges of the validity of
ejections to the Commons. From their juris
diction sprang the adage: "The deputies
should be chosen without the three P's. .
J'nce, sine. 1'rttlo. xim I'oento.'' Which did
not prevent rotten boroughs. In K".':! the
French Court of Peers still considered
the English king subject to its
jurisdiction ; nnd Philip tho Fair
cited Edward I to appear before hhu. Edward
I wns the king who ordered his son to boil his
body after death, nnd carry his bones to tho
war. Under the pressure of royal caprices,
the Lords felt tho need of slrenthening the
Parliament: they divided it into t wo Cham
bers the Upper nnd the Lower. Tho Lords
firrogantly maintained their supremacy.
"Should it, happen that any one of tho Com
mons is so hnrdy as to speak disparagingly of
the Lords, he is called to the bar to be repri
manded, and sometimes he is sent to tho
Tower." The same distinction in voting. Iu
the House of Lords the vote is taken sepa
rately, commencing with the last baron, who
is called U p 'line. Each peer when called re
plies content, or not eon ttnt. The Commons
voto all together, in a mass, by yes or no. The
Commons accuse; the Peers judge. Tho
Peers, through contempt for figures, leave to
the Commons (destined to make good use of
it) the guardianship of the exchequer, so
tidied, according to some, from the table
cloth which represented a checker-board, ac
cording to others from the drawers of the old
cupboard in which the treasure of the kings
of England was kept behind an iron grating.
From the end of tho thirteenth century dates
tho annual register, the "Year Kook." In tho
War of the two Koses, the weight of the
Lords is felt, sometimes on the side of John
of Gaunt, Duke of Laucaster, sometimes on
that of Edmund, Dnko of York. English
feudalism gave a fulcrum, openly or secretly,
to Wat Tyler, tho Lollards, Warwick the
king-maker, all that mother-anarchy from
which emancipation was to spring. The
Lords are wisely jealous of the throne: to bo
jealous is to watch: they circumscribe tho
royal initiative, limit the cases of high trea
son, raise up false Kiehards against Henry
IV. mako themselves umpires, determine tho
question of tho three crowns between the
Duke of York and Margaret of An on, raise
armies at need and have their own battles,
Shrewsbury, Tewkesbury, Saint Albans, now
lost, now won. Already, in the thirteenth
century, they had gained the victory of Lewes,
nnd had driven out of the kingdom the king's
four brothel's, bastard sons of Isabella and
Earl March, all four usurers who plundered
Christians by means of Jews; princes on one
side, swindlers on the other, a species which
lias since reappeared, but was in small repute
lit that time. Till tho fifteenth century, traces
of the Norman duke are visible in tho King of
England, and the nets of Parliament are
written in French. From Henry YH's time
they are written in English, by the will of tho
Lords. England Kreton under Uther
Pendragon, Human under C:csar,
Saxon under the heptarchy, Danish
under Harold, Norman alter William be
comes, thanks to tho Lords, English. Then
sho becomes Anglican. It is a great source of
strength to have your religion at home. A
foreign pope draws out tho national life. A
Mecca is a gigantic sucking-lish. In 1. ":!!,
London dismisses Kome; the peerage adopts
tho Information, and the Lords accept
Luther. This answer to the excommunica
tion of KM "' suited Henry VIII: but iu other
respects tho Lords impeded him. Tho House
of Lords, before Henry VI II, was like a bull
dog before a bear. When Wolsey steals
Whitehall from the nation, when Henry VIII
steals Whitehall from Wolsp y, who growl ?
Four Lords Darcey of Chichester, Saint
John of Klctso, and (two Norman names)
Mountjoyo and Mouuteaglo. Tho king
usurps. The peerage encroaches. Heredi
tary power has nn element of incor
ruptibility; hence the insubordination
of the Lords. Tho barons make a disturb
ance before Elizabeth herself. Tho execu
tions of Durham nre the result. The gown
of the tyrant is stained with blood. Eliza
Loth was a headsman's block under a far
thingale. Elizabeth calls a Parliament as
neldom as she can, and reduces tho House of
Lords to sixty-tive members, among whom
was only one marquis (Westminster), and not
a single duke. Meanwhile, the Kings of
France felt tho same jealousy, and were
effecting the same elimination. Under Henri
JII there wero but fciti, reftl dukedoms left,
but the king wns very much displeased that
the Knionof Mantes, the Karon of Coney,
the Karon of Coulommiers, tho Karon of
Chiteiiuneuf-rn-Thimernis, the Karon
of La Ferc-eii-Lnrdenois, tho Karon
of Mortngne, and a few moro, maintained
themselves bnrons and peers of France. In
England tho crown gladly let peerages die
out: in Anne's time, to take only one example,
the extinctions since tho twelfth century had
come to make a total of five hundred and
sixty-five peerages abolished. Tho War of
the Koses had commenced that extermination
of dukes which Mary Tudor completed with
tho axe. It was decapitating the nobility.
Cutting off its dukes was cutting oft' its head.
Good policy, doubtless; but bribing is better
than killing. James I understood this. He
mode a duke of his favorite Villiers, who
hod mode him a pig. Transformation
of the feudal dnko into tho courtier duko.
We shall hovo a swarm of tho new brood.
Charles II will make duchesses of two of his
mistresses, Karhnra of Southampton and
Louisa do Querouel. I'nder Anne, twenty
live dukes, three of whom foreigners, Cum
berland, Cambridge, and Sehonberg. Aro
these courtly proceedings, invented by James
I, successful'!' No. Tho House of Lords feels
itself managed by intrigue, nnd is irritated.
