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VOL. VII-No. 72.
PHILADELPHIA, SATURDAY, MARCH 30, 18G7.
DOUBLE SIIEET-TIIREE CENTS.
71
SECOND EDITION
IMPORTANT FROM WASHINGTON.
Extra Session of tho United
States Senato Called.
The Proclamation ofilic President
Ktc., Ete Ktc, Etc., Ktc, Ktc.
"Wasjiinoton, March 30. Owing to the large
number of Executive appointments to bo acted
on, me rresiuent io-uay l sun oil the following
proclamation, a eopy of which was addressed to
every senator:
Whereas, objects of Interest to the United
Slates require that the Senate should be con
vened at 12 M. on Monday, the 1st day of April
xiexi, 10 receive anu nci upon sum communi
cations as may be made to It on the part of the
jxecuuve:
Now. therefore. I. Andrew Johnson. Vrin
Cent of the United States, have considered It to
Demy duty to issue this my proclamation, de
claring that an extraordinary occasion requires
the Senate of the United States to conveno for
me transaction or business at the Canltol. in
the city of WashinEton. on Mondnv. the Int.
day of April next, at 12 o'clock on that day, of
wuicu u wuo biirii ai inai lime De eniilleu to
act as members of that body are hereby required
to take notice.
Given nnder my hand and the seal of the
United States, at Washington, the 30th of
AiarcD, in the year or our L,orl ISO", and of the
independence of the United States of America
the 91st. (Signed) Andrew Johnson.
Jiy the President.
William II. Skward, Secretary of State.
Personal.
Speaker Colfax was in the chair to-day, his
Step-father having passed the crisis of his dis
ease yesterday, and Is now regarded us oat of
danger.
8. P. Hanscom has withdrawn from the 2Va
tUmal Republican and disposed of his interest in
the establishment to his partner, Wllllum J.
M urtagh.
The President and his Cabinet are at the
Capitol to-day, in the Vice-President's room,
attending to public business.
Another Presidential Protest.
The President this morning sent the follow
ing: To the House of representatives: In gly
lngmy approval to tho joint resolution pro
viding for the expensesof carrying Into full
effect the act to providefor the more effi
cient government of the Kebel states,
I am moved to do so for the following reason:
The seventh section of the act supplementary
to the act for the more efficient government of
the Kebel States, provides that all expenses
Incurred under or by virtue of that act shall be
paid out of any money In the Treasury not
otherwise appropriated. This provision Is
wholly unlimited as to the amount to be ex
pended. Whereas the resolution now before
me limits the appropriation to 500,000.
I consider this limitation as a very necessary
Cheek against unlimited expenditures and lia
bilities. Yielding to that consideration, I feel
forced to oppose this resolution without modi
fying In any manner my objections heretofore
stated against the original and supplementary
acts.
(Signed) Andrew Johnson.
Washington, D. C March 30, 1867.
rR0CEEHIXGSOF COXCRESS.
Senate.
Washinuton, March 30. The Senate met at 10
o'clock. The readme of the Journal of yesterday was
dtt)peu8d witli.
Tlie House bill to nuthorlz.e the appointment of
watchmen of the Capitol by the bergeaat-at-Arins of
the House and ssanaie was paasud.
Mr. ConnesH ((Jul,) Introduced a resolution calling
upon the Hecretary of the Interior lor all paper con
nected with the extension of th patent ot Tliaddeus
II y ait. Adopted.
Mr. Howard (Mich.) offered a resolution calling;
upon the Secretary of the Iulerior lor a copy of the
last report of the Directors of the Pad tic Railroad.
Adopted,
Mr. ISanlsbury (Del.) offered a resolution to extend
the sesBiou ot the two Houses umll 8 o'clock.
Mr. Davis tKy.) said the object of this was to take
notice of the death of Mr. Riddle, of Delaware, watch
would be done at 12 o'clock",
After some discussion, the resolution was laid
side.
Mr. Corbett (Oregon) called up the bill appropriating
f&Ooo for the support, in part, of the Soldiers and
bailors' Orphans' nine oflua District of Columbia,
which was passed.
Mr. Conuoss (t.'a..) moved to take up the resolution
oflered by him yesterday, calling upou the Secretary
of War for information as to how much money was
paid to the ilaltlmore and Ohio Railroad by the Gov
ernment during the wur, what rates were charged,
whether they were higher thuu were paid to other
mwupanles: if so, why, etc.
'Mr. Johnson moved an amendment to Include the
northern Centrul and Pennsylvania Central roads.
The amendment was agreed to, and the vesoiutlou was
adopted. '
On motion of Mr. Sherman (Ohio), the rule of the
Executive session requiring nomination not acted
upon to be returned to the President litter the close of
the session, was suspended so as loarfow nominations
now pending in the Executive session to be continued
until acted upon,
Mr. W ilson (Mast.) called uptli4) Home resolution
tor the appointment ot a Joint sluiAding committee on
ordnance, and moved to amend liy making it a Joint
special comailttee, with power o send for persons
aua papers, and take testimony as to the best and
latest Improvements in fire armfs. The amendment
was agreed to, and the resolutloii wis adopted.
Mr. Baulshury offered a rosolildloo for the appoint
ment of a Joint committee ol litres ten at irg and live
Representatives to accompany the romaina of the
lute beutttor Riddle to bis lioni.e, Arewl to.
Mr. tsumnergave notice that' on tin 1st Wednesday
In July he would call up the bii 11 for mlversal sutl'rage
throughout the United Mate. He bid reason to be
lieve, he said, that there woe j Id be aiuoruiu present
on that dav.
Mr. Thayer (Neb.) called rip "HI b extend to the
Btute of Nebraska the prlvi I leijes nf ai act granting
laud to the Stales lor the es Aabashuieil f Agricul
tural Colleges, Passed. 7
Mr. Pomeroy (Kan,) calle1 up the bll to allow the
Chaplain of the House or 1 .'lepreseutathes to draw his
salary lor the present year"', which was )aased.
At iO'46 the beuate wen"' Into ececutivi session.
At 12 M. the doors were reopennq. andthe President
pro hm. declared the y-enate adjnurnttl, under the
resolution ot yesterday, until the Ural Veduesduy in
July next. f
Hons of llepreseatatlves.
The ITouse met at 10 o'clock. The number of mem
bers present was appareutly less than a quorum.
