tCEDS AMI ITS MERCHANTS..
L-d was in existence more than ft thousand
"jars before It attained much commercial noto
riety. Built on or ncur the site of an old Roman
: encampment, It was a fortified town In the days,
f Bede. Its etrength made it a special object
f attack at the time of (he Norman Conquest,
and thereafter, for several generations, the
Tacanels and their descendants were Us feudal
lords. Maurice de daunt, or Taganel, the last
tn 1208. cave to Its bureesacs a charter
f freedom, worthily robbing himself of much.
f bis authority in order that the welfare of the
town might be promoted. Then, taowewtf, and
Jbr tome centuries eusulnir, Leeds was small and
nninfluenlial; steadily advancing as a market
for wool and sheepskins, but inferior to some
thers of the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire towns
to which the Hull and Boston merchants re
ported for those staples of trade with the conti
mental cities.
Jn ancient Leeds there were few elements of
prosperity; but as soon as Lancashire and
Yorkshire Dccamc great lieuis ot manufacturing
energy, Leeds was found to be the Attest cntro
. or Its eastern half, having Hull for lt port,
iiiut as Manchester helped on end was helped
y the commercial advancement of Liverpool.
Manchester and Leeds have grown together,
taking tbe places, as great' manufacturing
wieh. About contemporary with Humphrey
Chetham, the great benefactor of Mancn-'ster,
was Sir John -aville, who, in 162G, obtainel
, from Charles I a charter of incorporation tor
, his native town, and was thcrmipon appointed
it first mayor or alderman, fir John Saville's
rms in which a sheop, the most prominent
object, fitly Indicated its subsequent prosperi'y
'as a seat of woollen manufacture became (lie
amis ot Leeds, and from his time the annils
tf the town enow a noiaoie succession ot mer
chants and manufacturers.
: Most famous among them all was excellent
John Harrison, who was born in 167!, and died
in l6b'. His father, also a John Harrison, was a
rich merchant before him, so prosperous aud
,.,.!,. tkut 1a enn V, ...4 li.tln . 1
ncni . J tit, v vtiv) ajn tiau iiLbi.s uccii vu cniu
'more money, and wisely sppnt bis (ortune iu
tfoirjg all the good that lay in hi- power.
When he was seven years old, It was reported
lie Baw a poor boy In the stroets, without coat
r nhoes, and, 6traiglitway taking off his own
vuhl, mrcw it over ine iau s snouiaers. wueu
he was seventy, and himself, if not in actually
TlAVPrfT milll nnAm.tiianlinfniimii.l.l.n.1
jrwiv., ui uvu wlv t tunu ivi 1J 1 t , I1C1' I Ul 111,
carping lookers-on declared that he had broutrlu
his misfortunes on himself by the reckless ways
in which all through life he had shown hio
charitable disposition. Having bought Rock
ley Hall, in the Lower Head Row. soon after
Inheriting bis father's fortune, his first step was
to set apart its two largest rooms as storehouses
lor food and clothing to be given to the poor.
In lti2G heDerlormed the hmeuons or Ai ftvnr nl
Leeds, as deputy of Sir John Seville, and twice
afterward he tilled .the office in bis own name.
During his second mayoralty, in lt;3t, St. John's
Church, begun three years earlier.and built at his
own expense, was completed. He had already set
np a new and much more commodious building
for the old Leeds Grammar School, founded
- seventy years before; and in Ui53 he established
and endowed, near to St. John's Church, a hos
P'J for Poor widows. About this time, too, he
pullt himself a house in Brigarate ' a good old
fashioned house, with a quadrangular court lu
the midttt," says the oll hinionun, -wi . adrU
that "it has one thing very peculiar iu it,
namely, holes or passages cut in the doors or
ceilings for the free palace of cat, for which
animals he seems to have had as great an ntlec
tion a9 another eminent beuefactor, Sir Richard
Whittington." Other doubtful anecdotes, akin
to some other Whittinglon traditions, are re
corded of him. "When Charles I, then iu the
hands of the Scots, was brought to Leeds," it is
eaid, "access to his person was not, of course,
easily obtained, but Mr. Harrison desired per
mission to present his Majesty with a tankard
cf excellent ale, which he brought In his hand.
In this the guards could see no treachery, and
they accordingly admitted bin): but the
King, on opening the lid, found that,
instead of the expected beverage, the
vessel was filled with broad pieces, these he
contrived to hide with great dexterity, and his
loyal benefactor was disaiissed withmore gra
titude than thanks." Honest Harrison could
not follow the tide of progress that brought
about the Commonwealth, and his last years
were made unhappy bv the failure of the
royalist caute. The dejecllon of many of bis
old friends was a grout grlet to him. "The time
was when you called me patron, and remem
bered me in your prayers, public aud private,'
he said, in a letter to tun iucumbent of St.
John's Church, on which, with its schonlhouso,
and associated charities, lie had spent at least
via imniBiuiu j'uuuub, urn uuw vniiuua me um
of date, and churches may be little barns; to
pray for any is popish and prelatic. Tue time
was when I suflered for you under the royal
party -rnoro than yon will sutler for me
, under tbe parliament; but, oh, tbe times!
my Bufl'ering for you Is made the apo
logy to deter you from so much as visit
ing me, being under the hatches; a poor
conclusion grounded on weak premises. Tne
time was when all I could do lor you was too
little; but now the least done for me is too
much." Posterity, however, has remcinbcied
John Harrison's good actions, and he is riirntly
honored as the foremost ot all the benefactor
of Leeds.
TL ....... 1 w f,. 1 . .. T T
the commerce of Leeds was bis erection, in
Kirkfcate, of "a stately cros, for convenience
'of tbe market." Thither assembled, duriug
. many subsequent generations, the wool pro
ducers "and wool-stapler?, the clothiers and
cloth merchants of Leeds. Among the most
famous of them were John and Philip Thoresby,
broth ers, and both of them Aldermen of the
brugu soon alter its incorporation, the eldest
of whom was grandfather of Ralph Thoresby,
the antiquarian; William Milner, who was
Mayor ol Leeds in 1607, and father of the Wil
liam Milner on whom Queen Anue conferred a
baronetcy, and several Lfeulsoas and Sykes.
