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AN EGG A DAY?
Roland M. Leach
Professor of
Poultry Science
Beginning with the first epide
miological study suggesting a link
between serum cholesterol and
heart disease, the per capita con
sumption of eggs has been on a
downhill slide. The implications
for the poultry industry are
obvious.
The issue of the relationship
between cholesterol and heart dis
ease is a very controversial and
emotional issue. There are really
two issues: (1) what is the relation
ship between diet and serum
cholesterol? (2) What is the rela
tionship between serum cholester
ol and heart disease?
Frankly, it is possible to find a
research report or clinical study to
support any stance that one wants
to take on these issues. However,
the fact of life is that many national
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health organizations are recom
mending that the American public
reduce cholesterol consumption.
The poultry industry has gone
through several strategies in deal
ing with this issue. Originally there
was a lot of denial and criticism of
the epidemiological and research
data. This was perceived by many
as a protection of self-interests
rather than an objective approach
to the situation. A second approach
has been to emphasize the impor
tant positive nutritional attributes
of eggs facts that are still valid
today.
When it became clear that the
recommendations for reduced
cholesterol consumption were here
to stay, other approaches had to be
utilized. The marketing of egg pro
ducts with reduced amounts of
cholesterol has been one approach.
Several of these are in use today.
Another approach was to try to
alter the amount of cholesterol that
a hen deposits in an egg. In gener
al, this has been unsuccessful. The
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cholesterol content of the egg is
basically resistant to change.
There is a likely explanation for
this observation. Cholesterol is an
important constituent of body
tissues and is a precursor for ster
oid hormones and vitamin D. The
chicken does not develop the abili
ty to synthesize cholesterol until
10-14 days of age. Thus, the
cholesterol in the egg is needed by
the developing embryo since it
lacks the ability to synthesize
cholesterol. Removal of cholester
ol from the egg may interfere with
perpetuation of the species.
The latest approach has been the
marketing of “modified eggs." We
have recently received a number of
inquiries about these eggs. I have
tried to gather as much information
as possible so that I can provide
answers to some of the questions
that have arisen. The “modified
eggs” are obtained from hens fed a
propriety feed. The eggs have a
higher vitamin E and iodine con
tent and some modest changes in
fat composition. The “modified
eggs,” which contain the normal
amount of cholesterol (213 milli
grams), were used in a clinical trial
by the Medical College of Pen
nsylvania. In this trial, 100 volun
teers who had high amounts of scr
um cholesterol (238
milligrams/100 milliliters of scr
um) agreed to change to a diet
recommended by the National
Cholesterol Education Program
(NEP). One half of the volunteers
received the NCEP diet while one
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half the volunteers consumed the
NCEP diet plus 12 “modified
eggs” per week.
Both groups experienced a 7
percent decline in serum cholester
ol during the 3-week lest period.
This led to (heconclusion thatmdi
viduals could consume 12 “modi
fied eggs” per week without rais
ing their serum cholesterol.
Nutrient Management
Protects Water Supply
LEESPORT (Berks Co.)
Nutrient management on the farm
has become necessary to protect
our water supply. The main nutri
ent to be concerned about is nitro
gen, which is found in manure.
Too much nitrogen can affect
the health of children and also the
health of farm animals. Too many
nutrients in our waterways will
cause problems with plant and
aquatic life which exists there.
Benefits from a nutrient man
agement plan (NMP) include re
ducing nutrient pollution to sur
face and ground water, and better
crop utilization.
Farmers can protect the en
vironment by applying manure
and other fertilizers in quantities
necessary to grow crops. Other
factors to take into consideration
arc lime of application, incorpora
tion, and erosion control. These
arc ways of getting nutrients there,
in such a manner that they stay
where applied. Erosion is contrail-
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However, there was a serious
flaw in this experiment There
should have been a third group
consuming regular eggs. This
would have established whether or
not the “modified eggs” had any
special value with respect to serum
cholesterol.
Unfortunately, the question
remains to be answered.
cd by waterways, terraces, diver
sions, conlourstrips, cover crops,
buffer strips along creeks, and re
sidue management.
Another important factor of a
successful nutrient management
plan would be enough land to re
ceive manure for the number of
animals on a given farm. Pending
legislation in Harrisburg would re
quire farmers with more than two
animal equivalent units (AEU) per
acre of crop land to have a nutrient
management plan. It is also advis
able for farmers with less AEU.
Help on working up a nutrient
management plan that would save
farmers money by utilizing nutri
ents from animal manure generat
ed on the farm, can be received by
calling your conservation district.
For Tulpehocken and Manalawny
Watershed farmers in Berks
County, and Tulpehocken Water
shed farmers in Lebanon County,
contact Gerald Batz at the Berks
County Conservation District at
(215) 373-4657.
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