o V
t
•jp 1•• "
2d. Being ripe, before cockle have ar
ttveJ to a vegetative itate, it is never af
failVd by that enemy. And i< is .proba
ble that the feed of the wild onion, may
f<*l ;i (hock from the fame cause. As to
cheat, it did not make its appearance a
liioiig .this Wheats but it is to foe expttt
&!, this like other wheat is liable to dege
riei ate into fhat weed.
3d. If vegetables ext raft much of their
food from the atmosphere, as the experi
ments of Doctor Prieilly foeina dearly to
prove, spul if ' ore of tins fbsd is ob
tained, ",'hen the air is condensed by a
degree 0f moiiture, than when it 19 in a
itate of rarefa&ion, it results, that this
wheat cannot equally impoverish the foil,
with any other species. Because it ar
rives to maturity before the heats of sum
mer have driven down vegetables to pas
ture ihemfelves almost exelufively, upon
the store of food absorbed by the earth. ,
4th. Admitting this theoretick argu
ment to be inconcltifive, it will not weak
en the force of another, which is expe
rimental. Clover was sown upon four of
the fix lots of this wheat, and also upon
its contiguous rival. The clover, and
where there was no clover, the weeds
succeeding this wheat, so far furpafied in
growth, the clover and weeds succeeding
the other kinds, that their fupcrior luxu-
I'iancy was distinguishable almost as far as
they could' be discerned. And though
this effect fho'lild be attributed to the remo
val, of the forward wheat from the ground
earlier than the other, yet it must It ill be
acknowledged, that it will have a preser
vative influence upon the fertility of the
foil.
sth. Wherever the cliniate will admit
ef artificial grades, the last obfevvation
deserves considerable attention : And it
may be enforced by others, having a si
milar tendency. Before, as well as after,
the forward wheat was cut, the growth
of the clover sown upon it greatly ex
ceeded'that of its neighbor, and it also
came up better. Whether this is afcrib
able to thi fownefs. of the wheat, and its
not being burthened by any operative
weight of fodder, or to any other caiife,
it is yet an effect, as recommendatory of
it to northern climates, as its fafetv against
rudktafcirthcni. The flHuft.
■■ 91 retire, js
er, and it also acquires a strength oi
ftitution, capable of wjttilt anoint
tummer beats. Thtfs it alrm.lt- umver
fally survived, whilst the contiguous clo
ver, debilitated by being opprelfed with
a greater burthen of straw, and to a later
period, peri(hed, generally in great quan
tities, andinfpots, entirely.
6th. If Indian corn is cultivated to a
considerable extent, it usually fuffers at
harvest. The harvest of the forward
wheat is over, when the corn is yet young,
and therefore recoverable ; whereas it of
ten happens, that it sustains irretrievable
injury, by arriving to an advanced state,
during the negieft incident to the latter
~ harvest.
7th. When potatoes or other vegeta
bles, which are gathered late in the fall,
are used as a fallow crop, the repugnancy
of this wheat to the lull, must be highly
recommendatory, because late sowings are
ever most liable to this diflemper.
With refpeft to the straw, which is
inferior in quantity to that of other
wheat, about one third, it occUts to ob
serve,
1 ft. That this circumstance produces a
feving of near one third of the labor of
cutting, gathering up, carting and Hack
ing.
2d. That the wheat being (hart, never
lodges. , >.
3d. That it may be cut by the scythes,
almost unexceptionably.
4th. That the draw is not liable to be
damaged by the rust.
yth. That the grain before and after
the wheat is cut) is not liable to an equal
degree of risque with wheat carrying a
greater burthen of draw, from rain, be
cause this species dries i'ailer, and is got
in sooner. ' i
It may be objeaed, that this circum
stance diminifhesthe great fund for raising
manure. To this it is answered, that the
ft raw is only an offal of the crop. That
no crop can be cultivated for the fake of
the offal. That the impoverishment of
the foil by the growth of straw, is pro
bably equivalent to the quantity produ
ced. That hence it may be inferred, that
it will require the whole surplus of straw,
produced by the latter wheat, to icpair
its surplus of injury to the* foil, beyond
the forward. And that if it was admit
cd, that a given quantity of land, in
the latter, frouM produce more ft raw.