It is angry with James I; it is angry with
Charles I, who. let us say incidentally, may
have helped to kill his father, as Mary do Me
dici may have helped to kill her husband.
There is a break between Charles I and tho
peerage. 'The Lords, who, under James
I, had summoned to their bar speculation
in the person of Kacon, under Charles I tried
treason in the person of StralVord. They had
condemned Kacon: they condemn StralVord.
One had lost his honor, tho other lost his life.
Strafford's execution was a preliminary de
capitation of Charles I. The Lords assisted
the (.'ominous. The king holds a Parliament
at Oxford: the revolution holds one in Lon
don; forty-three peers go with tho king,
twenty-two with tho republic. From this ac
knowledgment of the people by the lords
springs the bill of ri.'hfx, nu outline of our
rifhtx nf iikiii, a dim shadow thrown from the
depths of the future, by the French Involu
tion, upon the English.
Such were the services of the peerage. In
voluntary, it is true. And dearly paid, for
this peerage is a terrible parasite. Still, con
siderable. The despotic work of Louis XI,
Kichelieu. Louis XI V, the construction of a
Sultan, general abasement taken for equality,
the bastinado administered by the sceptre, tho
masses levelled in subjugation all this Orien
tal structure, raised in Franco, was prevented
in England by the peers. They made of their
aristocracy a wall, hemming in tho
king on olio side, sheltering tho peo
ple on the other. They atone for their
arrogance to the people by their insolence to
the king. Simon, Earl of Leicester, said to
Henry I1T. "King, you lie!" The peers im
pose servitudes on the crown: they touch tha
king in his sensitive point, hunting. Every
nobleman who passes through a royal park
has the right to kill a deer in it. Tho noble
man is at home in the king's palace. It is
owing to tho nobility that the king was pro
vided for in the Tower of Loudon at tho same
rate as a peer, twelve pounds sterling a week.
Nay, more. It is owing to the nobles that
the king could be uncrowned.. Tho Lords
turned out John Lackland, degraded Edward
II, deposed Ilk-hard II, shattered Henry VI,
and made Cromwell possible. What a pos
sible Louis XIV in Charles I! Thanks to
Cromwell, it remained latent. Kesides, let
us say here, Cromwell himself aspired to the
peerage, a fact which no historian has no
ticed: this was why he married Elizabeth
Kourehier, descendant and heiress of a cer
tain Cromwell, Lord Kourehier, whose peer
age had become extinct in 1-171, and of a
Kourhk-r, Lord Kobesart, another peerage
extinct in 111".'. Growing with tho
formidable growth of events, ho found
it shorter to rule by suppressing the
king than by reclaiming the peerage. The
forms of the peers, sometimes threatening,
included the king. The two sword-bearers of
the Tower, standing, axe on shoulder, nt tho
right nnd left of the accused peer who np
penred at the bar, were ns much for the king
ns for any other lord. During live centuries,
the old I louse of Lords had a plan, and fol
lowed it steadily. We may note its days of
negligence and weakness, as, for instance,
that singular occasion when it allowed itself
to be seduced by tho shipload of heeses,
hams, nnd Greek wines which Julius II sent
it. The English aristocracy was restless,
haughty, ungovernable, always on tho watch,
patriotically defiant. At tho end of the
seventeenth century, by the tenth act of tho
year liJ'.il, it took from the borough of Stock
bridge, in Southampton, the right of repre
sentation, nnd loreed the Commons to annul
the election in that borough, because it was
contaminated by papist fraud. It had im
posed tho test-oath on James, Duko of York;
and. on his refusal, excluded him from tho
throne. Nevertheless, he reigned: but tho
Lords linally caught him again and
drove him out. During its long existence,
this aristocracy has had some instinct of pro
gress. A certain amount of appreciable light
has always emanated from it, except near its
end, which is now approaching. Under
James II, it maintained in the Lower House
tho proportion of three hundred nnd forty
six burgesses to ninety-two knights: the six
teen barons of courtesy of the Cinque Ports
were more than counterbalanced by the titty
citizens of the twenty-live towns. Although
a great source of corruption and very Bellisji,
the aristocracy were singularly impartial
in certain cases. It has been hardly judged.
History has kept its best treatment for tho
Commons. The justice of the proceeding
maybe questioned. We consider that tho Lords
played a grand part. Oligarchy is indep-.-u-denoe
in the stage of barbarism: but it is in
dependence. Look at Poland, nominally a
kingdom, really a republic. 'Tho peers of
England suspected the throne, and kept it in
ward. On many occasions the Lords knew
how to resist better than tho Commons.
They gavo chock to tho king. Thus in tho
remarkable year Hi'.t l, triennial ParliameuN,
rejected by tho Commons, because William
III did not like them, were voted by the
Peers. William III, in a rage, took from tho
Earl of Kath the eastlo of Pendennis, and de
prived Viscount Mordaunt of all his oflk-.'-i.
The House of Lords was the republic of
Venice, at tho heart of English roy
alty. To reduce the king to a doge su'-h
was its aim, nnd it added to tho nation all that
it took from the king.
Tho crown understood this, nnd hated tho
peerage. Koth sides strove to diminish each
other's power. These mutual diminutions
were nn increase nnd a benefit to the people.
The two blind powers, monarchy and oli
garchy, did not perceive that they were work
ing for a third, democracy. What happiness
it was for tho court, in the last century, to be
able to hang a peer, Lord Ferrers!
