Field Day Topics
(Continued from Page A 1)
fungi reproduce readily in wheat
planted no-till or with little culti
vation.
Many wheat varieties show
weak resistance to scab. The scab
mold appears as a light, furry, al
most powdery substance (like a
scab on human skin) on the grain
itself. On the wheat leaves, the
scab, or fusarium, shows up as
dark lesions.
Speakers at the wheat field day included, from left, John Rowehl, crops agent; Greg
Roth, Penn State associate professor; Del Voight, crops agent; and Eric DeWolf, Penn
State plant pathologist. Photos by Andy Andrews, editor
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The scab is of concern to grain
elevators because of the toxins
called mycotoxins that are pro
duced. The wheat mids are re
jected because of their ability to
generate the mycotoxins, also
called vomitoxins, which are dan
gerous to animals, according to
DeWolf.
DeWolf noted the pathogens,
already in the environment, show
up on com residue as tiny black
grains, or fruiting bodies, that
look like black pepper. The
grains generate spores that travel
throughout the wheat fields.
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Wheat fields that are in flowering
stage are the most vulnerable to
the spores. The fungus spreads
into the central stem and into the
grain.
For wheat growers, weather
conditions at flowering can spell
disaster if infected. If the temper
ature is 75 degrees or higher with
high humidity and wet condi
tions, “it will favor scab develop
ment,” DeWolf noted.
Winter wheat fields planted
too early, in September in many
cases, could readily become sus
ceptible. The key is to get wheat
planted in the fields later, when
colder conditions in later October
will prevent development of scab,
but not too late that the plants
won’t be able to grow and thrive
throughout the winter.
The scab fungus, according to
DeWolf, survives in pasture
grasses, ditches, fence rows it’s
“a fusarium of the grasses,” he
said.
Scab management includes
proper crop rotation (don’t plant
wheat after com), destroying
com residue (clean cultivation
may help), and staggering the va
riety types to provide an “escape
window, and spread out your
risk,” said DeWolf.
As for spraying a fungicide on
the wheat, later sprays are not
useful because it is hard to hit a
vertical head surface area, noted
DeWolf. The last time to spray a
fungicide would be at the five
leaf growth stage. There are also
other timing concerns and
growth stage label restrictions.
As for powdery mildew, variet
ies show good resistance. The
fluffy white mycelia growth on
the leaves are located on “broad,
flat surfaces,” so they are easy to
see and control. The mycelia look
like tiny icicles,
and the spores are
produced in
chains, like a string
of footballs. The
spores break off
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the mycelia and spread out to
other leaves and plants.
To find powdery mildew or
scab, a simple hand lens is all
that's needed. Look at the main
tillers of the plant to get an idea
about control. It’s good to have a
sharp pocketknife on hand to cut
into the stem to determine stages
for treatment.
Tours were also conducted at
the field day.
Also at the meeting, Greg
Roth, Penn State associate pro
fessor of agronomy, spoke about
several programs ongoing in
Pennsylvania and in Maryland
for providing analyses of added
values for grain crops.
Two programs stand out. One,
in Kent County, Maryland, in
cludes a $239,000 grant to study
soybeans and wheat for export
and local processing. Another, in
Queen Anne’s County, amounts
to $500,000 for similar studies.
Pennsylvania is working on a
hard wheat variety program to
provide better protein content.
Another program is looking to
use barley to provide more starch
and potential poultry feed. Both
would require good disease toler
ance.
Scab fruiting spores in corn residue
are what these crop consultants are
looking at under microscopes during the
Penn State-sponsored Wheat Scouting
and Pest Management Field Day in
Landisville.
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