than the lame quantity in the tor ward, it
does tib't follow, that aiimilHf effect would
flow from, a givenquantity o't labor; becauie
the laving of lab--- being equivalent to
■ the deficiency of flraw, may be convert
! Ed to the extention pi tillage, and thus
I more than compenlate for that deficiency,
litlides, if these Sfguownts are jujt,
they exhibit an article of agricultural
economy of great important*/ ihe
whole labor of removing the surplus of
ihaw—of converting it info manure—
and of reilbring it to the loil, is laved,
and nothing is»lott by this saving, be
cause the late,\vheat does not rob the foil
of this surplus. The forward wheat inva
riably produces more tiian the lat
ter •- —tion to tne straw.
;rj in propoi. .. iu m*.
The lhvitnefs oi Uic tat is tni
next obieft of confidcraTion; as it ap<
pears to progr.ofticate a s. •i' ution oi
the crop. It being evident that an ear,
one third lingeft, must paiduce tilt* of"' 1
grain, if equally well lilltd. l ite la!t
circumilance seldom, or never happens,
but if it did, it ought net llill to be con
ceded, that an equal quaitity of land or
of laborj would produce more later than
forward wheat. Because,
i ft. As to the land it may probably
bear being sown one third thicker on ac
count of the difference in the f)'« of
the straw, and if so, the objtfhon a
nftng from a supposed deficiency df that
article, is But if with an e
qual qnahtity of feed, the crop 6f grain
will be equal, and land cart bear more for
ward, than later feed, it follows that the
Crop per acre of the forward ifrheat will
be grtateft, whilst it will ftrllimpoverifh
the foil less, by reason of being separa
ted from it i'ooneft. The superiority of
the produce per acre, is rendered still more
probable, b)> estimating all the exclufiv'e
casualties, to which the later wheat is lia
ble ; and by recollecting that the heads
of the forward w'leat are almost invaria
bly belt Allied, and the grain heavielt.
zd. Should this expectation even turn
out to be groundless, as to an equal quan
tity of land, yet it may be fafely arifim
ed, that an equal quantity of labor would
undoubtedly produce an equality in the
rop (fuppefing the two kinds of wheat
" pei ftOltfn J both as to grain
i his idea comprises the bene-
and straw.
fits arifinsr
con
"ward wheat, within the narrtweft
pass, i and yet excluding the coiilidera
tioijs of frfs magnitude, an improvement
of the foil and an evidence' of tlie cxclu
five calamities, to which later wheat
is are among the advantages which
w»uld (till remain.' /
To form a comparative average of these
rival corps, would ri-qufre a long succes
sion of accuiatfe experiments, as the only
means by which a jiitl computation of
the exdufive calamities so inimical to the'
later wheat, can be made. During the
t,wo years' experiments; before mention
td, the forward wheat was preferable to
the latter in every refpeft, and in all foils.'
The crop exceeded by the acre, in piea-'
sure, in weight, and as to the value U
the draw. But these results do n6t fur*
ni(h fufficient evidence of the
ces, in cafe both kinds 'fliould arrive to a
state of protedlion.
The grain of the forward wheat is hard
er than any other with which it has been
compared. It is also large, pluijip, white,
and produces flour in quantity and quality
equal to the bell later white wheat.. ;
This hardness of the grain..cqnipires
with the inferior growth of the draw and
fodder, to leffori the liability of the for
ward wheat, to sprout in the field. An
effect to which its ripening in cooler wea
ther also contributes.
It is very probable that this species of.
wheat would be a beneficial acquisition to
countries, whose fcort summers,
warm climates, or wet feajons, occasion
many impediments in the culture of this
grain. If it was introduced into Great
Britain, and if it should be found that the
toil and climate of America, operated par
ticularly against its degeneracy, whilftthat
country would be greatly benefited, a nf*'
thus commerce woultJ be openedfor
An agent at Frederickfburg or Port
Royal, on Rappahanock river in .Virginia
might probably be able to collets, as much
as one thousand bushels of this' .wheat.