The Sykes were conspicuous amoncr the mer
chants of lccds duriug more than two centu
ries. A William Syke, son of Richard Sykes,
f Sykts' Dyke, near Carlisle, settled in Leeds
a a clothier in the sixteenth century, and bis
trandson Richard, wealthy enough to buy the
manor of Leeds from the Crown In 125, was
chief alderman of the town for the first
eiphteen years of its incorporation. Dying in
1U45, he left vast estate to euch of his tour
eons, and ten thousiud vounds to each of his
four daughters, from whom lour knights, and
baronets' lamilie were descended. Another of
the lamily was Daniel Sykes, who was born in
1C:J2 and died in 109:1. He was mayor of Hall,
d lor . many years the greale.t merchant
therein. He followed tbe Baltic trade, and It Is
recorded of him that at one time, duriue a
grievous famine in Sweden, he freighted seven!
vessels with provisions, and despatched tueni
for gratuitous distribution among the starvinu
people. In return for that noble act, the
Swedish Government granted him a lease of iron
mines, whence his sous and grandsons drew
, liumeuHu wealth. The house of Joseph Sykes
Son, and. Company lor more than thirty years'
almost monopolized the trade in Swedish Iron
Joseph, old Daniel Sykes' grandson, was lather
of another and more famous Daniel Sykes lie
waa bred a lawyer, and local pursuits nartlv
occupied mm all tnroueh lite: but tin. ;, i
... " mi" f uu u bvinuicice nn chief
uiinuyiuunt, anu no necame another Irhijub
merchant both In Leeds and in Hull, joininir
the two callings, and adding to them further
Work SS a vpulnna nnlitwiRn In an iinuoiml .......
fIor11nerly forty years he was Recorder for
uii. nv mho servea it, iroin mzv to 18:to, as
member of Parliament. In 1830 he was elected
' ;cr ferIJ. and he was only prevented by tall-
B .v..,. uvui (uccecmni i-,orn nroueham as
tepresentative of Vorkahfre in 1832. that
t iu; oicu, naving won the praises ol his lei
.w mo pwii ano totiett man. as a wise and
fhWil statesman. ..) .w.. r.u -
luornuKin? r.nt l...ik it,.
' "V
!TlIE DAILY EVENING TKLlfo'lUrH
details and ( th" principles of com
merce, aMivhed to tno uimov iree-
dom of inCftdtry, so iBilcpcndent an t uisiote
restcd, Voat be paeriflced the. representation of
llul because he would not support the claims
o?'the sMppinR interests to a rcimpofdtion ot tho
old rcfiirictions on navigation, favorable to free
dom ol trade in coin and freedom of tra-e to
the Eaid; a cool, clear-headed, patient Wan of
business, and of the most Inflexible integrity
and unstained purity of character."
All these Sykeses were of one stock, wKh a
pedigree plainly defined. It Is not clear whet her
the lmtiiy Denlsons contemporary with them
were all of common parentage, or members ot
several distinct families. Two branches, be
tween whom no kinship can be traced, are
speciafly notBble. One sprang from a William
Denison, clothier and merchant, who was in
bnsines at 'orth Town Knd near the begin
ning of the eiehteentb century. Of his two
sons, the younger, Sir Thomas Denison, was a
famous lawyer and Kings Bench judee. The
elder, William, carriod on his fathers trade.
He was very rich, very generous to tho
poor, and noniewhat eccentric. Four time,
between 1754 and 175R, lie was elected Mayor of
Leeds, but refused to enter upon the duties of
the office, to that fresh mayors had tj be
chosen. In the last year the insulted corpora
tion brought an action against him for this per
sistent rejection of their proffered honor, aud he
at length aerccd to take the title of Mayor on
rendition that all the business should be done
by his brother. In 1779 he was High Sheriff of
Auttiraliamshire, In which county ho had some
time before bought the manor otOftSington. That
estate, with hall a million of money, lie left to
his eldest son, John, who greatly increased the
fund belore making' room for "another John.
Joim Denison, the younger, was member of
Parliament for Chichester, and afterwards for
Malton. A daughter of his first wife married
Charles ."Manners Sutton, Speaker of the House
of Commons, and aftcrwnrds Lord Canter
bury. Through a second wife lis had several
son, one of fh"in th" Bishop of Salis
bury, who tiled in l.s",4: another, the pre
sent Oovernor-Nrneral ol Madras; while the
eldct has been Speaker of the House Of Com
mons since 1857.
Another of the Denison.', named Joseph, was
born at Leeds in 1726. His parents were too
poor, it is said, to be able to teach him even to
read. But be mannzed to scraoe together r
little knowledge by his own energy, and then
he applied that energy to the making of a eroat
fortune. He ran awav from Leeds to London.
just in time to obtain a situation in the count
ing house of John Dillon, of St. Mary Axe. By
some means or otner, no soon became a partner,
and then sole proprietor of the business, hi
old master at last beconilug his clerk. "By
unabated industry and the moBt rigid fi ueality,
he worked himself,'' we are told, "into very
high credit and au increasing fortune.'' He was
about fifty when, in 1775, me old Heywoods of
Liverpool established their bank, and found It
expedient to employ him as their London
agent. Here asraln. he steadily pushed himself
into the topmost nlace. bmupathincr. in 18iin.
the senior partnership in the house of
Denison. Hey wood & Company, besides
more than a million in lands or
money, to his sou. William Joseph Denison,
ninny vears member cf Parliament for Snrrpv.
Shci ill of Vork-hire in 107, and uncle of the
first Lord Londesborough. When he died he
wtis worth between two and three million
ponmis.
Mot of the monev-nmlcinfr DenisniK lpf.
Leeds to spend or hoard their wealth .-lsewlipip.
The true merchant-patriots of a town are those
who use the influence that it brincra them for
it own advancement; aud such pre eminently
were Benjamin ;olt and John Marshall, the
Bi-oaiP.it merchants of Leeds dnrins the last
twenty years ol tne eipmveinu
uiot mem, v't iur iiii.'cbeeutii. j ueir uvea were
very nearly contemporaneous, and thev were
associates In many good and charitable work :
but in busiuess matters they held different
courses. The one crave new life to the old
woollen trade of the town; the other nave it
another staple source of wealth, by making it a
great ecu tre of liuen manufacture. '
All the cailv prosperity of Leeds, as we have
already observed, enrung from its trade iu wool
Jen goods; yet in the middle of tho seventeenth
century, shortly belore the birth of Benjamin
on, tuis
trade was still in Its infancy. Leeds
Itself was, in comparison with its present con-
.l:.t s i .i i ,.--i .....
uiuuu, an lusiguiucnut iown, uarmy longer
than the length of Brlggate, strefchiug westward
no lurther than Trinity Church, and with Saint
Peler's Church for almostvits eastern limit.
