El2-Lancaster Fanning, Saturday, February 13, 1988
Forestry Manual Offered By USD A
UNIVERSITY PARK, PA.
Forestry researchers do it Tree
surgeons do it. And, now, almost
anyone can diagnose tree injuries
with the aid of a new manual.
“Diagnosing Injury to Eastern
Forest Trees,” published by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture-
Forest Service, was edited by four
Penn State researchers: Drs. John
M. Skelly, Donald D. Davis and
William Merrill, professors of
plant pathology, and Dr. E. Alan
Cameron, professor of
entomology.
‘Today, there is a tendency to
blame acid rain for causing injuries
and deaths to trees,” Skelly said.
“While air pollution definitely is
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(Continued from Page Ell)
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involved in injuring trees, the evi
dence is not sufficient to indict
acid rain at this time.
‘The manual is designed to help
researchers and other people accu
rately diagnose tree injuries. This
can be difficult because air
pollutant-induced injury produces
symptoms similar to some disease
and insect damage.”
The manual, which has 220 col
or plates, covers air pollution
symptoms plus diseases, insects
and other stresses brought on by
frost, drought and other condi
tions. The editors were honored for
their efforts with a citation and
cash award from the USDA-Forest
Service.
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Merrill said, “Sometimes
researchers focus on just one
symptom of tree damage and fail to
see the whole picture. The manual
helps people make a better
informed diagnosis.”
Prior to 1985, scientists general
ly suspected that acid rain was
causing injuries to forests, but had
conducted relatively few field eva
luations to test the theory. In 1985,
the National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency
and USDA-Forest Service joined
forces to begin studying the
problem.
“We know, for example, that
ozone is the most widespread air
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pollutant in the United States,”
Skelly said. “The other major pol
lutants affecting forests are sulfur
dioxide and hydrogen fluoride.”
Ozone is formed in ground-level
air by the action of sunlight on
hydrocarbons and oxides of nitro
gen that have been emitted by
industry and automobile sources.
Sulfur dioxide, which is toxic to
vegetation, has been recognized as
a danger to plants since the 1800 s,
the researchers said. It is emitted
into the atmosphere when mater
ials containing sulfur, such as fos
sil fuels, are burned.
Hydrogen fluoride and silicon
tetrafluoride, the two most com
mon forms of fluoride, are gases
emitted during heating or chemical
treatment of fluoride-containing
rocks and minerals.
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“We believe that these pollut
ants weaken and stress trees, mak
ing them more susceptible to dis
ease and insect infestations that
may ultimately kill the trees,”
Merrill said. “In this same way,
acid rain may play a role, not
necessarily the primary one, in
killing trees.”
“Diagnosing Injury to Eastern
Forest Trees” is available by con
tacting Skelly at 108 Buckhout
Lab, Penn State, University Park,
Pa. 16802.
A German edition of the manual
is in press. The manual is part of a
U.S.-German cooperative research
program on the forest decline
problem. Sulfur dioxide and ozone
are major pollutants affecting fore
sts throughout the industrialized
nations, Skelly noted.
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