The Chaplain, in h i prayer, returned thanks for
the great public services which Congress had beau
enabled to perform, I ' placing the liberties of the peo
ple on lasting foundations, and elevatiug the human
race. The battle cloud had passed away, to be
followed by a prosfperous calm, and when Congress
next met it would look out on a country reuuited
Chiefly through lla labors.
Mr. Thomas (Mdl ) presented the memorial from the
Mayor and membtrs or the City Council of llalliuiore,
asking Congress tf assist the people of Maty land to
lorni a Btate Gover"meul republican in form, and In
unison with the spirit of the age. Relorred to the
Judiciary t'.irtinitrttce.
Mr. Renton IN, f ") asked leave to offer a resolution
leuaermt
hherldan
lierrou
Orleans
from the olhceufhlch they disgraced, aud the appoint
mem ot loyal n u in meir places.
Mr. wood (is i .i oujecieu, ana IBS resolution
not received. I
On motion
o fji m r,
Btevens fP
) the resolution
authorizing
tl
retention ol' the
doorkeepers and
messenger dulr'n the reorns, was ordered to be con
atrued to as to Include those employed at tbrve dol
lars per day, t
The House .Proceeded to consider the business on
the Bpeaker't' d disposed of It as follows:
The Beuate,' l'ut resolution to authorise the com
manding get '"' i,f.h6 army to permit tradora to
remain at c"H1.n military posts. A rter an xplaea
tion by Mr. A'ui' "f 'o, Mr. Ktevens moved to lay
It on the tal"1"' AJ il, jolut resolution was then
passed. , . .
The Sent amendatory of the organic at of
Colorado "J' " explaoatfoa by Mr.
Ashley, wi" passea.
Tbehen' J" " oluon In reference U the re
moval of ndiai trio was Olscsog bv Messrs. Wln-
i'lToUh opposT0"' Ua Mr' Bur"""1' '
Mr. Co9 (Pa.) moved to lay the bill en the table
wbicb w. rel to: yeas, ; ua. .
Ou mo J0" Mr; Boaiwell, the J.diclary Commit
tee wm wtuuu4 is evuuuue, uwtoj u tecw, ik
f the thir11KB ui tuis uouse to juajur-t.vuurai
for the removal of the Louisiana officials
. Attornfy-oeneral, Monroe, Mayor or new
. and AiJell. Judve of the First District Cuurt.
Investigation tf the affairs of the Union Pacific Rail
way, with power to send lor persons and papers.
The Keiiate bill appropriating I2-O00 to grade, In
part, the public grounds In Washington, was objected
to by Mr. Holman.who claimed tbat under the rules
It must be ilist considered in Committee of the
Whole.
The rules were, on motion of Mr. Htevens, sus
pended, nd the hill was considered In the House and
raised. It provides for the extension or the Cupl ol
grounds north and south on the land belonging to the
Government.
The r-ennte amendment to the House hill, to autho
rize the appointment of certain watchmen, was con
curred In.
The Speaker laid before the House the (senate
amendment to the House resolution for the appoint
ment ol a Joint Committee on Ordnant'e. The amend
ment authorizes the employment of a clerk and ste
nographer. It was concurred In.
Also, the Senate resolution lor the appointment of a
Committee to accompany the body of tlie laleHenator
Riddle to bis late home in Delaware. Concurred in.
The Senate amendment to the Joint resolution for
the payment of the Chaplain of the House was taken
ir"in the (Speaker's table and concurred in.
Mr. tschenck (Ohio) asked leave to oiler a resolu
tion directing those members of the Committee on
Military Affairs ef the Isst House to prosecute, dur
ing the recess, the Investigation ordered at the last
session Into the management of the Academy at
West Point.
Mr. Ross objected.
Mr. Mcbenck moved to suspend the rules, which
was not ngrecd to.
The senate bill to confirm certain sales made by the
direct tax Commissioner for eouth Carolina to persons
In the army, navy, or marine corps was referred, on
motion of Mr. Ross, to the Committee on claims.
The Hennte Joint resolution relating to the trans
portation 07 troops by the Isthmus route to the Pacitlc
States and Territories was referred to tlie Comu.iltee
on Military allalrs.
The Senate bill appropriating f.V)00 for the Soldiers'
and Snllors' Orphan Home of the DiBtrict of Columbia,
The senate bill to extend to Nebraska the provi
sions of the Agricultural College bill, was passed.
Mr. Lathn offered a resolution that the report of
Congressional Printer on the purchase of paper be
taknn from the table and referred to the Committee
on Printing, with power to Investigate the same, seud
for persons and papers, and sit during the recess,
Mr. Holmes objected to the last clause.
The Speaker stated that all committees now ap
pointed are authorized to sit during therecess.ua
this was not an adjournmeut of the session, but a
recess.
The resolution was adopted.
Mr. lyyncb.on leave. Introduced a bill to establish
certain post routes in Maine, which was passed.
'l ne npeaxer prescnieu a message irora the Presi
dent approving the loint resolution Drovidlmr lor the
expenses of carrying into effect the act for the more
etuciem government oi the itebel blaleu. Dald on
the table and ordered to be printed.
Mr. Scbenck (Ohio) introduced a Joint resolution to
pay to Norman Wiard I4J.IK0 in full for all hia us
counts against the Government for CO-pouuder guns
uihuc jit iiie uuvy iu inni.
Mr. Hamilton Ward (N. V.) moved to refer to the
Commutes on Claims. Disagreed to.
Mr. Windom (Minn.) moved to refer to the Com.
mlttee of the Whole. Disagreed to.
M r. Srhenck then withdrew the bill.
The Speaker announced tlu Select Committees, as
follows:
Committee to Accompany the Rodv of Senator
Riddle to Delaware Messrs. Nicholson, Furusworth,
UlosHbrenner, Kerr, and Renton.
on ordnance Messrs. schenck, aeKur.aun Butler.
To Wait on the President Messrs. Ratlin and
Brooks.
Mr. Ingersoll (111. ) asked to have the Senate lolnt
resolution for llchtinc the City or Washinuton with
gas taken up and passed, objection was made.
Mr. Scheuck HBked leave to offer a resolution In
relation to experiments In testing ordnance.
Its reading was interrupted by a message from the
President announcing his auurovul or a lew of tlie
latest bills passed.