To be sure, he was hunged iu a silken cord,
out of deference.
A peer of Franco would not have been
hnnged. Such was the lofty remark of the
Duke of Kichelieu. No doubt. He would
have Leea beheaded, wliicli w Still more, dofo-
rential. Montmorency Tancarville usod to
sign himself "Peer of France and of Eng
land," thus throwing back tho English peer
age to the second place. The peers of France
were more lofty and less powerful, holding to
rnnk moro than authority, and to precedence
rather than sway. Ketween them and the
lords was tho shade of difference which there
is between vanity and pride. For the French
peers, to tako rank of foreign princes, to have
tho precedence of Spanish grandees, to go
before patricians of Venice, to mako tho
French marshals, the Constable and tho Ad
miral of France (wore ho even Count of Tou
louse and son of Louis XIV) sit on the lower
benches of tho Parliament, to distinguish
between male nnd female duchies, to main
tain the interval between a simple earldom
like Armagnae or Albret, and a peerage
earldom like Evreux, to have the right
of wearing, in certain cases, the bluo
ribbon or the golden fleeco at the age of
twenty-five, to counterbalance the Due do
la Tremoille, the oldest peer of the palaco, by
the Due d'Uzes, the oldest peer iu Parlia
ment, to claim as many pages and horses for
their coach as an elector, to be called Mon
seigneur by tho first president, to discuss
whether the Due. do Maine had peer's rank as
Comto d'Ku, after 1 l.'i.s to cross tho great
chamber diagonally or along tho sides that
wns their great business. The great business
of tho lords wns tho net of navigation, the test
act, the dominion of tho seas, the expulsion
of the Stuarts, the war with France. Here,
etiquette before all: there, empire before all.
The peers of England had the booty, the
peers of France the shadow.
In short, tho English House of Lords wns a
tarling-point. This is an immense step in
civilization. It had the honor of beginning
the national life. It was the first incarnation
of popular unity. English resistance, that
vague but omnipotent force, had its birth iu
the House of Lords. Tho barons, by a se
ries of assaults on the prince, sketched
out his final dethroaienu nt. Tho House of
Lords nowadays is a little surprised nnd
snd nt what it hns done unwillingly and un
wittingly. All tho more, because it is irrevo
cable. What nre concessions ? Institutions.
And the nations know it. "I grant," says tho
king. "I get back my own," say the people.
Tho House of Lords thought it was creating
privileges for peers; it produced rights for
citizens. The vulture of aristocracy hatched
the eagle's egg of liberty.
The egg is now- broken: the eagle Hies aloft,
the vulture is expiring.
England grows in greatness, while her aris
tocracy is in its last agony.
Kut let us be just to the aristocracy. It was
n balance nnd barrier; a counterpoise to
royalty, nn obstacle to despotism.
Let us bury it with all the honors.
Near Westminster Abbey was nn oldNovnuu
palace, which hndhcen burnt in Henry VII Fs
time. Two wings of it remained. Edward
VI placed the Chamber of Lords iu one, and
the Chamber of the Commons in the other.
Neither the two wings nor tho two cham
bers now exist. It hns nil been rebuilt.
Wo have said it and must emphasize it,
there is no resemblance between the present
and tho former House of Lords. In demolish
ing the old palace, the old usages were some
what demolished. Every stroke of tho pick
axe in a monument makes a corresponding
stroke in customs nnd charters. An old stone
cannot full without bringing down an old law
with it. Place n square-hulled senate in a
round hall, it will be something different.
Changing the shell changes tho shape of tho
shelllish.
If you want to preserve anything old, pro
fane or sacred, code or dogma, patriciate or
priesthood, don't renew anything, not even
the outside. Patch it, at most. For instance,
Jesuitism is a patch let into Catholicism.
Treat buildings ns you treat institutions.
Shades must dwell in ruins. Decrepit
powers are uncomfortable in newly-decorated
dwellings. Kagged institutions require di
lapidated palaces.
To show the interior of tho IIouso of
Lords, of days gone by, is to show something
unknown. History is night. There is no
background to it. Everything is consigned
to insignificance and darkness, so soon as it
ceases to be before the footlights. A scene,
once shifted, is efi'aced and forgotten. Tho
unknown is a synonym of the past.
The peers of England used to sit, as a court
of justice, in the great hidl of Westminster,
and, as the upper legislative chamber, in a
particular hall called the House of the hmfx.
Kesides the court of English peers which
only assembles when summoned by the crown,
the two great English tribunals, inferior to
the court of peers, but superior to every
jurisdiction, sat in the great hall of West
minster. At the upper end of this hall they
occupied two rooms which communicated.
Tho first tribunal was the Court of King's
Kench, at which the king was supposed to
preside; the second was the Court of
Chancery, over which the lord
chancellor presided. One was a
court of justice, the other a court of
mercy. It was the chancellor who advised
the king to pardon occasionally. These
two courts, which still exist, interpreted tho
laws, and slightly remodelled them; tho
judge's nrt consists in tinkering the code.
Equity gets out of this business as it best can.
The laws were made and npplied in that grave
place, the great hall of Westminster. This
hall had a vaulted roof of chesnut. to which
spiders could not attach their webs; there
were enough of them in tho laws.
To sit as a court, and to sit ns n chamber
of legislation, are two thing.. This duality
constitutes supreme power. The Long
Parliament, which began November
Hi-Hi, felt the radical necessity of this double
sword. Therefore it declared itself
a judicial and a legislative power at the same
time, like a House of Peers.
