WASHINGTON, D.C.— U.S.
livestock producers are being
offered new strategies for their
war on the hom fly, a cattle pest
becoming resistant to pyrethroid
insecticides, said a U.S. Depart
ment of Agriculture scientist.
Entomologist Sidney E. Kunz
of USDA’s Agricultural Research
Service headed a panel of federal,
state, and industry experts that
devised the new strategies and has
prepared a fact sheet describing
them.
He said the fly’s growing resis
tance to pyrethroids is a problem
in all major catde producing areas
of the U.S. -- including Hawaii --
and in parts of Canada. Horn fly
season begins as early as mid-
March and lasts until the first frost
in some areas, he said.
The strategies include not app
lying any hom-fly insecticide until
flies become a serious problem,
using compounds other then pyre
throids, and timing chemical con
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(rols to get maximum results and
minimal resistance buildup. Kunz
said the strategies can be use sing
ly or in combination.
“Horn flies have adapted to
chemicals intended to overwhelm
them,” he said. “They became
resistant and through breeding
they passed on this resistance to
their offspring. Our panel’s goals
are to minimize the resistance
problem while getting the best use
out of existing insecticides.” Kunz
is director of the Knipling-
Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects
Research Laboratory that ARS
operates in Kerrville, TX.
‘These flies cost U.S. livestock
producers about $7OO million
annually in reduced weight gains
and milk production for nursing
calves,” he said.
The pests can reduce weaning
weights of calves by 15 to 40
pounds, said University of
Nebraska Extension entomologist
Jack Campbell, who served on the
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panel. “At today’s prices, that
kind of loss can average $25 per
calf,” he said.
“Fanners and ranchers should
start planning their pest control
strategies now,” said Kunz, “so
the flies cannot breed future gen
erations that could resist any class
of commercial insecticide.”
The panel, appointed by the
chairman of the North Central
Regional Research Committee 99
(livestock pest management),
included expats from the Agricul
tural Research Service, Cornell
University (Ithaca, NY), Oklaho
ma State University (Stillwater),
University of Nebraska (North
Platte), Fermenta Animal Health
(Kansas City, MO), Y-TEX Corp.
(Cody, WY) and Zoecon Corp.
(Dallas, TX).
In the mid-19705, technology
developed by Kansas State Uni
versity, Oklahoma State Universi
ty, and ARS gave cattle producers
car tags that slowly released an
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insecticide. The first ear tags held
organophosphates, effective
against horn flies for 6 to 10
weeks. Then came pyrethroid
tags, which controlled diem for 16
to 24 weeks. In 1984 more than SO
percent of all catde wore pyre
throid tags.
Ear tags quickly became popu
lar because they were economical
and effective and used 98 percent
less chemical. But within two to
three years, flies began to develop
resistance, said Kunz.
Kunz said “heavy reliance on
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ear tags and the class of insecti
cides they held pyrethroids -
may have inadvertently helped the
flies become resistant. But exten
sive use of any compound by any
application method that simulates
the ear tag intensity can and will
cause similar resistance
problems.”
Federal, state, and industry
researchers continue to study the
problem and search for long-term,
effective controls that will prevent
buildup of insecticide resistance,
he said.
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