And then, as the clock denoted the nourornoon. the
Speaker let the hammer tall, and said: Gentlemen,
the hour or 12 having arrived. I do now. in accord
ance with the concurrent resolution or both Houses,
and wishing each one of you a safe Journey to his
home, and a happy reunion with family and trlends,
declare the first session or the Fortieth Congress ot
the United States adjourned till the first Wednesday
ol July next at noon."
Applause and clapping of bands on the floor and
In the gullerfes greeted this little farewell speeoli.
The members and ofllcert exchanged parting expres
sions of good-will, and separated.
FROM EUROPE THIS AFTERNOON.
Financial and Commercial Advices.
By the Atlantic Cable,
London, March 30 Noon. American secu
rities are In request, and open at u considerable
advance. Illinois Central, 7( U. 8. Five
twenties, 75'4; Erie Railroad shares, 39V.
Frankfort, March 30 Noou. U. a. Five
twenties, 7!,
Pauis, March 30 Noon. TJ. B. Five-twenties,
8-1.
London, March 30 Noon. Consols, 01 for
money.
Liverpool, March 30 Noon. The Cotton
Market is quiet and steady, and at the opening
prlceB were unchanged. The sales to-day will
Jirobably be 10,000 bales. Upland middlings
3d.; Orleans middlings, 18ad. t
The Breadstuff's Market is generally wlthou
change. Corn, however, has taken an upward
turn, and is quoted at (id. higher. The follow
ing are the quotations: Flour, 28s. 9d.; Western
Wheat, ins. 3d., for Milwaukee red and amber,
and 13s. Cd. for California white. Corn, 39s. GJ.
lor mixed Western. Barley, 4s, 6d.; Oats, 3s. (Jd.
Provisions Pork has declined considerably,
and is now quoted at litis. Beef has declined to
12-is. fed. , barrel. Bacon, ids.; Cheese, UO.;
Lard, 50s.
Produce The market Is generally quiet: Spts.
Petroleum, lid.; common Hosin, bs, 9d.; ro
ll tied Petroleum, Is. Gil.; Spirits Turpentine ad
vanced 3d.; sales at 37s. Ud. Cloverseed, Sis.;
l'ot Ashes, ols.; line Kosin has advanced; sales
at 17s.
Scotch Pig Iron has declined; sales at 51s. 6J.;
Tallow, 44s. 6a.', Linseed Oil, 19; Linseed
Cakes. 10; Calcutta Linseed, GGs. cwt.; Whalo
Oil, 41 V ton.
LEGAL INTELLIGENCE.
THE TRIAL OF G0TTLEI3 WILLIAMS.
Tho Motion in Arrest of Judgment.
His Death Sentence Is Pronounced
by Judge Ludlow.
Court of Oyer and Terminer Judge
Allison, Ludlow, Pelrce, and Brewster, At 11
o'clock the full bench sat In this Court to dis
pose of the case of Goltlelb Williams, convloted
or the murder of Ellr.a M. Miller. A motion in
arrest of Judgment was made and argued a
week or so ago, then fully reported. The Court
this morning met to give a decision upon that
motion, and then dispose of the prisoner accord
ing to the decision.
The other Courts over which this bench pre
sides adjourned at that hour, and a large num
ber of the members of the bar aud ouLslde
spectators gathered here to witness the awful
and solemn scene that it was thought would
be enacted. The following opinion of the Court
waa read by his Honor J udge Ludlow:
MOTION IN ARREST OF THE JUDGMENT.
Commonwealth vs. Oottlelb Williams. As the pris
oner's life may be involved In the final determination
of tblscauae, we will not pause to Inquire whether
this motion does In fact bring to our notice any por
tion of ibe record In thli case; we therefore have ex
amined and will now proceed to decide a question
which rsaily arises under the habeas corpus act.
1 be prisoner was arrested In beptember. 1865, and
was held to answer at the October Session of the
Oyer aud 'terminer. Upon the last dayol the De
cember term a motion was made for bis discharge,
under what Is known as the "Two-term law." This
motion wos refused, and iba prlBonsr having been
tried at the February besalons, was couvlcted of mur
der In the Ureldeirree.
Our brothers Pierce and Brewster, who constituted
the uoriim at the December sessions of the Oyer and
Terminer, report to the Court tbat this cause was
continued to the areaeni term, at the laatauce ot the
Common wealth, because it appeared that a material
witueaa for the prosecution was confined In an insane
asylum. This faot was estaulisbed by a physician of
the institution, as also the then diseased condition of
the witness' mind.
At the trial, the materiality of this witness' testi
mony wm established, for without it one important
link In the Commonwealth's case would have been
wanting, and, as It now appears, could not have been
supplied.
Is the prisoner entitled, under the drcanutances, to
a discharge f
The third lection of the act of 18th Febiraary, 175,
among other things provides, "If such prisoner shall
not be Indicted aud tried the second term, sessions, or
Court alter his or her commitment, unless the delay
happen on the triplication or with the anient of the
defeudant, or upon the trial shall be acquitted, he or
be shall be 4iuhargad from Imprisonment."
This Motion, with tlie addition of the J words,' "Or
Other Indictable offenses," after the word felouy, ha4
M-eiMtcmt mcuvo M lh tt it M Hitu,
im, known as the Penal Code, though the original
law had not been repealed.
" The old statin was entitled "An tct for the better
secnrlng personal liberty, and preventing wronnnu
Imprisonments," ( Bmlth'a i.aws, 17n), and thin very
title furnlHhes tbe principle by which we may inter
pret the law.
Iletore the pannage of the act a citizen might have
been deprived ot his liberty for an indefinite period
of time, at the will of the prosecutor, or by the
caprice of the Judpe; irom and after Its passage the
law. by unlocking the prison door, secured personal
liberty, but only In case of wofW Imprisonment.
It In any Instance It can be proved lh. the Impri
sonment Is not wrongful, tbe act does not apply; If It
did. Its title ought to be changed, for It would then
become a law; which In Its practical opemllon would
endanger personal safety, property, aud life, and op
press the entire community.
Our tribunals of lant resort have evidently followed.
In causes already decided, the spirit, and aot the
letter of this law. As tar hack ns the year iwil, the
Supreme Court, In Itespab vs. Arnold, S Yntes. 2M,
decided that the act of the prisoner in keeping wit
nesses out or court would not entitle him to a dis
charge at the end of two terms: and herein the court,
with evident propriety, followed tho spirit and not
tbe letter of the law.