This double power was immemorial in the
House of Lords. We have just said that, as
judges, the lords occupied Westminster Hall;
as legislators, they had another chamber.
This other chamber, properly called tho
Lords' Chamber, was oblong and narrow. Iu
the day it was lighted only from above by four
deep windows in the false roof, nnd a cur
tained and circular window with six panes
over the royal dais; at night the only illumi
nation consisted of two demi-eandelabra,
fastened to tho wall. Tho hall of the Vene
tian senate was still worse lighted. A certain
amount of shade is agreeable to these omnipo
tent owls.
Over the hall in which tho lords met roso a
high, swelling vaulted roof, with gilt arches,
and with its surface in different planes. Tho
commons had only a fiat coiling; everything
has a inclining iu monarchical erections. At
one end of the long room jyas the door, at
the other, opposite it, the throne. A few
steps from the door, tho bar established a
sort of frontier, marking the spot where the
people ended and tho aristocracy began. On
the right of tho throne, a mantel-piece, with
a eoat-of-arms on the top, showed two marble
bas-reliefs, one representing the victory of
Cuthwolf over the Kritous in TT, the other
the geometric plan of the borough of Dun
Stable, which hua only four (streets, cyrre.
pponding to the four quarters of tho world.
The throuo was raised on three steps. It was
called "the royal seat.'' On the two opposite
walls was displayed, in successive scenes, a
huge tapestry which Elizabeth had given to
the Lords, and which represented the whole
story of the Armada, from its departure out
of tho Spanish waters to its shipwreck in
the English. The lofty upporworks 'of the
ships wero woven in eohl and silver threads,
blackened by time. With their backs to this
tapestry, which the candelabrum-fastenings
divided at equal distances, wero three rows of
benches, on the right of tho throne for the
bishops, three rows on the left of tho throne
for the dukes, earls, and marquises, all
mounted on rows of steps, and separated by
other steps. On tho three benches of tho first
division sat tho dukes, on the three of the
second the marquises, on tho three of tho
third tho enrls. Tho viscounts' bench was at
right angles, opposite the throne; and behind
it, between the viscounts and tho bar, were
two benches for tho barons. On the highest
bench, at tho right of tho throne, were the two
Archbishops ot Canterbury and of York: on
the middle bench three bishops, London, Dur
ham, and Winchester; on tho lowest bench, tho
other bishops. There was this important dif
ference between the Archbishop of Canter
bury and tho other bishops, that he, for his
part, is bishop "by Divine Providence,"
while the others aro only so "by Divine per
mission.'' On the right of the throne was a
chair for tho Prince of Wales: on tho left,
folding-stools for the royal dukes: and behind
these stools, a row of steps for tho young
peers who were minors, and had not yet seats
in the House. Plenty of lleurs-de-lys every
where, and the great scutcheon of England on
the four walls, over tho peers ns well ns over
the king. The sons of peers, nnd tho heirs to
peerages, were present at the sessions, stand
ing behind the throne, between tho dais
nnd the wall. The throne at tho end, nnd
tho three rows of benches for tho peers
on tho three sides of tho hall, left
a large square space empty. In this square,
which wns covered with tho state carpet bear
ing tho arms of England, thero were four
woolsacks, one before tho throne, on which
sat tho chancellor between the maco and tho
seal; one before tho bishops, on which sat
the judges, councillors of state, who had tho
right to sit but not to vote; one beforo the
dukes, marquises, and earls, on which sat the
secretaries of slate: olio beforo tho viscounts
nnd barons, on which the clerk of the crown
and the clerk of Parliament were seated, and
tho two nuder-clerks wrote kneeling. In tho
middle of the square was a large covered
table, loaded with portfolios, registers,
aim prison records ; mere were
high candlesticks at its four corners,
and massive gilt inkstands. The peers too'.c
their seats in chronological order, each ac
cording to the date of the creation of his
peerage. 1 hey took rank according to then
title: in the titlo according to their antiquity.
At tho bar stood tho usher of tho black rod,
his wand in his waud. Within tho door was
tho usher's deputy, and without it the crier
of the black rod, whose duty it was to open
the judicial sessions by the cry, 0s.' in
French, uttered three times, with a solemn
emphasis on the first syllable. Near the crier
stood the sergeant, who was tho chancellor's
lnuce-benrer.
In royal ceremonies the peers temporal wore
their coronets oil their heads, and tho peers
spiritual their mitres. The archbishops wore
a mitre with tho ducal coronet: the bishops,
who rank after tho viscounts, a mitre with tho
barons' circlet of pearls.
It is singular and instructive to remark that
this square formed by the throne, tho bishops,
nnd the bnrons, nnd in which magistrates are
kneeling, was tho ancient Parliament of
Franco under tho first two dynasties. Autho
rity presented tho same aspect in Franco and
in England. Hincmar, in his "Do Ordina
tiono Saeri Palatii," describes, in S."i:',, the
House of Lords in session at Westminster in
the eighteenth century.
A queer sort of deposition made nine hun
dred years beforehand.
Tho monarch was only ol liged to summon a
Parliament every seven years.
Tho Lords deliberated in secret with closed
doors. The sessions of tho Commons wero
open to the public. Popularity seemed a
diminution of dignity and power.
The number of lords was unlimited. To
make peers w as a menace of tho crown nnd a
mode of governing.
