Animal Environments and Health A RobertE. Graves. Professor of Agricultural Engineering organ.smsßkffi.ng wi!hT(JTofte sixth or greater concern Lawrence J. Hutchinson, Professor of Veterinary Science trat,on 1 °f. bact , ena P er has been associated with m- Penn State University creased clinical mastitis. Animal environments can and do affect many aspects of * ?eet and le f bealtb > s also environmentally affected. More farm animal health and productivity, but the effects on res- free staUberd owners than stanchion or tie stall owners re piratory health, udder health, and feet and leg health is par- P° rt * d tha * f ® at 311(1 le B P r . ob i!™ s were s ® no “ s ,n the,r herd ticularly great (McDaniel). Wet concrete is 83% more abrasive, on average, Respiratory health is dependent both on animal resist- than dr y c « nc f rel 1 e - In cattle tha * are confined on concrete ance factors and exposure to respiratory pathogens and irri- ™° st ’. or a ’ ° llbe time > w^ ar °f hoof may exceed growth, tants. Bacterial/particle counts of 1,000 to 700,000/cubic I hls IS especially true if the concrete is new and/or wet. meter have been recorded in confined swine housing; while Other environmental factors affecting feet and leg health outdoor air typically has a bacterial/particle count of are stab slze and design as web as mu(l an