School of Veterinary Medicine
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT:
COMPLETING THE CYCLE
WITH CROPPING AND
MANURE HANDLING
STRATEGIES
Kelli L. Monahan, Nutrient
Management Summer Fellow
Dr. Thomas Parsons, Assistant
Professor of Swine
Production Medicine
Center For Animal Health
And Productivity
New Bolton Center
School Of Veterinary Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
Efficient nutrient management
requires swine producers to evalu
ate every aspect of their farm,
including animal nutrition, crop
ping and manure handling. By co
ordinating these phases of the pro
duction system, nutrients can be
NATIONAL LIVESTOCK
SHOW CODE
OF CONDUCT
(PART 4 OF 5)
OVERSIGHT
Never ruin an apology with an excuse.
Editor’s Note: Part four in this series describes the proce
dures and guidelines for oversight of the proposed National
Livestock Show Code of Conduct in local events and responsi
bilities and composition of the oversight committee. As the
steering committee for the Pennsylvania Code of Ethics Prog
ram for Animal Exhibitions plans to implement a uniform set
of guidelines for events specifically in Pennsylvania, it is
important for participants to understand some of the local,
regional, and especially national guidelines that will influence
the final guidelines for Pennsylvania. The original, unedited
initial document will be provided in this series of articles.
Responsible comment is invited and welcome.
Adapted from the Introduction for the National Livestock
Show Ring Code of Ethics (Conduct) Entry Forms:
May it be known to all participants, parents, instructors, agents,
contributors, judges, officials, associations, affiliate organiza
tions and other interested parties, that, by wholehearted agree
ment and unanimous consent, the Livestock Shows represented
by their endorsement of this document do hereby bond together in
unconditional support of the attached document entitled:
“National Livestock Show Code of Conduct” Participation in
this agreement is available to any Livestock Show who has signed
this document and meets the following requirements:
The Livestock Show must provide a copy of “National Lives
tock Code of Conduct” either published with the show criteria or
as an official supplement to the information listing rules and reg
ulations listing the competition available for entry. This will be
the official notification to exhibitors of the shows’ intent to parti
cipate in this agreement.
By making entry in this livestock show or event, you are verify
ing you have read “The National Livestock Show Code of Con
duct” and understand the consequences of and penalties involved
for illegal, unethical, inhumane, and unfair practices of competi
tion. You also verify that you may be prohibited from future parti
cipation in organized fairs and livestock shows in the United
States, and could face possible criminal prosecution and/or civil
penalties if implicated in any of the aforementioned acts.
Jgoltoo
utilized and recycled more effi
ciently.
Recently we discussed the
theory behind nutrient manage
ment and began looking at se
lected best management practices
for increasing nutrient utilization
and recycling in the nutrition and
animal feeding phase of the nutri
ent cycle. This third part of the
series on nutrient management
will focus on cropping strategies
and best management practices for
manure handling in order to com
plete the nutrient cycle.
The aim of cropping phase of
the cycle, similar to the objective
for nutrition and animal feeding, is
to meet the nutrient requirements
of the plants for optimum yields
with as little excess nutrients as
Kimberly Johnson
possible.
Two strategies can be employed
to accomplish this task. You can
match the available nutrients in
the manure and fertilizer to the de
sired crop or match the crops to
the nutrients available in the man
ure. For either of these strategies,
you need to know the nutrient re
quirements of the particular crop
and the available nutrients in the
soil and the manure.
Soil and manure testing are an
essential step in accurately deter
mining your available nutrients.
Soil tests are valuable tools for in
dicating which field needs nutri
ents are present in your manure.
Although book values for the nu
trients concentrations in swine
manure arc available, these nutri-
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ent values are dependent on gene
tics, diet, and weather conditions
and vary widely among different
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Once you know your available
nutrients through the manure and
soil testing, calibrating your man
ure spreader will enable you to ap
ply the manure at a rate which
meets the crops’ needs and avoids
over application of nutrients.
Our preliminary research
demonstrates that nearly three
fourths of the Pennsylvania swine
producers questioned neither test
manure or calibrate their spread
ers. Overapplication of nutrients
does not benefit the crops and can
potentially cause surface and
ground water contamination and
hence nutrient loss to the environ-
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To further prevent the loss of
nutrients to the environment, con
servation methods which mini
mize soil and nutrient runoff
should be included in your crop,
ping practices. The use of grass
field borders, grass waterways,
contour planting, reduced tillage,
conservation tillage, terraces, and
filter strips reduce the movement
of phosphorus or potassium into
surface water. Phosphorus and po
tassium are tightly bound to the
soil and move when the soil is
eroded.
Your manure handling strate
gies are the final step that we are
going to discuss in coordinating
your operation with the nutrient
cycle. Not only does manure have
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