At tho beginning of tho eighteenth cen
tury the IIouso of Lords already presented a
very large figure. It has grown still larger
since. To dilute tho aristocracy is good
policy. Elizabeth perhaps made a mistake,
when sho condensed tho peerage into sixty
five lords. When less numerous, it is more
active. In assemblies, the more members,
the fewer heads. James II folt this when he
raised the number of tho upper IIouso to a
hundred and eighty-eight; a hundred and
eighty-six, if we strike off from these peer
nges tho two duchesses of tho royal couch,
Portsmouth nnd Cleveland. Under Anno,
tho sum-total of tho poors,, in
cluding tho bislips, was two hundred and
seven; without counting tho Duko of Cum
berland, who was the Queen's husband, there
were twenty-five dukes, tho first of whom,
Norfolk, being a Catholic, did not sit; while
the lust, Cambridge, electoral Prince of
Hanover, sat, though a foreigner. Winches
ter, styled iiist and solo Marquis of England,
as Astorga was styled sole Marquis of Spain,
being absent by reason of his Jacobinism,
there were five marquises, the first of whom
was Lindsay nnd the last Lothian: seventy
nine earls, the first of whom was Derby and
the last Islay; nine viscounts, the lirst of
whom was Hereford and tho last Lonsdale;
Mid sixty-two barons, the first of whom was
Abergaveny nnd tho last Ilervey. Lord Her
v( y. being the last baron, was called le puiue
of' the House. Derby, who, being
preceded by Oxford, Shrewsbury, and
Kent, wns only tho third earl under
James II, had become the first under Anne.
'Two names of chancellors had disappeared
from tho list of barons, Yerulam, under whom
history discovers Kacon, and Wem, under
whom history discovers Jeffreys. Kacon,
Jeffreys, names mournful in different ways.
Iu Ki).i, tho twenty-six bishops wero but
twenty-five, tho See of Chester being vacant.
Some of the bishops were very great lords,
for instance, William Talbot, Kishop of Ox
ford, thief of tho Protestant branch of his
house. Others -were distinguished scholars,
such as John Sharp, Archbishop of York,
former Dean of Norwich; the poet, Thomas
Sprat t, Kishop of Kochestor, and good
old apoplectic soul; and that Kishop of Lin
coln destined to dio Archbishop of Canter
bury, Wake, the adversary of Kossuot. On
important occasions, and when a communi
cation from tho crown to the Upper House
was to be recoived, all this august multi
tude, in wigs and robes, with prelatio
coifs or plumed bonnets, showed its rows
of heads in lines and tiers around the hall of
the peerage, along those walls on which might
be dimly seen the Armada annihilated by a
storm. A storm at the orders of England
such was the implied meaning of the
tapebtxy.
INSURANCE:.
DELAWARE MUTUAL SAFETY INSU
niKiv i-nui . vv i . , ...
lutnre of Pennsylvania, 136.
Office, 8. E. comer of "WIllCO and -WALNUT Streets,
MAIIINR IN.sllllANCTS
On Vessel, Oargo. snd Fri,ila to all parts of the world.
INLAND In'sUHANcVs '
On Roods by rlTer, canal, lake, and land carriage to all
Part of the Union.
r, . FIKK INSURANCE'S
On Merchandise nenorally on Stores, Dwellings, Ilousos,
ASSET" OF THR COMPAKT,
$2110,000 United 8tatoJ,Fiveri'erHoent. Loan,
120,000 UnUed Bta'tei' bi'i' Per O'e'n't.' Loan, Mm
oj UUi'im)
&I.000 United Ktatos Six IVr Cont. Loan
(for I'ncilio Kailmad) 60.0WI 00
200,000 Stat oof Pennsylvania Sil Per Cent.
l-onn on 9Tr-iMt
125,000 City of Philadelphia Six Per 'Cent.
loan (exempt from tin) lJf.&i-TOO
60,000 State of Kow Jersey Kix Pur Cent.
l.oan t 5 5oi)iH)
20,000 Tenn. Kail. First Mortgage 8iz Por '
( cm. KtmU 30 20'00
25,000 Ton n. Hnil. Stcond Mort. (Six Per
Cent, llonds 24.0HO OO
2o,0U0 W extern Penn. Hail. Mortaaen Six
Por Cont. lionds (Peun. liailroad
(ruurnntoo) 3o,ti25 00
80,000 State of i'enuossoe Five Per Cent.
I mm 21,IWUH)
7,tHI0 Stato of Tonncasoo Kix Por Cent.
i- . ,x",n 6,o3r
iu.OUO l.onimntown (ins Cotnp.inv, prin- .
eipiilmid Interest. Kuurunteod hy
City of I'hiludolpliiu, 'Jw ahurus
Stork 1.V"(I''0
10,nK) Pennsylvania Kuilroad Company, 2U
Hi..,.. "''"V'8 stwk 11,3' '0-00
6,000 Jiorth Pennsylvania. Itnilroad Co., In)
shares Stock 3 5ru ah)
20,t,00 Philadelphia and' ' ' SmitYiern ' 'Xl'iii'l
0.1-0,. it ,n'hi Co., shares Stm-k . . . . 15.WW0O
JO i,VW Loans on Hoard nnd MormaKO, lirst
"vmiiu viiy I'ropcrties -'7.!MJ."o.
tUO-Wl Par. Market value, SU'S
Rea.Fsts.e w ,.
