D6«Lancaster Finning, Saturday, Juna 11, 1994
Keep The Construction Book, Use It To Prevent
DAN C. MCFARLAND
Ag. Engineering Agent
Penn State Extension
YORK (York Co.) As the
snow fell this past Winter so did a
number of buildings, both old and
new.
Exceeding the “design snow
load” may have caused some to
collapse, but many more failures
occurred as a result of inadequate
bracing, poor connections, and
deteriorated building members.
Engineered buildings are
designed to withstand “reason
able” forces caused by the wind
and snow. The estimated ground
snow load is based on a storm with
a 50-ycar recurrence interval.
In Pennsylvania, ground snow
load estimates range from 25 to 35
pounds per square foot (psf). How
ever, due to local topography and
conditions these estimates may be
exceeded.
Reports indicate that the snow
loads in some areas exceeded 35
psf this year. Some roofs failed,
but many more survived! Other
roof systems failed with snow
loads less than 25 psf.
Drifting and sliding snow and
ice can shift on-the roof creating an
unbalanced loading situation.
Drifting snow on the leeward
side (away from the wind) of the
roof is common during the winter.
A buildup of ice and snow will also
occur where the profile of the roof
Lancaster Farming
1 E. Main St.
Ephrala, Pa. 17522
717-394-3047
or Utllz
717-026-1104
FAX 717-733-0050
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The following categories
are available for your
classified advertising.
In Section D. Deadllne-
Thursday morning at 9 of
each weak's publication
1- Equipment
2- Eq. Wanted
The following categories
are available in your
calsslfied advertising. In
Section C. Deadline-
Wednesday afternoon at 5
of each week's publication.
la-Construction Equipment
3- and Unloaders
4- and Supplies
5- Equipment
6- Equipment
7- Equipment
8-
9- & Mules
10- & Goats
11-
12- Breeding
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19-
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21- Offered
22- Work
23- Wanted
24- Wanted
25- Opportunities!
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33- Vehicles
34-
35- & Trailers
36- Estate
pitch becomes shallower toward
the outside edge. This is common
with lean-tos built off of existing
buildings.
Established building guidelines
are useful in determining building
member sizes and connection
requirements.
Another problem associated
with additional built off of existing
buildings is when the addition roof
is lower than the eave of the roof of
the existing structure. Now the
lower roof has to be able to support
the weight of the snow coming off
half of the existing roof and absorb
the impact of the sliding snow
when it falls from the upper roof.
To accommodate this extra load
ing larger building members and
stronger connections are required.
Bracing the roof system proper
ly allows the building components
to work together to resist the forces
placed on the structure by snow
and wind.
Trusses must remain in a
straight and in a vertical plane to
function properly. Trusses which
are not plumb or bend too far out of
the vertical plane are destined to
fail.
Proper lateral, diagonal, and
web bracing is essential. Design
and construction guidelines on
bracing should be followed to
insure the truss roof system works
as a unit.
A roof system is only as good as
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LANCASTER FARMING
P.O. Box 609, Ephrata, PA 17522
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SECTION C - WEDNESDAY AT 5:00 P.M.
SECTION D • THURSDAY AT 9:00 A.M.
OF EACH WEEK'S PUBLICATION
the connections that hold it up.
In a building, the loading is
transferred from the roof cover to
the purlins, to the trusses (or raf
ters), to the header, to the wall sup
port (or post), then to the ground
via a' footer. In its path from roof to
ground the load passes through
several connections.
If a connection cannot withstand
the forces it fails. Simply adding
more nails may not be the answer,
in fact it could weaken the connec
tion by damaging the building
member. Bolts are often required
in post frame construction to sup-
Lackawanna
HARRISBURG (Dauphin Co.)
The Pennsylvania Agricultural
Land Preservation Board
approved easement purchases for
six farms in four counties, includ
ing the first in Lackawanna
County.
As a result of the board’s
action, 605 acres of prime farm
land are protected from develop
ment in Columbia, Erie, York, and
Lackawanna counties.
“We’re very pleased to have
Lackawanna County as a part of
the Farmland Protection Prog
ram,” said state Agriculture Sec
retary and Board Chairman Boyd
E. Wolff. “There are some good
farms in that county that are being
threatened by development”
PLEASE WRITE CLEARLY
State
Phone (.
word ad times
issue. Classify under
DEADLINES:
7 38 39
(Phone Numbers Count As One Word*
PLEASE CALL OUR CLASSIFIED AD
DEPT. IF YOU WANT TO ADVERTISE
A DISPLAY BOX IN OUR PAPER.
port the roof system.
Again, design and construction
guidelines should be followed.
Reports of some structure failures
due to the “winter of ‘94” found
the complete roof system intact,
but on the ground, as a result of
poor support connections.
Deterioration of building mem
bers, of course, weakens the struc
ture. Deterioration is caused by
insects, water damage, or inferior
wood. Poorly ventilated areas,
especially in livestock housing,
can cause a building to rot from the
inside out.
To Join Farmland Program
Under the Farmland Protection
Program, which began in 1989,
the state and counties purchase
development rights to guarantee
that current farms will remain as
agricultural land. Individual land
owners apply to county agricultur
al land preservation boards.
If approved for possible ease
ment purchase, the county boards
may request state funding partici
pation. Counties may participate
jointly with the state in easement
purchases or may purchase ease
ments outright themselves.
Following are the properties
approved, listed by county, owner*
township, acreage and easement
purchase cost;
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING RATES
380 per word per week - 1 or 2 times
320 per word per week - 3 or more times
11 word minimum
1 Time 2 Times
4.18 8.36
4.56 9.12
4.94 9.88
5.32 10.64
5.70 11.40
6.08 12.16
6.46 12.92
6.84 13.68
7.22 14.44
7.60 15.20
Words
up to 11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Collapse
The winter of ‘94 has caused a
number of people, builders
included, to reconsider design
snow loads. However, keep m
mind that the design and construc
tion guidelines are adequate, but
must be followed. Following these
guidelines may cost more initially,
but can save money, properly, and
possibly life.
A number of buildings fell vic
tim to the storms of this past wint
er. However, a great many more
remain standing. It is not the time
to throw the design book away,
just time to follow it.
• Columbia Gene C. Miller,
Locust Township, 103 acres,
$96,274.
• Erie Lee E. and Mary E,
Payne, Elk Creek Township, 92
acres. $83,095.
• Erie Kenneth N. and Shir
ley J. Rogers, Elk Creek Town
ship, 45 acres, $40,662.
• Erie Jackson J., Margaret
A., Douglas H., and Catherine J.
Yost, Venango Township, 161
acres, $112,788.
• Lackawanna Floyd and
Rita Thomas, Madison Township,
31 acres, $49,628.
• York Willard and Ina Kil
gore, Lower Chanceford Town
ship, 173 acres, $172,048.
■ ■
3 Times
10.56
11.52
12.48
13.44
14.40
15.36
16.32
17.28
18.24
19.20
20-