A36-Lancaster Farming, Saturday, February 6, 1999
Poultry * Pointers
(Continued from Page A 25)
mg of the eggs. Temperature for
proper development is 99 5
degrees F in an incubator that
has a small fan and 100 5
degrees F m a still-air incubator
The acceptable range for incu
bation is between 97 and 102
degrees F. Overheating is more
critical than underheating the
eggs in regard to successful
incubation Embryonic mortali
ty is seen if the temperature
drops below 96 or above 103
degrees F.
Care should be taken to pro
vide adequate humidity (60 per
cent RH). This is often measured
as a wet-bulb temperature that
is usually supplied by evapora
tion of water contained in the
incubator. Ventilation is critical
in allowing gas exchange (respi
ration) of the developing
embryo. However, if too much
fresh air is supplied, a consis
tent temperature and humidity
can not be maintained. If venti
lation is inadequate suffocation
of the embryos may occur.
Turning the eggs during incuba
tion is critical in preventing
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“sticking” of the embryo to the
internal egg membrane. Eggs
should be turned three to five
times per day during incubation
except during the last three
days prior to hatch
Embryonic development may
be followed by candling eggs.
Candling involves putting a
high intensity light source
behind the egg to see if any
embryonic growth can be detect
ed. Hatchery managers will nor
mally check eggs after 10 days of
incubation. By that time you
should only see the air cell illu
minated in a developing egg. If
the egg is infertile or has died at
an early embryonic age, the
whole egg will be illuminated.
Those eggs that were clear or
illuminated can be removed,
opened and stage of develop
ment determined pr confirmed
that the egg was infertile.
An infertile egg has a concen
trated white mass in the center
of the white disc (blastodisc) on
the surface of the yolk. A devel
oping fertile egg will have either
a concentric, uniform growth of
white tissues or if the embryo
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died quite early, you will see a
“donut” or opaque (clear) shaped
area in the center of the blas
todisc surrounded by white
developing tissue. The presence
of blood islands, blood vessels, or
a developing embryo with a visi
ble heart would indicate a three
day or older chick.
The first four days of incuba
tion can be a time of high embry
onic mortality (2 to 4 percent). It
is the period when all critical
and complex embryonic organ
systems develop and connected.
The incubation time of from five
to twelve days is a period of
growth of the embryo and the
embryonic organ systems and
minimal loss of embryos is nor
mally found (0.5 percent). The
last major stage of development
12 to 21 days) has the matura
tion of the digestive and respira
tory system as well as the com
pletion of growth. Late develop
ment is also a critical stage of
development and can have a
normal mortality in the range of
three to five percent.
Successful , hatching of birds
can be very rewarding and an
excellent way of training young
minds on basic biological sys
tems and the miracle of life.
v
i;i 101,;
WML
Lancaster
Farming
Check
Out
Our
Web
Site
www.lancasterfarming.com
Soil Nutrient Management
Workshop Feb. 9
POTTSVILLE (Schuylkdl
Co ) A Soil Nutrient
Management Workshop will be
presented by Penn State
Extension including three
Tuesday evening sessions,
scheduled Feb. 9, and Feb. 23,
from 7pm to 9 p.m, at the
Schuylkill County Ag Center.
The program is designed to
be a practical clinic to prepare
for planting your 1999 field
crops. The discussions will cover
taking and interpreting soil
tests, determining crop nutrient
Career in Ag Night, Feb. 20
YORK (York Co.) On Feb.
20, Penn State Cooperative
Extension will sponsor a
“Careers in Agriculture Night”
at the York County 4-H Center.
The event will be open to all
York County youth who are
interested in exploring careers
in the field of agriculture.
According to Pennsylvania
Secretary of Agriculture,
Samuel Hayes Jr., there are
more careers available now than
ever before m agriculture.
The career exploration will
run from 6:30 p m. to 8:30 p.m.
Light snacks will be served
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needs, and deciding on which
fertilizer products to use for
optimum crop yields and prof
itability. Ample time will be
allowed for questions and
answers.
There is no registration fee
but advanced registration is
required so that adequate edu
cational materials will be avail
able To register for more infor
mation, contact J. Allen Shoener
at the Penn State/Schuylkill
County Extension Office, 1202
Ag Center Drive, Pottsville, PA
17901, (570) 622-4225.
Career representatives will
meet with young people in an
informal, one-on-one situation.
Representatives will be on hand
to answer questions concerning
financial aid.
Other careers in agriculture
that will be represented include
service organizations, produc
tion managers, food industry,
livestock production, agrichemi
cal companies and specialty
industries, to mention a few.
If you would like more infor
mation or need directions to the
4-H center, call Penn State
Extension at (717) 840-7408.