Kills recuivnhle for insurance niailo .'.'..'.'.".' 3iiVi"-J
liHiancos due at at'cncies. premium on marine
policies, accrued interest, and other debts due
the company 40 l'S
Stock and serin of sundry corpwaVioni; 'i-il'rii
Fstimutpd vulue 1 MVH
Cuiih in bank i'lbi nn".i
chio drawer : .v.:v.::v.::v.::v: " 3- iRwra
I,ri47,a-i7"0
Thomas O. Hand, Kdmund A. Rmidor,
John U. Davis. Samuel K. Stokes,
James O lland. Henry Sloan,
IneophiluH Paulding, William C. I.udwig,
Joseph II. Seal, 'Coorge (i. Leipor,
Hugh Craig, Henry C. Dallott, Jr.,
John K. Penrose. John D. Tavlor,
Jacob P. Jones, (ienrgo V. Kei-nndnu.
James I raipiHir, 1 William (i. lioultou,
Kdward Darlington, ducob Kiegel.
II. Jones Kronke. Spencer Alellvaino,
James 11. SlcKaii.md, ,1). T. Morgan, Pittsburg,
F.dward Lalourcado, jjohn 11. Semplo, "
Jobhua P. Kyre, 'A. K. Merger, "
THOM AS C. H AND, President.
1IFSRT I.YI.BURIK.,;V1S' V-r-aont.
lll-.XKY HALL, Assistant .Secretary. 10 ti
1820.
-CHARTER rEltPETUAL.
FractliQ Fire Insurance Company
OF PHILADELPHIA.
Office, Nos. 435 and437 CHESNUT St.
Assets Jan. 1, 69f $2,677,372" 1 3
CAPITAL
AM HI ED SLUl'LUS....
I'JfKMIL J1S
UNSETTLED CLAIMS.-$2:i,Tss-l'2.
gpirt.iwipnu
l,iKi,.V.!v
l,l'J.i,43-4;l
1NCOMR FOK 1S00,
t.iu0,Ull0.
tli
Perpetual nnd Temnorarv Policies on I.il
Too Company also issues Policies on lients ol'jbuilai'iin
ui u Biiiup,uiuuuu xvcuis, anu .Mongagca.
Diiii:cions.
Alfred H. Raker, Alfred Fitter,
Samuel tyrant, Thomas Spark,
(eoigo V. iiichurds. William S. (irant,
Isaac Lea, I Thomas K. Kills,
t-corgo l aics, 1 (iustavus S. Henson.
ALFRED (;. liAKKK, President.
w M-.trii.1,,U'K l"'AIJ:S, Vice-President.
JAN. . MrALLl.M Kit, Secretary.
TIIKODOKH Al. KK.UK.lt, Assistant Secretary. : o
A Q B U R Y
LIFK INSURANCE COMPANY.
No. 201 BROADWAY, corner RKADE Street, New York
CASH CAPITAL iklio imo
4l;2i,ooO deposited with the State of New Yorl aa security
for policy holdora.
I.KMUKL BANCS, Prosidont.
GF.ORG K ELLIOTT, Vice-President and Secretary
F.MOKY M.-CMNTOCK, Actuary.
A. E. Al. PURDY, Al. D Aludical Examiner.
Thomas T. Tasker,
Jtr.rciff-.ailLM lir fKlCUlBHIOX,
Charles Spencer,
I William Divine,
S. Morris Wain,
John 14 M.-l Ir.iarc
John Al. Afuris,
I J. 1!. Lippincott,
John A. right,
A rt linr i i. i !ithn.
UUUIDD l.flllg,
James Humor,
Lf ,uo ,uu,t..tjr no iuuciors, eoonomyor manAie.
nient, reasonableness of rates, PARTNERSHIP PL w
OF DECLARING DIVIDENDS, nn ,.,ri , n - t... '";:
Ip the character
. r , i
r u. worne.
lives, nnd ahsoluto non-forleitiire of all policies, and no
restriction of travel alter the tirst year, the ASBUKY pro
sema a combination of advantages offered by no other
company. Policies issued in every form, and a loan of
one-third made when desired.
Special advantages offered to clergymen.
For all farther information address
. k.M . JAM ICS Al. LONOAORF,
Mnnagor for Pennsylvania and Delaware.
Office. No. rj W ALNUT Street, Philadelphia.
FORM AN P. UOLL1NS11HAD, Special Agent. 4 lti
gTRICTLY MUTUAL
Provident Life and Trust Co.
OF PHILADELPHIA.
OFFICE, No. Ill S. FOURTH 8TKEET.
Organized to promote LIFE INSURANCE amonir
members: of the Society of Friends.
Good risks of any class accepted.
Policies laaued on approved plans, at the lowest
rates.
President, SAMUEL R. SHIPLEY,
Vice-President, WILLIAM C. LONUSTHETH,
Actuary, ROWLAND PAKHY.
The advantages oilered by tula company are un
excelled, i 27
J N S U E AT HOME,
IN TUB
Penn Mutual Life Insurance
COMPANY.
No. 921 CHESNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA.
ASSETS, 82,000,000.
CHARTERED BY OCR OWN STATE.
MANAGED BY OIK OWN CITIZENS.
LOSSES PROMPTLY PAIO.
POIJCIES ISSUED ON VARIOUS PLANS.
Applications may be mado at the Home Office, and
at the Agencies throughout the State, 2 is
JAMES TRAOUAIR PRKSIDKNT
MAMUEI. E. STOKES VIOK PItiCSIDKNT
JOHN W. IIORNOR A. V. P. and AUTUAUY
HORATIO S. STEPHENS BKURETAHV
THE
OK PHILADKLPHIA,
Office 8. W. Corner 1-OUHTH and WALNUT Street
FIKK lNhlUANCK KXULIJNIVKLY Btreet
PKKPKTUAL AND TKKAI POLIU1KS ISSfTKD
Cash Cupital vx iui,r,n
CaaU Aaaeu. May. lOVKR liALlf A jSfiljXj?