In Commonwealth vs. Jnllnr of Allegheny county, 7
w. , decided In 1H38, It was held that a person labor
ing under an Infectious dlseaie, is not entitled of right
to be tried at the second term, and here again tlie
Court departed from the letter, and adhered to the
spirit of the law. In Commonwealth vs. Hherlfr of
A llegbeny county, IB 8. and K., .TH. it wan determined
that a prisoner who stands Indicted tor aiding and
abetting nnolher to commit murder, and has not been
tried at the second term, is entitled to bis discharge
If tbe principal has absconded.
So in Clark vs. the Commonwealth, 5 Casey. 135, tho
lust reported cose upon the subject, the present Chief
Justice, delivering the opinion of the Court, declared
that a prisoner could onlv claim his discharge under
the "two term law" where there had been a legal and
competent tribunal before wbicb he could have been
indicted and tried, for. In the language ol (his learned
Judge, "the statute was made to restrain the mullce
and oppression of prosecutors, and to relievo wroiififul
Imprisonment, not to embarrass tlie administration of
the criminal law: not to relieve righteous Imprison
ment, and to defeat public justice."
In further lllusirailon of the undoubted soundness
of that Judicial Interpretation of thin law, which rests
upon its spirit, and not Its letter, we may mention
the case relerred to in the argument of tho Assistant
District Attorney, of fifty men charged with murder
(and in the event of a serious riot such a thing is not
impossible). All could not be tried in two terms. Shall
ten, or twenty, or thirty be discharged ? We answer.
Yes. by the letter of this act. and emphatically, No I
according to its spirit.
Why, then, upon principle or authority, ought this
motion to be granted?
The witness whose testimony was Important and
material was, by the act of ilod, suddenly doprl veil of
his reason. Ought the Commonwealth, therefore, to
lose his evidence and the cause, and before nu ell'irt
could be made to restore the witness to mental health?
An Infections disease p'evented, iu the Common
wealth vs. The Jailor of Allegheny County, tbe trial
of a prisoner, although he demanded it at the second
term; ought not the same principle to apply where
the witnesses In a cause labor under the same Infec
tion? and why should adlllerent rule ho adopted when
the disease a Meets. In outward manifestations, the
mind anil not the body alone?
It is needless to go further. The weight of authority
nnd the force of reason drive us to one conclusion,
which Is, that where an Inevitable necessity, legal,
physical, or mental, ex!U which prevents a trial, me
prisoner shall not he discharged: a legal and physicr.l
necessity compelled the continuance of this case, the
prisoner has been deprived of no rights, we may add
that his trial was conducted with the utmost caution,
and resulted In a verdict with which tlie Judges, espe
cially my brother Pelrce and mysulf, who tried the
case, are entirely salislled.
The Judgment ought not to be arrested, and the pre
sent motion is therefore overruled.
The District Attorney then addressed the
Court, saying that on the ltlth of October, lm,
a true bill was found by the Grand Jury,
charging Gottlelb Williams with the murder of
Kllzii M. Miller, and upon the 17th of Murch.
l(7,the case was tried, and tbe Jury then found
a verdict of guilty of murder in tbe first degree;
and as the duty of his office as District Av torney
required, be applied to the Court to hflVe the
sentence of the law pronounced upon the pri
soner. Williams was asked if he bad anything to say
why the sentence of death should not be passed
upon him.
He replied: "I have a great deal to say. but it
would be of no use. I am not guilty, Is all I
have to say."
Judge Ludlow then made a few very Impres
sive remarks upon tbe position of the prisoner,
the belnousness of his crime, and the awful
fate that was his, in the following words:
Gottlelb Williams At the present term of this
Court, you were tried lor the wilful, deliberate, uikI
premeditated murder of Eliza M. Miller, and although
defended ably aud earnestly by your counsel, a Jury of
your own selection found you guilty of murder la the
first degree.
Tbe Court has refierted upon the evidence sub
mitted in your case, and have no doubt of the correct
ness of this verdict; and thus by the record of this
tribunal you stand convicted of having committed
the highest crime known to our laws.
No human eye witnessed the cruel blows which
your right arm Inflicted upon an aged and defenseless
woman, nor the terrible deliberation with which vou
almost severed her bead from her body. An All-wise
and Omniscient Being permitted human witnesses to
trace your steps, and by the testimony a series ot facts
were clearly established whioti furnished the succes
sive links in that Iron chain which held you In lis
embrace.
We do not desire to protract this painful scene by
an extended reference to the details of this bloody
tragedy, but we cannot help saying that you in
humanly murdered a woman, in her own peaceful,
quiet home, where she had lived Tor a quarter ot a
century, beneath the shadow of the very bouse in
which you had passed the days of your childhood.
That woman had taken an interest iu your own
welfare, had fed you at her table, had been your bene
factress and friend; and, worse than all, she would
to-day have slept in a dishonored grave but for the
prompt action of tbe authorities aud the overruling
providence of a Just God.
Nor is this your first offense, for our records prove
that another human being has fallen a victim to your
savage passions.
Our duty, though painful, Is plain; as ministers of
Justice we execute the command of our statute, and of
that Divine law which declares that, "whoso sheddolu
man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed."
You sent your victim Into eternity in a moment,
and belnre she could utter a single prayer, Humm
Justice will, before long, consign you to the scaffold
and tho grave, but time will be given you to repent.
We admonish you to prepare without delay to meet
that august Being before whose bar you must stand,
and whose decree Is final, aud to all eternity Irrevo
cable. Nothing now remains for ns to do but to pronounce
the iudgment of the law, which Judgmsut Is (bereall
the Judges arose):
Thai UotUrili iVUUamt, the rrrUone.r at tKe bar, b
taken from hrme to the Jail of the county of 1'hlUutrl
jihia, from uTimre Ae came, and from thetxee to the, place
of ej-i cutUm, and that Iw be. there hanimt by the neck
vntit he. it dead, and may (Jod of 2iit Uijtnile goodnem
have mercy on hit souU
Supreme Court Chief Justice Woodward,
and Judges Thompson, Btroug, Head, and
Acnew. Tbe following cases were argued:
Blood vs. Marcellor et nl. Hooker vs. Hlms,
Court of Common Pleas Judges Allison
and Pierce. The Orphans' Court motion list
was up.
Court of Quarter Sessions Judge Brew
ster. Miscellaneous business was before this
Court. The business of the February toriu,
which came to a close to-day, was wound np.
