PSU
UNIVERSITY PARK (Centre
Co.) Gray mold is the major
factor keeping inexpensive, long
lasting black and red raspberries
out of supermarket produce areas,
according to a Penn Stole
researcher.
"Raspberries are extremely per
ishable," said Dr. Barbara L. Gou
iart, assistant professor of
horticulture.
"They have loosely connected
drupelets, a very high rate of post
harvest respiration and when
picked, removal of the green
receptacle leaves a cavity that is
perfect for mold growth and makes
the berries very crushable.”
"Raspberry production for fresh
market consumption is severely
limited by the rapid deterioration
of the fruit," Goulart told attendees
at the annual meeting of the
American Society of Horticulture
Science, on Penn State's campus in
University Park.
"The most common cause of
post harvest decline is gray mold
fruit rot, caused by Botrytis cincre
a. Even if the mold is controlled.
Blair Co. DHIA
BREED CODES:
Ayrshire
Guernsey
Holstein
Jersey
5 Brown Swiss
8 More Than One Breed
G Grade
B Grade and Registered
May 1991
Rolling Herd Averages
% Cow Milk Fat
Days Lbs. Lba.
In Milk
Thomas W. Kelly 81.1 88.1 23,542
MUw> tod Hoover 104.9 89.5 22,765
Dennis A. Smith 76.4 86,6 23,798
Clover Will Farms 135.5 88.8 22,632
Over Lane Farms 104.2 89.1 22,008
Smith Hollow Farms 121.1 88.3 22,065
Hilecrest Farm 246.5 88.6 21,291
Steven E. Pheasant 49.9 97.1 21,078
Marcove Farm 76.9 88.0 21,781
Martin Slayduhar 53.3 87.5 22,123
Sparkling Springs Farm 261.8 88.1 21,686
PA Fair Valley Farm 79.6 88.7 20,783
William-Susan Baker 100.8 88.4 21,281
Emile Dilling 122.4 87.7 21,546
Lar Ann Farm 154.1 87.2 21,056
Kenneth + Debra Bush 49.3 85.9 20,913
Fred + Gary Bechtel 95.0 87.9 20,548
David Nancy Bishop 53.4 69.2 21,591
Frederick Farms 101.6 85.3 20,607
Got Da Farm 83.4 90.1 20,491
Lactation Report
No.
Owner Cows
Over Lane Farms
396
GH 4/3 22,745
DC
O
5
CD
DC
<7)
o
Battles Gray
after a week the fruit discolors and
is unsalable," Goulart said.
"There are commercial fungi
cides available to deal with gray
mold, but we are losing fungicides
continuously either because manu
facturers find it unprofitable to
keep the fruit listed on the labels or
the fungus becomes resistant to the
chemicals."
The U.S. Environmental Protec
tion Agency, which regulates fun
gicides for use on consumable
crops, requires that manufacturers
list on their labels the crops for
which the chemicals have been
approved. If a fruit or vegetable is
not listed, the chemical cannot be
used on a commercial crop.
Goulart and a team of research
ers have been working on a poten
tial fungicide, Pyrrolnitrin, which
is derived from a bacteria and is
currently used in Japan to treat
human fungal infections of the
skin.
"We are interested because it is
probably a relatively safe chemi
cal," said GoularL "Initial tests,
dipping strawberries after harvest.
Monthly
Report
Smith Hollow Farms
564 RH
Clover Will Farms
153 RH
Pleasant View Farm 3
529 GH
Ml-Ber Farms
Jackie
Marcove Farm
Janet
Isabel
Jani
Emile Dilling
498
510
Dennis A. Smith
110 RH
145 RH
184 RH
Fred.+ Gary Bechtel
Reba GH
William-Susan Baker
728 GH
762 GH
873 GH
Biackcrest Farms
Nanette
Got Da Farm
Protein
Lbs.
42 GH
Bradley + James Baker
719 GH
Pleasant View Farms 1
335 RH
Lar Ann Farm
Cupid RH
Thomas W. Kelly
Charm
Msleto
Willa
No-El Farm
Pepsi
Bemie
Rock City Farm
Space RH
Cross Country Farms
256 GH
943
Mold
also showed excellent fungal
control."
The researchers who include
Goulart; Philip Hammer, graduate
student in horticulture; and Dr.