DlRKlITOHS.
F. Hatchford Htarr,
Null.ro brazier.
J. Livingston FrHr,.
Junius L. (JlaKborn.
William G. Houlton.
Oharlea Wheeler,
Thomas 11. Muutgomery,
James Aertsen.
first-class risk, tjikinir nn
Jolin Al. Atwood,
lluujuuiin T. Trudick,
George 11. Ktuart,
.Inhn II. Hrown.
This Company insures only
specially hazardous risks whatever, such a factories
mills, eto.
V. HATCH FORD STARR, President.
THOMAS 11. AlONTtiOAlfcliY, Vice President.
ALEIANiim W. WlbTtK, Kecretary. 2 65
1J1KKNIX 'INSURANCE COMPANY OF
J PHILADKLPHIA,
IN( OIU'OKA TKD lstH C1IARTKR PKRPETUAL.
No. WALNUT btreet, opposite the Kxuuuuge,
This Company insures IniinMss or duiuuKe by
on liberal terms, on buildings, merchandise, fiirnituro,
etc., fur limited periods, and ueriuaucutly on bull Jinx by
deposit of premiums.
The Company has been in activeoperution for more than
SIXTY YKAHS, durlnu which all lobsoa have beua
p.oniptl, adjusted "-orh.
John L. llodiro, i l-ewif,
Al. K. Alahony,
.liitui T. Lewis.
ltenjamiu Kiting,
Thomas 11. Powurg,
A. U. Atcllenry,
Kdmund Castillon,
Samuel Wilooi,
William S. (irant,
Robert W. I-eaininR,
If. uiara niittn,
Lawrence Lewis, Jr.
JOHN R. WUU1KKLK. President.
i.ewis t;. norris
SAJJVEI. Wli-COX, evrtary, i JJj
INSURANCE.
A ME INSURANCE COM PA J
No. W9 (TirSNUr Street
INCORPORATED IWrt. (ill AHTK.R PKRl'KTl"
CAPITAL, i(Min.
VfRtt tNSHRANCK KXCtMTRIVIM.V. t
...... . - ......
Insures ngalnst Loss or Damnire by Fire eithorbyF
luai or i einpnrary i-onoies.
DIRECTORS:
Chsrles Richardson,
Robert, Pearee,
John Kossler, Jr.,
Kdward H. Orne,
willisin H. Klwiwn,
Irsncis N. lSuck,
H-m,v Lewi.,
Nathan llillps,
loorce A. Wo.t.
John W. Kverman, 4
Alordecal Ru.by. 5
vjniiri.'s runse.
(II ARLKS RICHARDSON, PresM
WILLIAM H. RIIAWN, Vice Presid,
WitT.tAMS I. Ili ASc iiAim, Secretary. t
'Tilt PENNSYLVANIA FIRElNSUJij
. COMPANY. -i
No 610 WA 1 inr0F!,od barter Perpetnal. t
This C.mli,.?i!K?',.'0",, "xlopendence
over tort. tear. , iT- " nown 10 " conimuni.
by it re (111 'x ffi' "1 m,B" to """r Winst lota or d
or I r miVed tim. Al" ,,nIi.Ml"?. V""
and w"r r i,., r;ife " '; ".l.". Ktcis of G
.u.u.u mu undoubted Mount in th
Hnninl StnftK T
DIBECTOHB.
AU'xitnder hen-oa,
Jnhn Ttava
I liomrt Kmith
1 in S.lt'HVirBl,
llvnrv Ivift. '
lliinl.il 11.. 1.1. . ' . "nUOIU I'BII.
WAI. V.. CROWKIJcr'i'n iI'J-- -l
Incorporated 17M. Chrf. t 1
A wf , Capital. $5o,M,iJhar,OT
AlAklNFi, INLANii; AND l7itK Imi?
OVJ-R 3f.,vo LOSSF'S PAID SINOK ITS OIU
Arthur O. Cefln,
r-smuel W. ,te
Jfhn A. Lrnwn.
XUHKCTOli". f
i- rannig R. op. 1
l-.dwsrd U. r,,t'ter
Kdwart S. Clarke"
1. Charlton Uenry, S
A bred D. Joesop.
Jonn I. Wnito. t
1-ouisO .Madeira, 5
Charles W. Cash in as
Ambrose White.
A 1 linm V1DK
S. Alorris Wain!
Jobn Mason,
(ieorae L llj,rrion
piWSMAL BUSK INSUllANri
LONDON. i
ESTABLISHED Koi i
Pald-np capital and Accumulated Funds,
Jf,000,000 IN GOT
PREV0ST & IIEERim Ami, J
2 45 No. 10T S. THHtD Street, PhUadelph
HIPPING.
-4
F () It I. T VP l n , ,
L a!
I of
-i:lTTrri'.y:-K'NslWN-In,nan Line,
SC- W- ura "1'1'omted to sa, k,
11.V i.i Antwerp, Saturday, Auirust 14 at 111 ,, I
L i a. via llahla, Tuesday, auk is, ' 2" M 1 P f I
I-Y TT.r mh,1.'1 '':S OK PASSAC.K. I
1 --iiist ca i;in.. :'; $,(N, rtkVTa!" Lu"W
T. rayublo iuCcld. Pav.bU in v"A"K- 3
I, Tf.n-.---v -i- -j "i"fr. :
by Rumen Steamer.... "bv " " ' .:..