The usual number of recognlztnceo was for
lelted, and ordered to be sued out. The April
terra will begin on Monday next, at which time
a new venire of Jurors will be returnable.
Court of Quarter Sessions Judge Lud
low. Habeas corpus casos were before tbe
Court.
The Commonwealth ex rel. Stevenson
et al., submitted to the Court, upon the evi
dence taken before the Alderman, and upon
written argument. The charge against the
defendants was false pretenses, and the testi
mony wus precisely the same as tbat embodied
at the trial of the Monongolla Oil Company
case, which has been several time fully re
ported. It will be remembered that the defendants
were at that trial acquitted of the charge, but
ordered to pay the costs. The result of the
consideration of jne Court was;that the Bench
was divided In opinion as to whether the evi
dence brought out such false pretense as Is
meant bp tiie statute, the majority being of
opinion that it did : that though the defendant
have been tried upon a airuilar charge, still
the one now tried Is another distrlot oneaalnst
other parties, aud should be tried by a Jury:
and, finally1 that It was a case for the Jury, and
tbe relators should be remanded for trlal.whlch
was the order of the Court.
In the case of the Commonwealth yg. Conktin
and Patterson, convicted of a oharge of forcible
entry and detainer, a motion for a new trial
was argued, upon the ground that the verdict
was contrary to tbe law and the evidence. Held
under advisement.
Shipments of Specie.
Kiv Yoke, March 88. The ontward-bound
steamers to-day take the following amounts of
peele: City of Washington, IU.6J0; Ham
inonia, H,(X, UHidiDg fcitar, tm,(M). Total,
FINANCE AND COMMERCE.
Oririca or TrtB Kvkntmo TBt,nnBPH,
Saturday, March 0. 187.
There was rather mote deposition to operate
in stocks this moralncr, ftnd prices were tinner.
In Government bonds there was no material
chanpe to notice. Jujjjr '66 6-20 sold at 1074
44l07j, no chance; 1()!)4 was bid for old S-2(K
u for 6s of 1881; 1054(106 for Juno and
Atienst 730s, 98 for 10-40n.
City loar.s were in fair demand; the new issue
sold larcely at 101. no change.
Quotations ol (Jold 10 A. M 134; 11 A. M.,
133: 12 M., 134; IP. M 134 , a decline of
on the closlne price last evenitip.
PHILADELPHIA 8T0CK EXCHANGE SALES TO MY
Heported by Debaven A Bro., No. 40 S. Third street
. . BEFORE BOARDS.
100 sh Reading RIt m o 50M
FIRHT BOARD.
looc 5-20s '6S..Jyreg.l0714
ton City 6s, New iop,
ootl do. Newcltl J
HkO do. New iui;
! 16(10 ra5s.past due.ls.iii4
itso rlo.var.ctls. !'
l(!0SchN7pcbl.... H4
loo sh l'enna R....SK0. isf
6 do ..Is. 5.'.
J sh Leh V R 6H,
113 do..8crli... 15
sh Morris ci rr....i2nv
10 sh First Nat Hk....i;v
lflsh Read R. ..CM-HI
10
dO..........C. 60 81
do 0.50 81
no
Km
2
(1(10
hyo
UK)
100
d...ra....C.R0'4
do la.61 1-ltl
do....l.tx0 ill'
do is. M
do on. fiis;
do t3o. M '
BETWEEN BOARDS.
MIO0O City es. New lot luoah Reading.,
. SI
,..StO. M '4
,..s30. SI '4
iiia-ai8 ocp...jy...i07,
l(Mo do. 107
icon do...'4..cp...li7?A
$1000 178 7-30s.Je 10fi'4
IM0U S7-30s.Au. IDS J,'
IMKHiU HliMos.cp ; s .
$,r)U0 8ch N 7 pc b 1.... 84
lnnsh susn CI irtf
luo do bt lf,J.
300 dn ..
6H) do.
200 do..
nt
ltlsh Penna R r.v,
loo do .....no. 6"'j
63 do S3. Vj
Ssh Locust Mt.... .. 4i',
32 s b I.en N stk 5:i'i
37 sh Leh V..fA p'd. IS,
BKCOND BOARD.
$1000 5-2fw'B2.. 109'
200 sh Read R. blO.
,100 do... s.'Kl.
1U0 sh Mcllhenny ......
tlOivC&Aftft.'BU 89
'JO0O do 2d.. HI)
fiOOOSusqUBs bo. 60'
Messrs. Do Haven & Brother, No. 40 South,
Third street, report the following rates of ex
change to-day at 1 P. M. : U. S. 6s of 1881, 109
fjiil04; do., 18G2, 109Jai(MJ ; do.,1864, 1074 107i;
do., 18C5, 1083llOHi; do., 1&65. new, 107J(107jj;
do. fts, 10-408 , 98984; do. 7'30s, August, 105j
(H106; do., June, 1054O1054; do., July, 10545
106; Compound Interest Notes, June, 1864, 17J
(r$18: do., July, 1HG4, 174(?il74; do., rst, 18G4,
1G417; do., October, 18B4, 154'3)16; do., De
cember, 1864, 14jC(16; do., May. 19G5, 124 0312;
do., August, 1865, 114rlU: do., September, lnfiS,
lOlffMl; do., October, 1865, 10',10:j. Gold,
lo34134.
Philadelphia Trade Report.
Saturday, March 30. There Is not much
doing In Flour to-day, there being no demand
except from the home consumers, who purcha.se
principally of good fumily grades, which are iu
small supply. The sales reach 500 bbls.. Inclu
ding superfine atS8-2.j9, extras at SO oOOlO'oO,
Northwestern extra family atS12l3-23,Penusyl-vanla
and Ohio do. do. at Sll-7511'25, aud fancy
at iU'aOn'50, according to quality. Rye Flour
is quiet, with small sales at 87'2-"(S7-37!. No
thing doing in Corn Meal, and prices are
nnmlnul.
There Is very little Wheat com In fr forward, nnd
prime lots are In steady demand, but common quali
ties are neKlected; sales of fair and choice Pennsyl
vania red at t.'i(.:i"2o, aud Calllornla at U'iju3'r. Rye
Ih scarce nnd wanted; sales of Western aud l'enn
svlvaiila at l,4ri(ivr6(i. Corn Is In fair demand, and a
shade lower; sales of 6000 bushels new yellow at f i-io
(U1T2 In the cars und afloat. Oats remain without
change: sales of Pennsylvania at (Wo.