Ihe eagerness however with which it i 3
purchased for feed by the neighboring
farmers, and the fmaUnefs of the quantitf
yet grown, rapid aslhe encreafe has been,
have hitherto bestowed upon it a fcperio-
ty of price over other wheat, from fifty
10' an hundred per centum. A circum
tan'ce which constitutes an enfcofflium
lowing from experiment upon this ipecieS
>f wheat. ,
For the Gazette of the United States.
abstract.
A W/'iter whose signature is " Homo" fug
eefts that the danger of fires in populous pla
ces, resulting from wooden or iramed build
ings, is so great, as ftould induce the legii
latures of the ievtral ltates to forbid the erec
tion of houses, &c. formed of wood only in
towns or cities which contain 10,000 inhabi
tants or upwards. He proposes that all wood
en buildings now ereited in such places,
ihould be taken down, and compensation
Wade to the owners by the public —that all
houses /hould in future bebuilt with brick or
stone, covered with slate or tile, and the use
of shingles prohibited. He answers objec
tions by faying,that the general is paramount
individual interests ; that the majority in free
govtrnments, have aright to rtiakelaws pror
motive of general and permanent good —that
the loss would be temporary, and in a great
degree imaginary—and would be succeeded
I ailing advantages, talcing into considera
tion the superior durability of brick or stone
buildings to those made of wood, indepen
dent of the security and consequent tranquil
ity of the public mind, which would be con
sequent to the adoption of this plan.
Cbngrefs of the United, States.
IN SENA TE,
Saturday, May 3.
[concluded.}
Mr. Taylor from the committee to
whom was referred the petition of James
Mathers, doorkeeper to the Senate, for
further compensation, reported a resolu
tion on -the fubjedt—And on the petition
of George Taylor and others, clerks in
the several departments, reported from
the fame oommitree, that their petition
lie on the table, the fubjeft thereof be
ing under the consideration of the House
of Representatives ; and the reports were
severally agreed to. Whereupon
Resolved, That the said James Ma
thers, for extraordinary services as door
keeper to the Senate, be allowed the sum
of one hundred and twenty dollars, to be
paid by the Secretary of the Senate out of
the money appropriated by law, to defray
the contingent expences of the two Houses
of Congress.
1 ne pemtoir Dourncrtana 3
soldier of the militia of the ilate of Ken
tucky, wounded by the Indians in' the
year 1790, was presented and read
pray trig --the aid" of government, under
difafcility; thereby from labor.
Ordered, That this petition be referred
to the Secretary, for the department of war,
to consider and report thereon to the Se-
to<
natc.
On motion,
" That a committee be appointed to
consider the expediency, and it they think
proper, to. report a bill for authorizing
the,_Prcf\dent of the United States, to
provide timber of suitable qualities and di
mensions, and'in fufficient quantities, for
■-the framing and building twenty (hips of
forty-four guns, and to cause the fame, to
be cuied in a manner that may render it
the moil durable."
' Ordered, That this motion He for con
sideration until Monday next.
Mr. Fofttr from the committee, report
ed that they had this day laid before the
Pretident of the United States the enroll
ed bill,, entitled, "An aa to eftablilh the
poft-c*ffice and post-roads within the Unit
ed States."
The Senate adjourned until 11 o'clock
on M on dav morning.
Monday, May j.
The bill for the remission of the duties
on eleven hogsheads of coffee which have
been destroyed by fire, was read the third
time;
Resolved, That this bill pass, that it be
engrofied, and that the title thereof be
An ast for the remission of the duties on
eleven hogsheads of coffee which have been
deltroyed by fire."
Ordered, That the Secretary desire the
concurrence of the House of Reprefenta
tiYes in this bi'lf.
The bill, sent from the House of Re
preventatives for concurrence, entitled,
"An ad directing a detachment from
the milma of the United States," was
read the third time and being further a
mended—
Resolved, That this bill pass with amend
ments.