Kathleen Even sen, associate pro
fessor of post harvest physiology,
from Penn State; and Wojciech
Janisicwicz and Fumiomi Takeda,
Appalachian Fruit Research Sta
tion, U.S. Department of Agricul
ture, Kearneysville,
W. V. tested both red and black
raspberries in field tests using
pynolnitrin.
Bernes were treated in the field
with either commercially available
fungicides, sterile water or pytrol
nitrin; picked one, four or six days
after treatment, and stored at 32 or
64 degrees Fahrenheit
Some of the berries were also
stored in a high carbon dioxide
environment to determine if car
bon dioxide could prevent the
growth of gray mold.
"Unfortunately, the effects for
the pynolnitrin have been interme
diate between no treatment at all
and the standard commercial fun-
25,702
27,702
18,190
25,592
RH
RH
RH
6/3
3/7
3/4
25,275
20,984
24,443
21,864
25,164
24,010
28,220
20,478
3/9
2/9
1/11
21,661
23,890
21,548
23,309
3/3
3/0
2/0
27,645
27,258
21,527
23,050
23,529
7/0
6/6
3/4
RH
RH
RH
22,912
28 h 621
23,512
27,800
23,566
3/10
3 12
3/11
22,084
25,218
gicides," said Goulart
The Penn State researcher said
he believes that the poor results are
due to methodological problems
rather than an inherent problem
with Pynolnitrin as a fungicide.
"Commercial fungicides have a
surfactant a chemical that
makes the liquid spread and
stick combined in their formu
lation,” said Goulart. "We did mix
an off-the-shelf surfactant with the
pynolnitrin, but it's not the same as
something that is designed for a
particular chemical.
"We would like to find a chemi
cal company to formulate a pyrrol
nitrin fungicide for us, but in these
tight money times we are not sure
anyone will be willing to take the
HULK.
IT'S FITNESS
YOU CAN DRINK.
949
753
828
877
952
766
782
852
974
760
911
1022
779
951
950
969
3.9
3.3
4.7
806
859
948
875
956
3.9
4.0
4.1
998
815
928
869
863
752
885
955
1131
853
4.1
3.9
3.6
756
897
981
887
817
751
952
978
834
Umcastar Fanning Saturday, August 17,1991-05
Mike + Carol Hoover
185 GH
Wanda RH
Sparkling Springs Farm
386 GH
427 GH
592 GH
535 GH
529 GH
693 GH
704 GH
631 GH
726 GH
862 GH
861 GH
Penn-England
Pepe GH
Miriam RH
PA Fair Valley Farm
303 GH
Fidelity Holsteins
Princes RH
Rodrick & Trudy Hinish
62 GH
159 GH
101 GH
Jerry* Joan Bechtel
11 RH
John T. Hileman Jr.
44 GH
486 GH
D.E. Hileman Farms
110 GH
Frederick Farms
17
36
Hilecrest Farm
228 RH
312 RH
142 RH
Durrell * Dawn Delp
Juniper RH
Steven E. Pheasant
190 RH
James * Debra Byler
493 RH
GH 5/7
RH 7/0
risk."
Until a formulation exists, the
researchers have suspended their
field studies.
Experimentation with carbon
dioxide had mixed results, accord
ing to the researchers. While the
high carbon dioxide environment
did prevent gray mold from form
ing, the berries degraded unaccep
tabley after eight days.
“Even if we extend shfl like
using high carbon dioxide and fun
gicides, after a week the berries
discolor and lode very unattrac
tive,” Goulart said. “The red ber
ries turn dark red and the black ber
ries get dull and turn light pink
around the drupelets.”
802
770
26,482
25,236
827
792
816
771
26,001
27,675
28,391
25,628
22,286
28,156
21,667
21,928
21,355
28,431
23,110
918
798
22,431
23,502
800
21,886
788
24,771
22,757
25,711
23,275
5/3
4/3
4/0
764
24,954
768
797
26,231
25,511
20,682
1111
36,379
22,878
817
826
777
26,368
26,824
24,683
5/9
3/8
2/10
777
23,054
22,914
3/10
21,440
939
936
864
989
992
872
920
876
865
40
34
37
1036
903
1414
989
1073
991
882
914
o
o
00