Saint John's Church, with Free dammar
School and Harrison's Almshouses arijoiniug,
loimed its modern boundary; and all thetowu
was contained on the north side of the Aire.
The old Norman bridge at tho foot of Briggate
alill anrii.oH tor t tin Wtpk'l V I'll it ll 11)11 1'li tt ! the
trader ot the town and tiie country manufac
turers being called together by a bell rung in
the quaint bridge chapel, and the merchants at
Hun, Boston, ana similar places coming there
to buy and carry down the cloths by way
of the river. By 1758. however, the trade had
outgrown that old-fashioned mart, aud accord
ingly, a commodious building, now known a3
the .Mixed Cloth Hall, was set up a little to the
w est of Trinity Church. This structure, thought
preposterously large at tne time ot its erectiou,
fornVd a quadrangle three hundred and sixty
four feet long and a hundred and ninety-two
feet broad, with tin inner court measuring three
hundred and thirty Je;t by ninety-six. It was
accessible by seven door, was lighted by a
hundred ami slxly-sevcn windows, aud was
large enough, u was reckoned, to hold 109,200
worth ot cloth at a time. Within seventeen
years from Us opening, it was found necessary
to build another lneeting-plucc. The White
Cloth Hall, betw een Brl"gate and Saint Peter's
Church, was completed iu 1775; and within a
ftw years, nine similar structures were opened
in all (he trading towns of the Wpst Ridlug of
Yorkshire. All" grew with the growth of Leeds.
Iu 1775, Leeds coutulucd 17,1 17 inhabitant. By
1801 the population had increased to :I0,C99; in
1821 it amounted to s:i,74G: and iu 1SC3 it was
estimated at 224,025.
One of the causes of that rapid growth was
the opening of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal,
begun in 1 7ti7, aud steadily but slowly continued
down to its completion in 1H16, As early as
1774, however, twenty miles ot the canal, ex
tending from Binglcy to Bradford, were ready
lor use, and preseuted, according to the judg
ment of contemporaries, "the "noblest works
of the kind that perhaps are to be found lu tbe
universe, namely, a Jive-fold, a three-foli, a
two-fold, and u single lock, making together a
iall ol a hundred and twenty feet; a large aque
duct bridge, of seven arches, over the river Aire,
and tin aqueduct on a lare embankment over
Shipley valley." There certainly was need
of improvement iu the wavs of traffic.
Down to 17".'J the best roads 'between Leeds
and tbe neighboring towns were narrow
lands. with ju-4 room enough lor
tbe old-fashioned wagons that were mmi
or burdens too heavy for conveyance in
the usual way, on tbe backs of sintrle horses.
On these pack-horses the raw wool and rouahly
mauc cloths were gentrully carrlsd by tbe small
dealers, who rode in front of their goods, it
was ilow travelling at bet, rendered' very dan
gerous by the bad state of the dark and cheer
less roads, and the constant risk of attack b'v
highwaymen. J
Most of (be wool was made Into cloth by small
nianuracturers scattered about (he country, and
lodged in the different towns und villages' of the
West Riding. These mauulactureis brought or
sent their poods to the market of such places
as Leeds, Brad lord, or Wakefield, there eliher
to b? sold at once to the wholesale merchant,
from other parts of England or from foreign
countries, or to be collected by th wool-sla piers
and reserved lor subsequent distribution. There
were no manufacture conducted on the ex.
tensive scale now common, aud necessary to
the more finished workmanship of nioderu
times, until Benlaraln Gott set the fashion.
This . estimable man was born on the
24th of June, 1762, at Leeds, where his
father, contemporary with Brindley, and, like
him, originally common working man, rose
to some aihimetiou as a civil engineer. The sou
was put u school at Biurley, and then placed
as a clerk iu the house ot'.Woruiald & Fountain,
wlio carried on a respectable trade as wool
iealei t.nd K,iumt.;i tt-rers of the sort then
common in Leeds. Shonine aptitndo for the
busmen, he was taken into partnership by
his employer anrt Up0n their dVuth or r Viirp
mcnt he "came sole master of the ctablisb
ment. iils cnerpy, prudence, and reasonable philan
throphy soon made U tliedaret of the kind in
Leeds, and insured for him so much prosperity
that in due time he came to be the recognized
head of the woollen trade in Yorkshire. From
first to last he aimed, above all things, at pre
serving the Independence of the small dealers
and manufacturers. Full of sympathy for the
treat body of the people, bp watcned with
jealous eye the development of huee factories
like those of the Peels, at Bury and Tarn worth,
and the Monteiths, at Blannjie and Dalraar
nock. He saw that lhis was an Inevitable tendency
of modern commerce: hejieldedlo it himself,
and became proprietor of a monster factory ol
his own; but he felt that this growth of trade,
if, on the one hand, it was very helpful to the
lower classes, was likely, on the other, to inflict
upon them a criotis Injury. He considered that
the men who were only tit to be the servants of
others could not possibly be hurt, but would very
likely be benefited by having employment in
large instead of small establishments. But he
was very loth to damage the position of the
multitudes of insignificant manufacturers, who
honorably preferred to be their own masters,
and to follow the calling inherited from their
lathers, cnly tabled by their own sons and
daughters, or perhaps by one or two appren
tice!., who hoped in time to be also independent
cltithmakcrs. With all such men Benjamin Gott
was anxious to trade in their own way. He
sought them out.bought their produce from them
on equitable terms, maue every allowance lor
any defects in Its character that were due to the
incompleteness of the machinery with which
they were forced to be content, and encouraged
them to go on in their old wars, only adapting
those ways to the demands of modern commerce
.or cheap and well-made goods.
With that excellent purpose he did his utmost
to carry on the smaller sorts of business that
had characterized bis bouso when he first be
came a partner In it. He wis, however, not
content with that. Reasonably mindful ot his
ow n interests, as well as w ith tho view of pro
moting the wellare of his town and trade, ho
also became a manufacturer on a large scale.