1 atseiiKcrs torwarded to liavm ii7.i ..- I
etc. at reduced rales. uu"e, UamburK', IrfruJ
.n?Lri?fSin.i" i'i"J" lnt """derate rates bv
.... ......., ,,,. ,r uicir inemls,
loll s"' ,,'7'V,'n iipplyat tho Company', OfJ
or to - ft, tfc Af",l5 H?A..a(-,'
CHARLESTON.S.
THE SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST.
FAST PKEIGHT LIIV
EYEUY THURSDAY.
The StcaniHlilpa pifOMETIIEUS, Captain Gray,
AMI.L 1-OKM A REliLLAU WEEKLY LIVE
Ti I I '.si ) 4 V a i riiuV V, V J- ?',A wm sail
l linmjrh bills 01 lading piven lu connortion 4
. ... ... ... ,.,.,, oullI1, aml Bout IWt'St
InsuraiH-f ut lowest rates. Kates of freight as
as by any other route. For rreijrlif, apply to
H A. M W It Kr f1f
2 22,f Dock street whau'i
.ONLY MKECT LINE TO FRAN?
Til If UlfVl-D A f . .... . .... 2
fcPSSi-.-rut p a v'. ,Vla . .1
TTTTW i i. :ifv vYnVi- .".'.'V. ' . . 'Vmsii,
r ;;.L i. J" . kk, uallinu
The splendid new vessels on this favorito route for
Salurdav' "M f""U 1,iUr ""M
li- l A PR,CK OF PASSAGH
in gold (including wine),
... ir. ,. lu BKKSTOR IIAVRK.
l irst Cabin un ; Second (Jubin
, . . ., TO PARIS,
,.. . (Ino udine railway tickets, furnished on board )
1 irst Cabin $146 Second Cabin..
I hese steamers do not carry steeraa passt-nBor'i" '
... ...... u. 11 uu ui unarge.
Aiiiericau travellers Biting to or returnins; from the
. ,.j ...,., lu sioaiiiers 01 tins line a
iimicccssaiy risks from transit by Knlish railways J
crossiUK the channel, besides savins timo. trouble audi
ptnse. bi'.ORliK Al A(JK h'.S'AK, Aient.J
.. . , o-BROADWAY, New Vi,ri
For pnssaRo in Philadelphia, apply at Admis' Kx pj
Coi.ij.any, to . H. L. LKaV."
No. S3II OUKSNUT Strei
. PIIILA DELPIIIA, KICIIMOn!
ttr't-r'. ND NOKI-fJI.K STKA.MSHIP LIU
ILXL VHOLIGH l-HKKinr AIR LINK
ricSLl' IK SOUTH AND WKST
Sueetn0On' a ilHS1' WUARb' above -MARKi
Til KOPr.H RATKS to nil point. In North and Ro
( aiohna, via Seaboard Air Line Railroad, connecting
Portsmouth and to Lynchburg, Va., Tennessee, snd 1
i.Tvil.XifrSSl( ieaU,1M"e A" LiDe "Ud k"
kavViaTOv oVhw ,ukenat low
The reRiilanty, safoty, and cheapness of this route o
mend it to tlio public as tho most desirable medium i
carrying every description of freight.
No charge lor commission, drayago, or any omous.
transfer. T;
Steamships insured nt tho lowest ratoi. I
Freight received daily. I
x. ,n c . , WILLIAM P. CLYDK A OO.,
?;,2..f?.WI,ARVKSl Pier 1 N. WHAKVI'ij
V l ;.,,!.,! . Ft t mclimond and City Point.
3
LOIULLARD'S STEAMS!
r LINK FOR t
Sailing on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, f
RKDUCTION OK RATKS.
Freight by this linetaken at 12 cents per Iiki pound
cents per foot, or 1 cent per gallon, -ship's option. 1
vane, uuitiKc vanueu m oince on xier. Freight recei4
ai an uuius ou covereu wuan.
,inim v iur
l21, . . 'Pi" 19 North Wharves.
... ... . ..... ,,,,o,,u sii.aii packages iron, metal, et
i ffizi., MjW kapkess line i
Alexandria. Gooi-etown, and Washinirton i
i?,u" 1,riMo1- KQ0"U1- fe.S
Steamers leave regularly every Saturdi, .
lirst wharf above Alarket streeL yat D00n ,rom I
Freight received daily. ' ?.
WILLIAM P. OLYDK J) On
Ki-DBIDGK CO., AsS
r? w NOTICE. FOR NEW YllillFVi
r"7 DKI.AWAHK AND RARiTVli .,1 J'
mmSk-At KXPRKSS KTKAIBi.MI,TAI'.PA
tion between Philadelphia and New York18' """"uuit
Steainers leave daily from first u,hu i. , T
street Philadelphia, unHt o7 Wall s'L'T Mr
(ioods forwsrdea by all Hie line, runnin. i8 ,Yn
J oik, North, Kast, and West, free nf 1... 9ut Of N
t Freight received and Awarded ' 80,uu','""'- , 1
teims. WILLIAM P. CLYD1C t ?,,0o'u'"odati
iJFZjk nN:TICEFOR NElvYRTvT
1 A IC11 AND SWIFTSURK LINK COMpAN V.-DKj
I he business by these lines will i.l'L . t
he elh of March. or frmg " w' f1,,U",,i,.0n n' "ft
ccommoduliug terms, apply to ,wlue'1 wl11 b taken o
82 WRIMi ",R0 CO., S
Ku.LilBuuUjVbiuv,'
him ( iihaimki' h ..iT,,,,: wufiNV