No transactions have been reported In either Barley
or Malt.
Cioverseed is iu steady demand, with sales of 200
bushels new at $lo-2ualloo. an advance. Timothy
ranges Irnm I3'25(t.3,n0. Flaxseed Is sell lug at 3(($3'lu.
Whisky The "contraband" article la selliuk- al $l(i
I-2UV Ballon. TW
Markets by Telegraph.
New York, March 30. Stocks steady. Chicago
and Rock Island, fS: Reading, 102'; Canton,
i&A; Erie Railroad, 6sW; Clevelund and Toledo,
R.T! Cleveland and Pittsburg, 79J; Pittsburg,
and Fort Wayne, 97; Michigan Central, 108'-.:
Michigan Southern, 94 New York Central,
106; Illinois Central, llty-fc Cumberland pre
ferred, 'iV2; Virginia 6s, 60; MlRHourl 6s, llo;
H?.ltod,.8ute9 Five-twenties, 1863, 109J4; do.
1K64 107; do. 1865, 108 new Issue, 107;
United buites Teu-iortieu, 98: Seven-thirties,
first lHSUe. KM)! all nf.haru lllM. Klorllnir Kr.
change, 109; sight bills, 109. Wold closed at
14. Money at 7 per cent.
New York, March 30. Cotton quiet at 30iZr.
'nj.qulel; sales of 5500 bbls. State nt f9 A5
tsu- o; unio, gll-70il3-90; Western, S9-H5i:t-90;
Southern, tlMlVj)10; Canada white wheat, 3 20.
Wheat quiet. Corn dull and declining; mixed
western, 8M8ffil-19. Oats quiet and unchanged.
Rye Hales of 800 bushels at f 1-33. Barley Mules
of 28 000 buRhels at 95o. Pork dull; new Mess,
24(a,24-10. Whisky quiet.
LATEST SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE.
PORT OP PHILADELPHIA..
..MARCH 30.
STATE Or THKRMOMETJta AT THK XVBNINd TBt.lt-
esifH orvicic.
7 A. M... 42I1 A. M 61 12 P. M M
For additional Marine Newt tee Tliird Page,
CLEARED THIS MORNING. ,
Brig Tda C. Hoxart. Asplnwall, J. K. liazley & Co,
Bchr Hector, Hackett, Halifax, L. Westentaard & Co
hchr A. M. .Flanagan, Corson, Clenfueos, Madeira &
Canada.
Bchr M. E. Smith, Smith, Trinidad, C. C. Carson 4 Co;
hchr Bonny Boat. Kelly, Boston. Captain.
bchr Modesty, Weaver, Sew Bedford, via Boston,
Major U. W. James.
Bchr James Young, Wilson, Portland, Warren, Qrecc
fc Morris.
Bchr W. W. Marry, Champion, Washington, Castner.
Htlckney fe Wellington.
Schr H. Blew, Peterson, Richmond, W. It. Johns.
Bchr L. I), binall, Tlce. Danversport, M. V. Coal Co.
tschr M. R. Carlisle, Potter, Providence, do.
hchrC. Merrick, MonlKomery, Norwich, Mllnes&Co.
hchr Amelia. Beehe. Ureenport, Pox ft Hunter.
Bchr K. H. ay lor. Naylor. Chelsea, J. J. ConnerACo.
bchr C Moore, Ingersoll, Newport, Audeurled. Nor
ton Co.
Schr Alahama, Van Gilder, East Cambridge, Preston
Coal Co.
Sebr Ann S. Cannon, Cobb, Boston, Captain.
Kcbr b. Purves, Jones, Providence, Sinulckson & Co.
ARRIVED THIS MORNING.
Steamship Uendrlck Hudson, Howes, Irom Havana
28d lust., with sugar, etc., to Thomas Wattson A Hons.
Schr Mary and Caroline, Fowler, 1 day from Luio.ilc.
Del., with grain to J. E. Palmer. '
bchr W, M. Marey, Champion, from New York.
bchr E. 11. Naylor. Naylor, from New York,
t-chr R. Blew, Peterson, from New York.
Schr A. S. Cannon, Cobb, from Norwich.
bebr Alahama, Van Glider, from New London.
bchr M. It. Carlisle, Potter, from Providence,
Schr Amelia. Beehe, from Providence.
Schr C. Merrick, Montgnmerv. from Providence.
Schr L. D. Small, Tlce, from Providence.
Bchr C. Moore, Ingersoll, from Bridgeport.
Schr Ephraim aud Ann, Scull, from New Bedford.
Cnrrenpondenee ot the Philadelphia Exchange.
Lkwka, Del.. March 28. The barque Maria Ade
laide, for Rotterdam; brigs Golden Lead, tor Aspln
wall, and Philip Larrabee, for St. Marys, Ga., all from
Philadelphia, went to sea to-uay.
Brig Birohard and Torrey. from Philadelphia for
Portsmouth, N. li and pilot-boat S. F. Flan air an
Irom Philadelphia, are at the Breakwater. Wind N W
'JOSEPH LAFETRA.
MEMORANDA.
Brig Alma Jane. Flynn, troni St. Martina for Phila
delphia, sailed from Bermuda about 18lh Inst.
BrlgEoius, Forhee, for Philadelphia, sailed from
Messina 4lh Inst. Brig Eolua, Seabrook. sailed for
New York ZTth ult.
Schr Wave Crest, Daylf, from Trinidad 27th ult.. and
Havana 6th luU, for Philadelphia, was spoken iutii.
lat. S4 U, Ion. 7. with sails split, and loss of llbboom
and boat: bad been twice to the N. of lfatteras. and
once within twenty miles of Cape Henlopen. The
Adele, at New York, supplied her with twlue and
needles.
Schr I.C. Runyon, Matbls, hence, at Providence
tsth Inst.
Henri Z. L. Adams. Nlekerson. and A. A. Andrew,
Kelly, bence at Portland 27th Inst. u'u
Schr J. Nellson. Hackett, and S. L. Crocker, Pres
brey, hence at Dlghton 27th Inst.
schr M. Tl'ton. Fitilngsr, lor Philadelphia, cleared
at Boston 2th lust.
BohrG. Falea, Nlekerson, for Philadelphia, tailed
from Providence 2ntb hut.
. IX) MBS Tic" PORTS,
New Yok, March 2. Arrived, steamship Wash
Ingion, Chichester, from Washington.