His factory at Armley was, towards the end of
the eighteenth century, so extensive,.that his
workmen's wages amounted to X1000 a week a
small sum in the eyes ot many great manufactu
rer of the present day, but very large indeed
il taken a-, a measure of the extent of an em
ployer's business seventy years ago.
At that time wool and worsted were worked
exclusively by hand; neither Harureaves' jenny
nor Crompton's mule, nor any of the other in
ventions that had already caused wonderful
improvement in cotton manufacture, having
been ns yet adapted to woollen fibre. The wool
was first sorted, and then combed or carded by
tbe manual labour of men and boys, whose
average wages amounted to about twelve shil
HniM a week; then it was spun, generally by
women and girls, whose wages varied from
eighteen pence to half-a-crowu a week. It was
finally submitted to the band-loom weaver, who,
with hard work, could rarely earn more than
ten shillings a week. In 1868 the average wages
of tbe men employed m ihe Leeds woollen fac
tory amounted to twenty-two shillings a week,
while boys received about six and eightpence,
and women and girls more or les. than eight
shillings. Thus the labourers' rate of pay has
been more than doubled, notwithstanding the
very great reduction in the price of the
kooos proauceo oy tnem, through the mtroduc
(ion ol machinery into the woollen manufacture,
oegun dv uott and bis associates, and greatly
y o
extended in recent ) ears by younger men, like
trict, containin
ning about VaiiifmSf'u5rASLutSS
of Yorkshire, and more than a fourth of that of
an ureal untain, was occupied by 310 manufac-
equal to the force of 7810 horses.
And while the woollen traf$ has been thus
progressing in Leeds, under tbe encouragement
of men Like Benjamin Gott, the town has become
the home of another wealth-producing branch
of commerce, with John Marshall for its foster
father. There had been a linen made in Leeds, as In
every other part of England, from time imme
morial. Long before woollen fabrics came into
general use, it was the fashion lor country ptj
ple to grow, or barter, a little flax, and there
with to make rough clothing for themselves and
those belonging to them. There was a guild of
linen weaveis iu London in the fourteenth cen
tury, and every important town bad a similar
association during tbe middle ages. But the
trade was slow in making progress as a trade.
Long after England had grown famous for
its wcollen manufactures, the making of linen
clothing was left chiefly in the hands of
country folks and the daughters of tbe house
hold, their courser wares being found good
enough lor ordinary use, while the better sorts
were imported lrom France and Holland. In
the second half of the seventeenth century, how
ever, a great change began. In 1C03 a law was
parsed lor the encouragement of linen manu
facture In England, and without the aid of law s,
the trade was readily prosecuted In various parts
of Scotland. About 17G0, moreover, some Scots
resident in the north of Ireland started the
manufacture in Belfast and the nelahborhood,
w here lor many centuries llax had been freely
grown, but only for exportation or domestic
use. "No women are abler to spin, linen thread
well." aid tir William Temple in 1680, "than
the Irish, who, laboring little in any kind with
their hands, have their' fingers more supple and
soft than any other women of the poor condi
tion among us. And this may certainly be im
proved into a great manufacture of
linen, so as to bear down the trade
both of France and Holland, and draw
much of the money which goes from
F.nglaud to those parts upon this occasion into
the bauds of his Majesty's subjects of Ireland,
without crossing any interest of trade in Kug
lantl." Successive generatiocs of statesmen
were of that opinion, and in all sorts of ways
the liueu trade was encouraged iu Ireland,
much good to the country being done thereby
iu spite of the consequent injury to the older
business in woollen goods. By tiie yearl7ii0,
Beliast, Newry, Drogheda, Londonderry, Dun
calk, and Dublin had come to have a thriving
trade in linen, most of. which was shipped to
Liverpool, for distribution in various parts of
LiiBland., In Scotlaud, also, , the trade made
rapid progress, Glasgow being its headquarters,
and other towns, like Kirkcaldy and Dundee,
being set by it on the highway to prosperity.
In the first half of the eighteenth century,
"linen being everywhere made at home," ac
cording to contemporary report, "the spinning
executed by the servants duriug the long winter
eveninas.andtbe weaving by the viilaeewebster.
there was a geneial abundance ot napery ami
under lothiug. hvery woman made her web
and bleached it herself, and the price never roso
higher tha.i two shilling a yard, aud with this
cloth nearly every one was clothed. Tbe yonnjj
men, w ho were at this time grow ing wore nice,
got lir.cnstiom Holland for shirts, but the old
ones were satisfied with necks and sleeves of the
flue: which were put. on loose abovo tue country
doth," In those days tho handsomest ball
dresses weie mado of linen, and in country
places the wealthiest ladies thourht it no ais
grace to busy themselves with the spinning
wheel. This same spiuntng-whoel was used
alike in the cottages ot the poor and
in the largest manufactories then esta
blished, lu 1741 a mill was set up at Binning
ham -on 'the principle of the roller spinner
invented by Lewis Paul in 1738, and there lor a
little while it was turned by a couple ol donkeys
while two girls were employed in -working otf,
the yarn thus produoed. Dul nothing noticeable
w as done before the year 1787. Then John Ken
drew, an optician, and Thomas Porihouse, a
clock maker, of Darlington, made public an in
vention that was destined to effect an entire
revolutlpp tn the linen manufacture. The spe
cialty of their invention was a cylinder three
feet In diameter by hsnlnches broad, smooth on
the surface, with some small cylinders on rollers
in connection, for holding aud drawing the flax
or other fibrous materials put upon it tor opera
tion, Tbis machine was tirst put to work at a
Hirers, wuo gave employment to 23,328 opera
tives, besides using 1005 gigs, 2344 power loom,
and 423.482 6oindles worked bv
W H V.
FJUDAY, ypVEMlVKR li. lbCO.
little mill set up on the Pjierne, by ICcndrcw an t
Pothouse, and it was soon B'tore l in various
parts of the kingdom, Darhngron being made
by it, lor a little while, a famous morl of line'i
nianulactnrers. Thither James Aytoun wen',
from Manchester, in 17T'2, to unke careful
study of the machine nnl introduce important
improvements in It before going to Kirkcaldy
to spend neaily seventy years la forwarding tho
trade in which, perhaps, be was the most promi
nent man ol all. Th.thpr also went John Mar
shall, lrom Leeds, to receive suggestions. whieh
he was to turn very notably to the advance
ment both of Lords and of himself.
