Nutritive Value Of Drought
Soybeans As A Forage
UNIVERSITY park (Centre Co.)
Drought or immature soybean
plants can be satisfactorily as a
forage crop. Plants should be allowed
to mature as much as possible before
harvesting. Some pod or bean devel
opment enhances feeding value of
plants harvested either as hay or sil
age. Soybean forage is high in calcium
and should be avoided as the major
forage source for dry cows.
If the plants are going to be ensiled,
it is recommended to do so before the
plant moisture drops below 60 to 65
percent. As with any forage crop, it is
most critical to have adequate mois
ture levels in the crop at ensiling to
achieve a proper fermentation. This
may require chopping some and
checking dry matter content with a mi
crowave oven or Koster Tester.
If plants are high in moisture and
lack pod or bean development, and if
it is possible, add 100 to 200 pounds
of a ground grain per ton when direct-
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cutting rather than wilting to 60 to 65
percent moisture. The ground com or
other grains will add carbohydrates to
the crop to help with fermentation.
The cow will then use the energy from
the grains when the crop is fed.
The stems of soybean plants are not
very palatable and animals will sort
them out if given the opportunity. It is
best to feed soybean silage in a TMR
system. Silage may have to be chop
ped finer to minimize sorting of the
stems even if used in a TMR. If using
the Penn State Forage Panicle Separa
tor, recommended ranges should be no
more than 10-15 percent greater than
.75 inch and 30-40 percent in the .75
to .31 inch range.
Another possibility is to make soy
bean hay. If soybean hay is made, it is
best to use this hay in a total mixed ra
tion to help prevent sorting. Soybean
hay can be unpalatable under many
circumstances. This can be more diffi-
cult to work with as leaf shatter nw
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Foraging Around, Lancaster Farming, Saturday, September 11, 1999—Page 13
cause great losses of protein, calcium,
and energy during haymaking. It may
be difficult to dry down pods for hay if
beans are too well developed.
It is critical as with any forage to
analyze soybean silage or hay for their
nutrient content These can vary great
ly depending on the circumstances in
volved. The maturity of the soybean
plants at harvest will greatly effect
their nutritive content.
Fat content should be analyzed if
Table 1. Expected nutrient content of soybean forage
Stage of CP ADF NDF NE L Ca P Mg
maturity % % % Meal/lb. % % %
Average silage 17.3 40.0 48.2
Average hay 16.5 35.0
Midbloom 17.8 40.0
Seed developing 17.5 35.0
Seed dough stage 16.8 39.0
Note: CP=crude protein; ADF=acid detergent fiber, NDF=neutral detergent fib
er; energy of lactation; Ca=calcium; P=phosphorus; Mg=magnesium. All
values are on a dry matter basis.
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the crop bad any pods or beans present
at harvest If soybean forage contains
substantial amounts of developed
beans, you may have to reduce the
amount of other fats and oils in the ra
tion for lactating cows. In addition,
fiber level may vary greatly, and these
items will both have major impacts on
rumen utilization and milk fat produc
tion. The expected nutrient content of
soybean forage is listed in Table 1.
0.56 1.36 .47 .34
035 1.20 .47 .32
034 1.25 .49 .34
039 1.20 .47 .32
0.63 1.15 .45 .30
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