U. B. steamer H. McCullooh, from Charleston.
V. S. slMiuer Harriet Lane, Fauuce. from Havana,
17. S. itaamer Pelican, Clark, from CnarlwWu.
febly feappu, UfWU, rrvw tfcivitvt
-r.
AFRICA!
Tho Colored Population
of Philadelphia.
Their Numbers, Callings, and
Manner of Life.
Their Wealthy Men What They aie
Worth, and How They Made
Their Money.
Their ChurchoH, Prcachcrx, and
Church Members.
Their Schools and School Teachers
Their Artists, Litterateurs, and Nota
bilities in General.
Ktc, Ktc, Etc., Etc., Etc., Etc.
Euough has bcon eaid, enough has been
written, lor the present at least, concerning
the colored population of tbe southern section
of the country. Their grievances are well
understood, their rights are about being se
cured in such a manner that they will be
placed beyond the reach of Rebel malice, and
it now becomes us to inqui re into the numbers,
character, and condition of those of kindred
race who resido in our very midst.
Tba Colored Population of the City and
State.
A glance at the returns of the Census of 18G0
will show that the negro population of Phila
delphia was by far the largest of all the North
em cities, New York at that time having but
12,574, while Philadelphia htd 91T7 males and
13,008 females, or a total ot 22,185. The entire
colored population of the State of Pennsylva
nia at the same time, was 26,373 males and
3U.47G females a total of 56,819. Daring the
past six years, it U estimated that the aggre
gate population of the State has increased full
25 per cent., and that of the city about
33 per cent. Placing; the estimated increase of
the colored portion of the population in the
State at large at only 20 per cent., and that of
the city at 26 per cent, and we will have at
least 68,000 colored persons iu Pennsylvania,
and 28,000 in Philadelphia. The greater portion
of the latter, as is well known to all who are
familiar with their haunts in the city, belong
to the very lowest orders of society, as far as
intelligence and bodily comfort are concerned.
Yet among them are many men of
large wealth and considerable refinement,
while their chrches and schools are
in i very flourishing condition. The enu
meration of all the points of interest connected
with this peculiar portion of our city popula
tion is beyond tho compass of a single article.
We therefore give the brighter side of the pic
ture alone on this occasion, reserving for
another the other and more sorrowful phase of
negro life. For the sake of avoiding confusion,
we have classed all the persons ol prominence,
whose names we mention to-day, under the
heads of the profession or occupation by which
they earn a livelihood, commencing with the
Christian ministry, as it Is the most dignified,
although the least lucrative of all.
The Colored Churches Their Pastor
and People.
Religious enthusiasm is a well-known charac
teristic of the African race, in all countries,
nnd under all circumstances. While we cannot
siiy that the sublime truths of Christianity are
thoroughly understood and appreciated by anr
great number, it is certain that whenever they
nre proclaimed to an African congregation
tney meet with the most general acceptation.
as a consequence, the proportion of church
members among our 1 colored population is
as lnrge as the white race, as a general rule,
can justly lay claim to. Some of the white
churches in this city have a number of regular
colored attendants, and it may be that some of
them still retain tbe tamos of colored members
upon their rolls. But the race has provided for
itself church accommodations of its own by no
means insignificant. The buildings can lay no
particular claim to architectural beauty, but as
a general rule are convenient and comfortabU;
while the officiating ministers are frequently
men of intelligence, both natural aud acquired.
Many of the congregations have among them
men of wealth and prominence in business
circles, and in some there is more leaning
towards the fashionable follies of this wicked
world than becometh the saints. The following
1 an outline of the ditlerentchurches ot various
denominations which are scattered throughout
the citv :
St. Thomas' Pkotsstant Episcopal Chubch,
which is located on Fifth street, below Adelphi.
Mas one of the first in the city in the order of
establishment, as it perhaps is at present tho
most aristocratic. It was fbanded in the year
1793, with a membership of about 200, which,
during the long period of its existence, nas been
extended to ouly 300. This tardy progress is
oA iar hv niftUT drawbacks, the prin
cipal oue among which is said to uae been
sickness iu the families of the congregation.
Absalom Jones was the first pastor, his next
regularly stationed successor having been the
lute William Douglas, who labored in this field
during a period 'of tweaty-eight years. Ia
December, 18(12, he wax succeeded by the pre
sent pastor, the Rev. William J. Allston. Mr.
Allston's father was, in his early life, the slave
of an indulgent master, near Raleigh, North
Carolina. When about twenty four years of age,
his master was oflered ItiOO for Wm; but a few
days after this, be granted him his freedom on
request, stipulating for tho payment of oue
thousand dollar in return, in regular monthly
instalments. The freedman opened a barber
sbop, and also a small store, in Raleigh, and in
six months had paid tbe price of his freedom la
full. By continued industry and economy, he
has been able to accumulate a hancUome pro
perty. Young Allston, who was freefrom hia
birth, his mother having been granted her
freedom, became a tailor by trade. By-and-by
he was invited to become the regular cutter for
a colored mission school in the blue Ridge sec
tion of North Carolina, where he enjoyed en'
viable advantages for acquiring the rudiment
of an education. He eabsequeaUy became a
student of Ken jon College, at Gambler, Ohio,
graduating with the c)mi of 1869, lie was then
admitted to the ministry, and commenced hU
pastoral labors at St. Philip's Chnrcn, in New
York city, which plaee he left on receiving a call
from the congregation over which he at present
presides. Mr. Allston Is a fine-looking man, In
he prime of life, and hss the reputation of
being an earnest and efficient pastor. Price,
the restaurateur, at Fourth and Chcsnut street,
is a regular attendant at St. Thomas', while
Porsey, the celebrated caterer, Is seen there
quite frequently.
