Fl6-Lancaster Farming, Saturday, January 5,1991
PI Pork Prose
HB
y Penn State Extension Swine Specialist
Dr. Kenneth B. Kephart
With the recent drop in soybean
prices, hog producers are again
checking the economics of using
soybeans (raw or roasted) rather
than soybean meal in swine
rations. Let’s take a brief look at
the feasibility of using the soybean
for hogs. Much of the information
below is taken from a recent
review by Herkelman and Crom
well (“Feedstuffs,” 1990,
62(52): 13).
Raw Soybeans
Raw soybeans contain a number
of compounds that interrupt the
digestion and absorption of nutri
ents in the pig. The most signific
ant of these compounds is trypsin
inhibitor which limits protein
digestion.
Feeding raw soybeans will
depress growth rate and feed effi
ciency. In starter pigs, growth rate
is reduced by about 50 percent (.61
vs. 1.23 Ib./day), while feed effi
ciency is decreased by approxi-
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matcly 40 percent (3.58 vs. 2.12
lb. fced/lb. gain).
In grower-finisher pigs, the
reduction in both growth rale and
feed efficiency is less severe.
Weight gains are impaired by 22
percent (1.38 vs. 1.78 Ib./day) and
feed efficiency is depressed by 19
percent (4.07 vs. 3.43 lb. feed/lb.
gain).
In the early 19305, research at
the University of Nebraska
showed that feeding raw soybeans
to sows in both gestation and lac
tation had no deleterious effects.
Their research included studies
from sows over the course of three
parities (litters). However, more
recent studies suggest what some
nutritionists have suspected - that
raw soybeans may limit milk pro
duction and baby pig survival. A
summary of three studies in which
raw soybeans (or soybean meal)
were fed during both gestation and
lactation is shown below.
EFFECT OF RAW SOYBEANS ON
Soybean Pigs Pigs
Source Born Weaned
SB meal 9.3 8.5
SB meal+ oil 9.5 8.6
* Summary of three separate studies.
As the table shows, piglet birth
weights are somev. hat higher from
sows consuming raw soybeans
during gestation. In the raw soy
bean group, survival rate of the
baby pigs and weaning weights
are slightly less. This is apparently
due to a reduction in feed intake
during lactation. The drop in feed
intake also leads to higher sow
weight loss during lactation (data
not shown).
Low Trypsin Inhibitor
Soybeans
Research with low trypsin inhi
bitor varieties of soybeans have
been conducted at several univer
sities. There is no question that
these new varieties are superior to
conventional soybeans when fed
in the raw state.
However, reductions in growth
and feed conversion still occur in
starter, grower, and finisher
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Weaning Survival,
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12.2 91.4
11.2 90.5
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varieties are not cooked.
Soybean Processing
Soybeans can be roasted or
extruded. In the roasting process,
soybeans reach 230-260 degrees F
2-5 minutes after reaching the
roaster. In an extruder, soybeans
are forced through small holes,
causing the soybean material to
reach 300 degrees F in less than 30
seconds.
Which process is better? Both
methods destroy the growth inhi
bitors. However, extrusion pro
cess ruptures the oil cells, which,
according to some nutritionists,
may improve oil digestibility. And
in fact the oil cell mpture does
increase oil utilization in the
chick. Whether the same response
occurs in the pig is less clear since
few direct experiments have been
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conducted to answer this question.
However, there have been a lot
of indirect experiments to suggest
that oil from ruptured cells is
superior to that of oil from intact
cells in the soybean. Herkelman
and Cromwell looked at experi
ments conducted over the last 30
years. Using roasted soybeans
increased growth mtes by about 2
percent and improved feed effi
ciency by about 5 percent over
that of soybean meal.
But researchers have, on the
average, found that adding oil to a
conventional com-soybean meal
diet also increased weight gains
by 2 percent, but improved feed
conversion by more than 8 per
cent.
Effect Of Soybeans On
Carcass Quality
In experiments conducted since
1969, cooked soybeans in
growing-finishing diets increased
backfat by about 4 percent (1.29
vs. 1.24. inches) and decreased
loin eye areas by roughly 3 per
cent (4.58 vs. 4.72 sq. inches).
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