Marshall was born at Leeds, on the ?7th of
July, 1705, three years after Gott. His grand
father, John Marshall, oJ Yeadon Low Hall,
near Leeds, had been a man of some substance;
but hl father, William Maishall. was a shop
keeper In Briggate. John Marshall was soon
tired of his prospects as a shopkteper's assistant.
He was eighteen when Kcndrew and Porthouse
produced their flax-spinning machine. It is not
clear whether he was thereby influenced in his
choice of a business or whether nia course ha-l
already been marked out. At any rate he los--no
time in piocceding to Darlington, there mas
tering the intricacies such ns they were ot the
machine, and returning to his own towil, to put
it Into use at Scotland Mill, near Meanwood,
which, in 1788, he built a few miles out of
Leeds, in partnership with Samuel Fenton, of
Leeds, and Ralph Wood, of Knureeborougti.
There he spent all his cncfgies and all his
money in various experiment", doing all he
could towards improving the Darlington spinning-machine
as well as towards malting ser
viceable the other Instruments necessary for the
production of linen, '.'.'hat he did considerable
business is proved by the fact that lit deDt to
Kendrew and Porthouse, to whom he had
agreed to pay a royally for each spindle that he
employed, rose in a few years' time to 900. He
made no profits, however, during thee first,
ypars, and declared hlmselt unable to meet the
claim. He also contested it on the ground that
Ihe many improvements adopted by htm m ide
his machinery so different from that of the Dar
lington inventors that ho had really ceaed to
mane use of their patent-right.
Of those improvements Ma'thev Murray was
the chief author. Born at Newcastle in 17(55,
Murray bad been working as an engine-smith a;
Stockton-on-Tees, when in 1789 he determined
to go and try his fortune in Leeds. He offered
his services to John Marshall, and was so suc
cessful In the first job on which he was em
ployed, that ho was permanently engaged by
him. By tho end of 1789, before he had been
a year at bis new w ork, be had made so many
valuable suggestions that his masier made him
a present of 20, anil he was promoted to the
management of tho lit lie worksbo;) at Scotland
Mill. He continued for six years in Marshall's
establishment, by his ready wit and steady per
severance helping his employer through all his
mechanical dill.oulties. and enabling him, in
due time, to become the most successful tlax
epinner in the world. In 1795 be leit John Mar
shall to enter into partnership with James Fen
ton and David Wood, older aud richer meu than
himself, in establishing engine-building and
mnchine-maklng shops at Holbeck, then a vil
lage, now a part ot Leeds. Making all sort ot
other tool", he continued to give Special atten
tion to the tools required in linen manufac
ture. "But for his improvements," says his
son-in-law, "it is nearly certain that flax-spinning
in the neighborhood os Leeds would have
ceased to exist, as all those embarked in it had
lost the greater part of their capital aithout
any success. At his commencement mill-gearing
was in a very rude state; he left it in nearly its
present condition." In or near the year 1795,
Jrhn Marshall also went to Holbeck, there in
Water lone to set up the much larger mill
WhlcD, Wltn later addition). In tm tl
seat of tbe linen manufacture, conducted by hi 3
an pressors.
Conclusion on Oie Seventh Pcwe.
HOSIERY, ETC.
SOS. 017 & 919 SPRING GARDEN
SMYTHS'
STOCKING STORE.
Always on hand a good ft,oitment of
EHOS1JikV AMU DOMESTIC
' Cotton, Woollen, Sill; and Merino
UKDERSIIIRTS AND DHAM KHS,
J'or tallies, (lents, Mmaet, and Boyt,
JOVVIS'S KID GLOVES,
Best (unlit imported.
CLOVES FOR PALL AND WINTER,
AU sizes, and tar ye variety
FRENCH CORSETS. HOOP SKIRTS.
Warranted best mates only.
It P. ITT IX G YARNS, ZEPHYR WORSTED
Ol.llJIASTOtVN WOOLS
In all colors. Larye stock covtlantfy on hand.
ZEFU1R KNIT GOODS,
Jn stock and made to order.
All poods sola at tlio Jowoet prices, ana a better assort
ment cuii not be lound tliau at
M. Sl J. E. SMYTH'S.
CIO 6 lm Fob. 917 and 919 8PKKNU UABDKN Btreot
DRESS TRIMMINGS.
Avwest styles in every variety.
MARSHAL'S SALES.
M
AEBHAL'S SAL IS.
bv virtue ot writ of pale bv the Hm. .lonv rxn.
WaLAIiKK, J mi) c ol the Msnict Court ol the United
States In and tor the Eastern District ol I'ennNvivanla, to
me directed, will be aoid at pub Ic Bale to the hlxlient and
limt bidder lor cash, at (1KOKOK W. POWELL'S, No.
ViO IS. FKOJ.T btrcet, I'hlladelpkia, on 8A11KDAY.
ovember S, at II o'clock A.M.:
ioarreii.olWUlSKV.ilcOI'PEB STII.LH complete,
81 NCi L1M J8, Jtto. . .
Abio, at i lie name time and place, Die following de
aenbed properly, which wl.l remain ou the premises
where the atveral lotn now are atioilowa ttz. i '
BI'OH QUKill, BEDFORD Street above Eighteenth.
1 COTPhU Mill, HOtiSUKAl.M. Ktc. b
JOHN DOUGilMiTY, BtrI''01U) Street, above
Elahlfenth, 1 j I. KXiLL, BlNiLlU8, Ktc.
liAHNti MOKBIs, backot lo 2.',r PI.NE Street 1
COPPER STILL AJD WOKM.HOC.NIlhADS, Etc.
JOHN FBID. 8. W. coiner of TWIiNTY SECOND
and NAVDAIN Streets, 1 COPP.U HULL, SIU
LINGtf, Etc.
BBOH OALLAG HER. back Of Yo S138 LOMBARD
Btreet.l COPPEH HULL, SIS (SLINGS. Ktc.
AlUHAKL FKIKL, back ot No. V140 LOMBARD
Street. I COPPER feTII.L. MOLASSES, Etc.
