02-LancMter Firming, Saturday, October 5, 1996
WHAT DO
BONES AND
EGGSHELLS HAVE
IN COMMON?
Roland M. Leach, Jr.
Professor
Dept, of
Poultry Science
Penn State
♦
1. Calcium
2. Phosphorus
3. Amount of organic matrix
4. Osteoponlin
The answer to this quiz is cal
cium and osteopontin. The mineral
in bone is calcium phosphate,
while the mineral in eggshells is
calcium carbonate.
The feature which distinguishes
the calcium phosphate in bone
from the calcium phosphate found
in mineral deposits is the organic
matrix of bone.
The same is true when compar-
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ing limestone with eggshell. How
ever, there is a big difference in
quantity of organic matrix: it is SO
percent of bone while only four
percent of the eggshell. Although
four percent may sound like a tri
vial quantity, the organic matrix of
eggshell organizes the calcium
carbonate crystals in a structure
quite different from that observed
in limestone.
The major component of the
organic matrix of bone is a protein __
called collagen. Gelatin, a food'
product, is boiled collagen. How
ever, in bone, collagen is in the
form of fibers which have a char
acteristic structure when examined
under the microscope.
In recent years, a major thrust in
bone biology research has been the
discovery of minor constituents of
the organic matrix of bone. These
proteins (of the minor constituents
group) have been given neat names
such as osteonectin, osteocalcin.
and ostcopontin. These are consid
ered important regulators of bone
metabolism.
For example, ostcopontin may
attract osteoclasts (bone
destroying cells) like honey
attracts bees. Thus, when osteo
pontin is exposed on the surface of
bone, it acts as a docking site for
the osteoclast to start digesting
bone.
It turns out that ostcopontin is
another likeness between bones
and eggshells. Recent research in
Israel has shown that it is a major
component of the organic matrix
of eggshell. Furthermore, cells in
the shell-forming region of the ovi
duct make and secrete this protein
only when an egg is present in the
oviduct
In addition to shell strength,
osteopontin may be playing an
important role in embryonic deve
lopment. Here is how! As you
might suspect, calcium is essential
for embryonic development Dur
ing the first 10 days of the 21-day
incubation period, the embryo
obtains its calcium from the egg
yolk. However, as the bones start
to calcify, the yolk is unable to
supply this increased demand, so
the embryo starts to obtain calcium
from the eggshell.
Osteoclast-like cells associated
with the chorioallantoic membrane
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Peach, Nectarine Producers
Vote To Increase Assessment
HARRISBURG (Dauphin Co.)
Agriculture Secretary Charles
C. Brosius has announced the
results of a referendum to increase
the assessment rate for producers
of peaches and nectarines in
Pennsylvania.
“The Pennsylvania Peach and
Nectarine Research Program pro
vides funding for research on new
varieties, and on pests that affect
fruit production,” Brosius said.
“I’m pleased that our producers
have voted to increase their level
dissolve the inner layers of the
eggshell, releasing calcium and
making it available to sustain
embryonic bone mineralization.
We would predict that osteopontin
in the shell matrix is the compound
attracting the shell-dissolving
cells.
Although bone and eggshells
differ in many ways, they share
two features: calcium and osteo
pontin. The calcium serves as a
source of blood calcium which is
essential for life, while osteopon
tin serves as the attractant for the
cells which make the calcium
available for maintaining serum
calcium.
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DISTRICT MANAGERS:
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of support for this important
program.”
Persons who produce, grow, or
cause to be produced or grown
500 or more peach and/or nectar
ine trees were eligible to vote for
the amendment. The positive vote
means an increase in the rate of
assessment from $3 per acre to $5
per acre for each affected
producer.
Of the S 3 eligible ballots that
were cast, 38 (71.7 percent) were
marked “in favor” and 15 (28.3
percent) “against” the amend
ment Producers voting in favor of
the amendment represented
2,069.9 acres or 78.8 percent of
the total acreage of the producers
voting, and producers voting
against the amendment repre
sented SSB.S acres of 21.2 percent
of the total acreage of producers
voting. Three spoiled and ineligi
ble ballots were received.
Because a majority of the votes
by number and by volume were
cast in favor of the amendment of
the program, the Pennsylvania
Peach and Nectarine Research
Program has been amended to
reflect the $S per acre assessment
beginning with the current mark
eting season.
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