There are ten colored Methodist churche in
the city, belonging to tour different branches
of that great body oi Christians. The most pro
mmcnt among these is
Tub Drtdl Church, on Sixth street, above
Lombard, which was founded in 1787, and is
the oldest colored church organization In Phi
ladelphia. The father of the church was
Richard Allen, a well-to-do person, whose ashes
repose just in front of the building. The
exercises were first held in a blacksmith's shop,
the property of Richard Allen, on the site of
the present building. A few years after its
foundation there was a split in the congrega
tion, to which St. Thomas' Episcopal Church
whs indebted for its origin. Bethel is likewise
the parent church of the African Methodist
Episcopal denomination, which has now a total
membership of 100,000. The church was rebuilt
in 1845, and Is now very neat and commodious;
the andience-room, the walls of which are
frescoed, having a seating capacity of about
two thousand. There is a large basement to
the church, containing the pastor's study and
various committee-rooms. There are 1100
members at present, and a Sunday School,
with 28 teachers, 172 scholars, and a library of
000 volumes. The church property Is valued at
$50,000, notwithstanding which the pastor's
salary is but $600 a fact of which our colored
friends in common decency ought to feel
thoroughly ashamed. Among the members are
Stephen Smith, the colored millionaire; Peter
Lewis, who Is said to be worth $20,000; William
Scott, who can boast of $10,000 in worldly
goods: and Henry Gordon and J. P. B. Eddy,
who possess about $7000 each. The present
pastor is the Rev. James Holland, a native of
New Jersey, about sixty-three yeurs of age, who
has a reputation for great Christian worth and
zeal. He has been an active itinerant preacher
in this State and New Jersey during the past
sixteen vears.
Tub Cnion Cnuacn, on Coates street, below
York avenue, has been in existence some forty
years. It is connected with the regular Africaa
M. E. Church. Tbe church property, which has
been greatly improved within tbe past twenty
years, is valued at $40,000. Tbe church has a
membership of 467, of whom 114 have been
added within tbe past six weeks. The Sunday
School has 18 teachers. 176 scholars, and a
library of 375 volumes. - The pastor In the Rev.
R. P. Gtbbs, who was born free in the State of
Delaware, about thirty-four vears aero. He has
an ordinary English, education, and is very suc
cessful in the ministry. His salary ia about
$850. He is now exerting himself to organise a
Young Men's Christian Association among the
colored people of the city. There are several
men of means connected with this church,
among them a shoemaker bp the name oCSimp
son, worth about $10,000, who recently pur
chased a house for the residence of the pastor.
The Brick Wesley Chubch, on Lombard
street, near Sixth, belongs to the ZIon branch
of the African M. E. Church. The organization
la over fifty years old; the present building
about fifteen years old. It has an organ and a
fashionable choir, and will accomodate about
1400 persons. The whole property is valued at
$21,000. Tbe church has 464 members, and the
Sunday School about 120 scholars. The present
pastor, the Rev. J. P. Hamer, a native of Mary
land, about 50 years of age. receives a salary of
$700. He has a good common English educa
tion, and is reputed to be an encreretic pastor.
Th Zoa M. E. CnuBCH, on Brown street,
above Fourth, is connected with the regular
Methodist Episcopal Church of tho North.
It wos founded about forty years ago, and is
now in a very prosperous condition, having
about 400 members. The property is valued a
$12,000. The pastor, Rev. ilr. Pierce, Is a
man nf limitorl tl nnl
uu v iiuiiiivu t-UUVablUUi
Thk John Wesley Church, on Shippen street,
between Seventh and Eighth, is also connected
with the regular M. E. Church. It was founded
in 1844, by the Kev. Georee Talentine. The
property is worth about $3000. The member
ship comprises only 42 persons. The Rev. Wil
liam Brawdan is the pastor. He has no claim
to literary merit, and earns part of his liveli
hood by white-washing.
The Little Weslbt Church, which belongs
to the African M. E. denomination, has a very
Coor location, on Hurst street, between Lorn
ard and South. It is forty-six- years old. The
edifice, which was rubuilt sixteen years ago, is
valued at $11,000. It will seat 450 persons.
The church has 310 members, and the Sunday
School 6 teachers, 40 scholars, and a library of
480 volumes. The pastor, Rev. William Wat
eon, receives $."00 per annum. He was born a
slave in Delaware, is forty-eight years of age,
and has picked up in his later life a fair educa
tion. The Bethbl Cduroh, on Oxford street, below
Paul, Frankford, Is also connected with the
African M. E. Church. It was established
about thirty Tears a-rn. Thn nmgnt hniiriin.,
which is very neat, has been recently erected
8t a COSt Of $3000. It Will Hat 9fi(1 lunnn.
The church has 211 members, 42 having been
recently added; the Sunday School has 6
teachers, 106 scholars, and a library of 358
volumes. The present pastor, the Eev. Joseph
II. Bmith, is of unmixed African blood, and a
man of decided ability. He is very popular
with the white people residing in the neighbor
hood ot his church. H wan hnrn a bl xra in
Maryland, is about fifty-eight years of age, and
has been preaching some twelve years. What
he has In the way of an education, which Is by
no means insignificant, has been acquired since
his emancipation. He receives an annual
salary of $500,
IhbMt. Pisoah Church, on Locust street,
above Till. West Phlladelnhia. Is another off.
shoot of the African M. h. Church, which has
been organized about 39 years. The building
will seat 250 nergon. and ia valued at Slrtllli
The membership numbers 116 : the Sunday
i-uuuui uuh izu scnoiars ana a norary oi 55U
volumes. The pastor, Rev. Heniy J. Rhodes,
was born free, in Delaware, is 33 years of age,
and has a good English education. His salary
is $430 per annum. The congregation propose
erecting a new church edifice, and have already
accumulated some money for that purpose.
The Ziom Citt Mission, on Seventh street.
near Dlckerson, is a new enterprise. In connec
tion with the African H. U. Church. It was
esiaonsnea nine years ago oy Stephen Smith,
the colored millionaire, at a cost of $4500
nearly all of which has been repaid by the con
gregation, now numbering ninety persons. In
the Sunday School there are 46 scholars, and a
library of 238 volumes. The pastor is the Rev.
Theodore Gould, a native of New Jersey, about
40 years of age, and possessing a good English
education. Being blessed with a considerable
property of his own, he can afford to preach for
$360 per annum.
The Little Umion Church, on Minster street,
above Sixth, belongs to a curious and eecentrio
raoe of beings known as the African Union
Methodists. There are about a docen different
churches in lhe denomination. This church
was established about thirty years ago, by old
Father Spencer, of Delaware, and has a mem
bership of about 200. These people are very
earnest Christians, but make no pretensions ia
the way of worldly knowledge, which tbev con.
eider rather as a hindrance than a help to the
graees of rellg ion. The pastor is obliged to earn.
Lis dally bread by manual labor. '
In connection with the colored Methodist
Churches, it is proper to notice the
Rxv. Jabii P. Campbell, one of the four
Bihopi of the African U. & Church, to
i