JaMES McKINNEY. CATiiAHlNR Street, abov
Xlneteentli.llINSTILL.COr'PEK WORM. .tc.
ALLEN S'EWAKT.N.E. comer TWENTY-FIRST
and FUZWATEH SireoU, I COPPER S I'ILL, HOUi.
HEADS. Elo.
CEOKUE SEYMOUR, BAVtiOR Street, east of Fif
teenth. 1 COPPER STILL, HOGSHEADS, Etc.
Parties wishing to purchase can examine the property
on the premises above mentioned, two daya previous to
the sale.
P. C. F.LI.MAKER,
U. S. Marshal l'nntern District f'eunxvlvaula.
Philadelphia. October 25. IHtjH III '.'tilmwbt
M
AKBHAL '8 SALE.
Bv virtue ot awritol sale bv the Hon JOHX CAD-
WALADER. Judxe of Uie Dlxtrict i ouit of tbe United
Matea In and lortbe Eaxtein DiMrlct oi Pennsylvania,
to me directed, will be Bold at public buIo. to the hlgheat
and beat bidder tor cm-h. at GEOItOb POWELL'S, .no.
120 North FRONT street. Philadelphia, on THURSDAY,
November 1 at 11 o c ock A. M :
3 banela WU1SKY. 1 buuela blNGLISGS, and 0
bORNheada MOLAtHES
Alao, at the aame time and place, the follow Iur de
scribed property which wi I remain ou the pretntsoa
(there the Heveral lotn now are, an tuliows, viz. :
COLLINS', WYOMING Stree1, above Flt'eenth,
below r-hlppen. 1 COPl'Eit HULL, 1MPTY HOGS
HEADS, Etc.
HARRY ItcNIOHOLS', PIXTEFNTn Street be'ow
Carpenter, I COI'i KB h i ILL, Ktc, and E1GU I'EEN I H
and MONTROSE Sirecta, 1 COPPER STILL, EMPi'Y
UOGi-HKAIH, Eto.
H. J. SW EENEY'S, SEVENTEENTH Street, bc'ow
faipenter, 1 COPPER STILL, PUMP, UOSE, UuGS
HEaLS. Etc
DEVID'H, SEVENTEENTH Httcet. above
WoHhlnirtoii, 8 COPPEB STILLS, WORMS, liOJS.
''eDWAIUjV GORMAN'S 8. E. corner ol 8RVEH
Th NTH and CA'f HAUINti Streeta, 2 t'O.'PElt
STILLS. WORMS, UOGhllEADS, Eto
rartlea wlahiu t purcbuae can oxnmlue the nro
perty ou the prembea above-uientioued two dai pre
vious to the tale.
P. C. F.LLMAKER,
' ' . U. 8. Marshal Eastern Dlatrlot Pennavlvnula. .
Puit.APEi.riiiA, Outobortt.1. iHtttt. lu 24wini.it
TpITLER, WEAVER & CO.,
MAN UFA CT USERS Or
Manilla and Tarred Cordage, Cords,
' Twines, Etc. ,
Ko 28 forth WATER Street, and
No. ii North DELAWARE Avenno.
rniLADKLraiA.
iBwm B. FiTiia, Michael Wa
lellAD T Cl-OTHJUt I4
DRY GOODS.
LINEN STORE.
biv8 AHC1I STttKKT."
LINEN HANDKERCHIEFS,
IN LAWKS' 15 D GKXTW SIZES.
TIIE 1 AUG EST STOCK
IX run CITY
Retailing at Importers' , Prices.
GEORGE MILUKEN,
LINEN IMPORTED,
No. P28 AIIC1I Street.
91U12 31rp
PRICE & WOOD,
N. W. Corner EIGHTH and FILBERT,
HAVE Jl'jjT orasKD ,
Ouecato of bandsome Marseilles (uilt of our
own Importation, vorj- cheap.
BLASKETS! BLANKt'JS!
A large RfBortrjieut ol Blankets from $6 up to $15.
f LANS ELS! FLA ?Vy?L S
V aid-wide all-wool Sbakor Klanncla, 62', cents.
All-wool Flannels, 87 J, 42, 46, 60, 62, 68, 70, up to
fl-26 per yard.
Heavy Bed and Grey Twilled Flannels.
Beat makes Canton Flannels, very cheap.
Best makei Bleached and Unbloached Muslin.
Table Linen, Napkins and Towol. eto. etc'
A huge assortment of Ladies' and Gouts' Hosiery.
A large assortment of Gloves. Kid Gloves f 1-25 a
pair, real kid, best in tbe city for that price.
Jouvin's Kid Gloves, best quality Imported.
Indies' and Gents' Merino Vests and Pants, very
cheap. .
PRICE & WOOD,
N. W. Corner EIGHTH and FILBERT StJ
X. B -Tlaid Toplins SI 12,' 91 2J!, $1 87, and
91 76.
Tartan rialds, 87 conts.
French Mtrinoes and Delaines.
French Chintzes, yard wido, 62i cents.
Fine quality black Alpacas. 13 22
BARGAINS IN DRESS GOODS
A Large Aasortineut of DHF.S.S GOODS
Iroin the late Auction Sale, at
Greatly It educed Prices.
Handsome Plaid Poplins, $113 to 2.
Handsome Plaid Irish Poplins, $2 25.
Heavy Corded Silk Poplins, $2 50, cost over S3
r Corded Silk Poplins, $175, worth $2 25.
Plain All-wool Poplins, $1 to $2 25.
Very Cheap French Merinoes.
Great Bargains in Evening Silks.
Silks of all kinds at Low Prices.
Fall and 'Winter Shawls.
Heavy Zephyr Petticoats, Cheap.
All-wool Bed Blankets, $475.
Heavy All-wool Blankets, $6.
All-wool Blankets, from $7 to $17.
II. STEEL & SOIS,
10 31 8t No. 718 and 715 N. ILMH St.
GEORGE 1). WISH AM,
No. 7 North EIGHTH Street.
1 have now In store and lor sale a niOHt comileto and
elegant stock ot
POPLINS!
POPLINS
I'l.AIN POPLIJJU.
J'LAID fOPLINS
jtiii'Hi'Ss conn vopusu.
1IU811 tOPLINM.
COKDEI) SILK POPLISS,
One esse of WLK 8TBIPE P0PLIN8, only 74 cant
worth ! 00. ,
METtlSOES!
