Poultry
Pointers
(Continued from Pago D 4)
life cycle is temperature depen
dent, requiring 10 days at 85
degreesF,2l days at 70 degrees F,
and 45 days at 60 degrees F.
Adult flies live an average of 3
to 4 weeks, but can live twice this
long. They are most active during
the day at temperatures of 80 to 90
degrees F and become inactive at
night and at temperatures below 45
degrees F.
Resting adults can be seen on
the ceiling, walls, posts, and other
surfaces inside a poultry house
and, outside a house, beneath roof
overhangs, on walls, fences, and
vegetation. Preferred resting
places can be detected by the accu
mulation of “fly specks,” light col
ored spots formed from regurgi
tated fluid and darker fecal spots.
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Little House Fly
Faitnia Canicularis (L.)
High populations of the little
house fly may occur on poultry
hums and become the predomin
ant fly pest in some areas.
The little house fly resembles
the house fly, but is smaller (about
3/16 inch) and has three brown
stripes on the thorax. This fly is
normally associated with litter
type floor housing and open win
dow ventilation.
Like the house fly, the little
house fly may invade homes in
nearby residential areas, but tends
to be slightly less annoying since it
does not settle as readily on food or
people. Both sexes can be found
resting on weeds, branches, or
sides of buildings. Adult males
show a distinctive aimless hover
ing or circling flight behavior of
long duration within the poultry
house or in outside shaded areas.
Females flics are less active and
mote often found near breeding
sites.
Since this fly is less tolerant of
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hot, midsummer temperatures than
the house fly, it often emerges in
large numbers in early spring,
declines in midsummer, and may
peak again in late fall.
The little house fly life cycle is
similar to that of the house fly.
Eggs are deposited on decaying
organic material, especially excre
ment from poultry, cattle, and
humans. Larvae hatch from the
eggs in 36 to 48 hours. Unlike the
hoide fly, the larvae are brown,
flattened, spiny organisms. Larvae
requires days or more for develop
ment, depending upon temperature
and manure conditions. Pupae
resemble the larvae in appearance
and last about 8 days. The egg-to
adult life cycle typically ranges
from 18.5 to 22 days, but may be
longer depending upon tempera
ture. In the laboratory, more than
one half the adults live 14 days or
more. All stages except the egg
have been recovered during the
winter on Massachusetts poultry
farms, although mature larvae pre
dominated. Small numbers of
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adults overwinter in cracks and
crevices.
Black Garbage Fly
Ophym Aenescens
(Wiedemann)
Black garbage flies, found in
large numbers around poultry
facilities, are shiny bronze-black
and a little smaller than house flies.
The life cycle is similar to that of
the house fly and ranges in dura
tion from 14 to 45 days. Black gar
bage fly larvae closely resembling
house fly larvae hatch from the egg
in 12 to 16 hours. Larvae develop
in a minimum of 5 days and may
prey on other fly larvae.
The pupal stage requires at least
4 days. Adults live an average of
14 to 20 days. Although no over
wintering stage is capable of with
standing freezing temperatures, all
stages are found throughout the
year under suitable conditions.
Unlike the house fly and little
house fly, black garbage flies tend
to stay on their food source at night
rather than rest on the ceiling or
outdoor vegetation. Female flies
seem to have limited flight activi
ty, yet they have been reported up
to 4.4 miles from their breeding
areas.
While black garbage fly larvae
have been known to exterminate
house fly populations, they cannot
be considered beneficial because
of their large numbers on the farm
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Lancaster Fanning, Saturday, October 17,1992-05
and their ability to disperse as
adults into nearby communities.
Two other species of black gar
bage flies, 0. Leucostoma, a wide
ly distributed species, and 0.
Capensis, may be found on Pen
nsylvania poultry farms. All
reports familiar to the author have
been O. Aenescens.
Small dung flies are very small,
blackish or brownish flies that
breed in manure and other decay
ing materials. These flies often
occur in large numbers in poultry
manure, but do not appear to pose a
nuisance on the farm or to nearby
communities.
Sphaerocerids are among the
first arrivals at new manure. Adult
sphaerocerids forage over a broad
range of manure moisture content,
but predominate at the peak of the
manure cone where moisture con
tent is higher. Larval development
occurs where moisture exceeds SO
percent
Control efforts are discouraged
because sphaerocerids are not
pests and they may be utilized as
an alternative food source by bene
ficial hister beetles.
The next article in this series
will be on the different types of
control. In the meantime, remem
ber that good fly control is depen
dent on good manure
management.
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Small Dung Fly
Sphaerocerids