RESEARCH
UPDATE
(Contlnirad from Pago 20)
tually eliminate agricultural
non-point pollution by surface
runoff from cropland.
• Add organic matter. Cover
crops as well as manure or crop
residue add organic matter to
the soil. Increased organic mat
ter improves soil tilth and pro
ductivity. At one time the prair
ie soils contained about 12 per
cent organic matter. After 100
years of crop production, the
average organic matter content
is now less than 6 percent. This
is still high compared to most of
our soils, so any increase in
organic matter is going to be of
even greater benefit to us.
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• Improve soil structure and
tilth. Organic matter may act as
a cement to glue soil together as
aggregates. Also, the break
down of plant residues by soil
microbes produce gums that
glue larger aggregates together
into peds. This results in greater
soil permeability, aeration, and
ease of crop emergence and
root growth which is improved
tilth. A soil of good tilth is easy
to till and produce a seedbed or
plant with a no-till planter if
you’re planting no-till.
• Fix atmospheric nitrogen.
Any legume has the ability to
fix nitrogen from the atmo
sphere. lie nitrogen is incor
Financing subject to John Deere Credit approval
porated into the plant as protein
and legumes are inherently
high in protein. Stem, leaf, and
root residues left in the field
from legumes are higher in nit
rogen content than winter rye or
grasses and the breakdown of
legume plant residues com
monly releases some of this nit
rogen back into the soil for use
by the next and succeeding
crops. Com or small grains that
require external sources of nit
rogen benefit from nitrogen
released by a previous legume
crop or cover crop.
• Recycle unused soil nutri
ents. Unused soil nitrogen left
over at the end of the growing
season will tend to leach out
during the fall, winter, and
spring and may end up in the
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Corn Talk, Lancaster Farming, Saturday, February 10,1996—Page
groundwater. Cover crops,
whether legume or grass, will
use some of this nitrogen if they
can grow after uptake by the
primary crop slows or stops.
These cover crops need to be
adapted to relatively cool fall or
spring conditions to be effec
tive in removing unused nitro
gen from the soil. Some of this
nitrogen is ultimately recycled
for use by future crops as the
cover crop residues are broken
down by soil microbes. -
• Increase soil productivity.
All of the above improve the
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soil productivity. If we are
going to be able tafeed an ever
increasing population, produc
tivity is going to have to
increase, not decrease. It is
going to become necessary in
the future to farm marginal
soils whose productivity is
already low. It is these soils that
will benefit most from cover
crops but cover crop use on bet
ter soils will also reverse the
downward trend in productivity
as a result of organic matter,
nutrient, and soil loss.
• Weed control.
The presence of wint
er annual or living
mulches will help
control escape weeds
and may prevent or
slow down the inva
sion of new weeds
that might otherwise
become a problem.
Cover crops provide
competition against
weeds just as crops
do. The cover crops
must be managed so
they don’t compete
with the primary crop
however. Competi
tion from the cover
crop is generally not a
problem the year of
establishment if the
cover crop and main
crop are planted at the
same time. There is
generally no competi
tion against weeds
either, so weeds must
be controlled with
herbicides. In suc
ceeding years, after
the cover crop is well
established, it must be
rendered non
competitive by severe
suppression until the
primary crop is well
established (about the
first six weeks) and as
a result weeds emerg
ing during this period
are not controlled
either. Herbicides are
presently being used
for both cover crop
suppression and weed
control during the
first six weeds after
crop planting.
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Birdsfoot Trefoil
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Fields
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• Establishment in
com. Crownvetch and
birdsfoot trefoil see
dling survival is prob
ably better in com
than any other crop
because com doesn’t
produce as dense a
shade as soybeans or
small grains. The her
bicide choice is, how
ever, rather limited.
At the moment, the
safest and probably
the best method of
establishment is to
use Pursuit with imi
dazolinone resistant
(IR) com hybrids.
$1,499
$5,795
$6,795
$5,895
$3,495
$3,495
$1,595
(Turn to Pago 22)
201
Crownvetch/