3IKKIXOKSI
I have Just opened a full line of FRENCH MEiil.
IS Oil 8, ot all the moat dealrable abadea aud Qualities
Kw additions In DBKSa UOCD8 made dad; from th
Phlladeljjh'a and Kew I ork Auctions.
MUSLINS I Ml'SLIJVS :
The Cheapest Muslin Store n the city.
Just opened. 2.".0Q y arrtii extra heavr Brown Sheeting,
wide, for 24 cents,
t ne case ol Pillow-Cane Muslins best, for 33 cents.
. ' U1VE UB A. CALL I
My stock ot FLAKKELS Is large aud cheap.
tt W lUjSllI
JAMES McMULL AN,
Successor to J. V. Cowell & Son,
Has Jut received Ms first Kail Importation ol
ENGLISH BLANKETS.
" These goods were crlf led In tha Fprlns, and made ex
prrvtriv Iur J Ails MoVUl LAN by ihe same uianufao
turerthat J. V. tOWKLL & feON were ..pitllt-J wl h
lor many -.ears, and will be found Tery superior for
lamily use. ,
; ' ' a la roe svrriv of ;
AMERICAN BLANKETS
- 8ellingatGreatlrBeduoed Prices. I
A full iMortment of real WELSH AND AMERICAN
JLA1SMCL8 alwavi on haiid.
Hit. stock Ol UKNEHAL HOUSE FURNISHING DRY
GOODS g cetnplete. wliU the very beat oo at the
lowest rate lor CASH. . . ' . I
HOTJSE-FUENISHING DHY GOODS STORE,
Noi ' 700 tell ESN UT1 ST.
1017 lm
UrtY GOODS.
FARIE& fit WARNER.
I
Ro. 229 Moith NINTH Street,
ABOVE 1; ACE.
Vow ien, xplcndld assoitinent ot
MKIUNO UNDEBGARMEST8. 1
1-artifV, lionts', Miasro', and Huts' Wetr.
toeiife' L'ndorsinrts, 1 26, 1 60, 81 76, 1 87J, 92
tic. eio.
LaUiiV Merino Vet, 1 CO, 1 C2J, $17oi 1 87!
Vi, etc. tc.
Jnlanti', Mlcsra', and Bojs Voifs, all tizct
Km' tol'.l Hot'd Hiikla , 87V, 60. i'2Jp and 76o.
Children' 11a n.oral 6kirts lioni auction, fl lo.
All widths Velvet Kihbonn, rcrJocedirlcpn.
A 1 color Tritnmiu,- Kibt on from auction,
lloriery, Cloves, llandktrctiielti, eto. eto.
KLND KL8!
Al'.wonl Flannolti, 35, 37f 4i, 4S, B0c., etc
' ottoi, aiid Wool lanbfl, bio, iiu.
Krd and ftfT twilled tliiunois,
louli width all-wool bliimnx Flunnela, 1 4iy.
i'laid cotton auo, wool t-uirtitia llannels.
J'ino quality aeBrict tiacqno Flannels.
fx', blei.tlud t nillim t i.ril in,... ., .,,
l)i hlecet cd tantoi Flannels, i2 a6,2s,81,8.Jc.,e'c.
JM. Iieav est yaid wldo utib epchtd Jkttixliu made.
jin uriiru jiipsiuis w, 2tl, 81, gr)0 Ptc ,
l'lilowcaso 51 u1Id, 6-4 wide, ar:C.
IILAXKETS! i . llI.AMi.Kr3 1
Ctienvest nianketsin Ihrfitr.
JlfCo"00' ','"k,''l!,' 6 W 6 '5 8 M llut-
Lnbleaelied lalile Linens, 65c i f ower loom. oto.
Ttufsia trnsl, la, 14, 15, IS, SPc, e:c.
Hirrt Eve I.inoas, 0iklii8, towels, eto etc.
tiandpome I'inld rotnn, all-wool Delaiup.
American J'laincs, Calicoes, etc.
hlaek Alpacas, 4o, 60, 611, t2Jc to 1, eto.
FADIE3 & WARNEK,
IISIS 1 ro. 3!i9 North MKTH Streot, above Ract-.
So. IK4 C11K.xm;T Htrjt.
I
L. M. NEEDLES.
iStrarif era sml others will flod at
'I No. 1024 CHESNUT STREET
k. ..... , ......
ij : , A lare nud couiiilcte asronnientof
'
L.CK3 AND LACE GOODS,
EMiltOlDtHIES, . ,
WHITE GOODS,
HAKDKEKCK1EF3, VEILS,
LINtN C0LLAJ.S AUD CD ITS,
SLEEVES, ETC. ETC. ETC.,
In tri-at varict,and at LOW PKtCEH.
5
e
worn xnvsau i troi
1SGC) ! Il'L EXIIIUITION.
: E. COR. EKlHTH AB1) FTRINO OARDEK 8T
We are picpnrd to ahow one ol the very finest stock;
ot fehanln m thU city ol eveiy erade,
. , t . . . FUOM I1-50DP TO $ SO,
Most of Which ara auction purchases, and are undei
, rtkularprlixa. 1 Weluvltean examination. .
f ong aniKotiare Fai'ley Ilnwl.
long rud Sqnare Brovhe shRW t. ' '
Long and Bquare Msck Thibet Shawls. '
Long and Square lllnnket Miawla.
ft.l ahhavv!i,rirekiat Bhowls etc etc.
' "iV o ould also invito attention to our
BLANKETS. '
Kxcellent All wool Blnnkats torK. Cltl 3 3m
KuTinelltieanta7 ai, ln, ai2 and U.
In laot, onraenerai atok I. worthy the attention ol
all buyers of Ury Uooda who whih to buy cheap
JOSIiPH II. TII01t.t.CY,
N. E. COIL EKIBTM ASD SPK1N OAKDEN.'
ay s i ii- r's ? h "s o n sT,
.. So. SS3.. . YTSZ STRKET... No. IK
J'ealtro In Linens, M bite and Dress Goods, Embroi
deries. Hosiery, Cloves. C'orcets, UMHilkcrcbiois Wain
and Hemt-liichcd, Jlair, Sail, looth, ana Plate llruahes,
Combs, riuln i.nd I'am-y 8oaps, I'ertunierr, Imported
ana Domekttn. Fulla and Putt Ifoxcb, and an endles
vanety ol otlona.
Alwoys ou hana a complete stork of Lad'es', Oeiits'.
and CMldicn'H Uuilervests anrt Drawers t Euslish aud
Unrmmi liosiery In cotton, kerluo, ana Wool.
Cilh, Crnoie ami lied blankets.
llurHohlta, Allendale, Lancaster, nd Honey Comb
Quilts.
Tube linens, Kupklns, Towels. Plain and Colortnl
Horttervd, (..cruian Roll, Huaela and American Crash,
JKurlaps.
alailvale, Welsh, and Shaker Flannels In nil grades.
A mil iiiiv ui .m.' ir iini'ci" ui nil mmun. BE
V. SIIM PKIllV'kl SOI
SONS'.
Not. Vii and
U PIU Street.
OLASKETS, ENTIRELY CLE AX AND PER
LJ lect In every respect, at a loss price than they can.
licaii)l be bouiiht in Philadelphia. We leel entirely
M'ro lu saying to our customers that this stock ot
Kiankets la below competition, and invite a comparison
ot prices with other stores. Wo are selling a drat rate
1U-4 Blanket for 4'6(l per pair. We oiler a blanket at
R pr pair that we sold lielore the war at this price
We ii Hit a 11 unket at all) per pair that we sold last year
lor over (i0. Youci.utlud any iiuallty of Blanket you'
wl.h in this stock Grev Clankcti 91 per pair; Light
Orev.or 1 rub U'ankeis. Craillo and Crib Blunketa;
Ironing Klnnkets B-lb. Comfortables, inr 3 each, rttore
kecners. Hotels, and Institutions miiiplied at less than
wtiDineaie prices. K. D & W . U. PENLL, o.lii'2l
Markut fctroet.
J.
HANKERS,
Jio. 810 ARCH Street.
BAKUAIN9 JUST fiPKVr.n
Pointe Lace, by the yard.
Pvinte Applique, by the yard
Valenclenue Laces and Insertions.
Cluny l.acea, all wldins.
Thread Veils, lrom I. M.
Points Lace Handkercbleis from $10.
French -M uslin, two yards wide, at 75 ceuta.
Cambric Fdylngs and Insertions, bargains 10 27 tit
ENGINES, MACHINERY, ETC.
PENN STEAM ENGINE AND
UlBOlLKK WORKS. 3SEAF1E A X.vvv
ll.-VCIlCAL AM TllhOHETlCAL ENOINKKRn'
. i V ' i ' ' i ii yi u..i,.jiniLcii,, i,UAir.n Jfl 1 IHM,
and FOUhDKRH, having lor many years been In suo
ursnlii) operation, and been exclusively engaged In
bulUll,,n and requiring Mtrlne and Bi?er Kngines, high
aud I'.w pressure, Iron Boilers, Water Tanks, Propel
lers, ete etc.. respectiuily oiler their services to the
public as being luliy prepared to contract for engines of
all slzs, AUrine, It ver, aud tiuttlonary ; having aetgel
patterns ot uluerent sIzch, are prepared to execute order
with quick Qeniatili. jsverr description of pattern
making made at the shortest noilco. UlKb and Low
presHure r ino, Q'ubular, aud C'yllnuer Boilers, of the best
Petumvlvaula charcoal Iron. Forgings ot all sizes ana
kinds) Jrou and Brass Castings oi all descriptions: Roll
Turning, Hcrew Cnitmg, ai d all other work conuected
Willi the aboe business.
Diawlniis and i-cltlcatlons for ait work done at
the estubUsbmcnt ireo ol charge, aud work guarau
el. i ua suDscnDers nure ampte wnarr-dncK rocu for
repairs of boats, where they can lie In pcifeot sad-ty,
i iur i
ftv, J
eto.,
2:
e's. k.
nui, im.moii null .iiwio, UIUC.B, IHJia, ULV
lor taising heavy or iuiht weivhta.
jcob o nkafie,
john p. levy. .
ilS REACH end I'vLMKR Btree'
J. VAl'UllAK MlBUlClt, WILLIAM U. IIEaaiCK.
JOHN E. VQVK.
SOUTTIWAR K V O U N UUY, FIFTH AM
WASHIKOTOX Htrecbt,
CHILAHSLrHIA.
MKltlllLK is HOVS,
KKOIK Ll'-lis AND U At UIVISTS.
ninnutacturelUhh aud Low Pressure bteniu .Engines for
Laud, lilver, and Aliirliie Service
Bollors, daao meters, Tanks. Iron Boats, eto.
CaaUmis oi all kinds, either iron or biax.
Iron isue Roots ior Ciaa Work, Workshops ano
Rnllrosd Stations eto
Keiorts and lias Machinery, of tbe latest and most Im
proved coustiuotlon.
.bvery descilptiou of Plantation Machinery, and Rugar
Paw, and Oriat Mills, Vacuum Puns. Oueu fiteaur Tialua'
jjefccalors. Fl.tera. PuniDiua Fuuines at,.
tola Alien is lor N. H'llcux's Patent Hnpar Boillnc
"ApBiiftituBcsuiyth's l atent fteHin Hammer, aud As-
inwun ooisuy s rattut Cenlrl.ugal bugar Draining
il aehlue.
BR I 1) K a 11 D U O MACIII-VK WORKS
OKKICK,
ISO 05 X FRONT BTKEET,
Pllll 4DK1 1'IIIA.
e are nrenared to till nrd. ra to any extent tor on.
Wull knnun
MACHINERY "OH COTTON AND WOOLLKN Mil L8
1... .1. ..it . 1...... a. 'Anw... la In t nw.il. , a. . ...
and eaviug.
We invite tha attention of manutacturersf' onr exten
sive works. .
' ii.rnr.ii vial i Mjfi
UNADULTKRATED LIQUORS ONLY
KK'HARU PKNISTAN'i
. . -i. . 1 if A KTIk I'A 111 IU
p tun n a ll 1 1 iif 11.
Ko. H CIlMnSSCf ITRHPT.
Kearly OuiKtslta the Post OnVe
PlIIL.-.DKLr'HIA.
FnDillirt supplied Or 'era-tit u tL Coastr)- irnmtiy
aitmi'dio. 6 -Is