Ordered, That the Secretary desire the
concurrence of the House of Reprefenta
ttyes 10 the amendments to this bill.
The ir n .on ti-.e ;d
that a quanta) timber be provided fcr
building tweri ; ships, of torty-four guns
each, was confidtrcd.
Ordered, That it lie for further cons;-
deration.
Mr. Livermore, from the committee to
whom was referred the remonftrauee of
the legislature of New-Hampfiiire, res.
pe&ing a decree of Che circuit court of the
United States, in a cause there pending,
between David Stoddard Greenough and
others, libelants, and John Peuhaiiow and
others refpondeilts, reported
" That the state of New-Hampshire -
being a free, iovereigii and independent
Hate, long before the confederation of the ■ ■
United States, made a law for the pur- -
pose of privateering against the common
enemy, and to establish courts for the le
gal ti ial and condemnation of prizes. That •
in pursuance of said law the said brig Lu
fanna, mentioned in said remonftrance y
was captured, tried and condemned ac
cording to law, and distributed by order
of couit among the captors and owners of
the privateer. The committee further re
port that the said brig and her cargo were
insured in London againit all risque and
dangers of the sea, and all American pri
vateers ; and that aftet the capture an J
condemnation aforefaid, the owners of said
brig Lufannaand cargo were paid for the
loss, by the under writers. And further •
that the said state of New-Hampshire ne-
I ver gave an appellate jurifdi{tion in this
[ cause to*any foreign court or power what
| soever; and that all inttiference therein ■
by any other than the courts of New-
Hampihirc, is in the opinon of i his commit
tee a violation of thefreedom,
and independence of fr.id state—All which
is humbly submitted.'-'
Ordered, That this report lie on the ta
ble. : :
Mr. Monroe notified the Senate, that
he (hould to-morrow move for leave;, ta
bring in a bill, to suspend the execution
of the fourth article of the treaty bet ween,'-
the United States and Great Britain, ufu
til the United States (hall be allured of £
fatisfa&ory compliance -with the articles
stipulated in the said treaty, to be perform
ed on the part of Great Britain. , '
On motion,
It was agreed'that the rule be difpi-nfed
with at ffcis time, and that Mr. King have
* - —i —* «. L4ll, iV»i a it*
mitedtirne, the exportation of srmS and
ammunition, and encouraging the import,
ation of the fame; and the bill was read
the firft.time accordingly.
Ordered, That this bill pass tothefe
cond reading.
After the consideration of the txeaitivc
business ■
The Senate adjourned to i l -OYlbck to
morrow morning. .•• • •'
, Tuesday, May 6.
The bill prohibiting for a limited, time, r
the exportation of arm* and ammunition,
and encouraging the importation of the
fame, was read the second time.
Ordered, fhat this bill be referred to
Mr. Hawkins, Mr. King and Mr. Liver
more, to consider and report thereon to
the Senate.
A mefTage from the House of Repre
sentatives by Mr. Bickley their clerk :
"Mr. President—The House of Re
prefeutatives agree to amendments of
the Senate, to the bill, entitled, » An ast
directing a detachment from the militia of
the United States."
" They have parted a " Resolution to
authorize the President, to giant clear
ances in the cases of /hips or vefTels now
loaded, and bound to any port beyond
the Cape of Good Hope," 111 which they
desire the concurrence of the Senate."
And he withdrew.
The Senate proceeded to the confidera
tioß of the resolution last mentioned.
Resolved, That this resolution pa fa with
amendment.
Ordered, That the Secretary defirc the
concurrence of the House of Representa
tives in the amendment tQ this resolution.
Mr. Strong reported from the mapa
geis of the conference on the disagreeing
votes of the two houses on the bill, enti
tled, V An a<£t to encourage the rcctuiting
service" that the House of Ref>refenta
tives fhonld recede from their clifagree
ment to the amendments of the Senate,
and that the following feftion be iiflcrted
in the bill—
" And be it further er.aftfd, That
each non-commifiioned officer and soldier
now in the service of the United States
whose term of enlistment fliall not expire
before the firit day of January next) thai
fas: