By Herbert C. Jordan
Assoc. Professor of Poultry Sci-
ence
Penn State University
Small animals in captivity will
give their owners and caretakers
more profound questions in years
ahead. Chickens, turkeys, guineas,
quail, chukar, waterfowl and
others such as rabbits will find
people in management pursuing
improved, more reliable methods.
Some people will succeed by
reducing vaccination in the life of
an animal to zero to three times.
Fewer, safer, purer vaccines, or
less variable biologicals, will be
used. Vaccines will be higher qual
ity, more costly and capable of
delivering more effective Jesuits.
More care will be taken in admi
nistration of these vaccines.
Improved results will come from
new knowledge regarding timing,
diagnosis and treatment taking into
account age, sex, feed and water
consumption. A selection of more
precise pharmaceuticals will be
available and attention to the drug
of choice will be critical. Protocol
of vaccination will be adapted to
the breeding, environment, age,
nutrition, health and behavior of
the animal and the economic con
dition of the owner and the
marketplace.
Common needles without sani
tation between uses will no longer
be employed on large numbers of
birds. This will prevent vertically
transmissible diseases being trans
ferred from youngster to
youngster.
Labor will decrease; technical
help will take over, and mechani-
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Changes Coming In Poultry Industry, Says Penn State Expert
zation will continue to grow in the
poultry industry.
Debeaking, detoeing, desnood
ing, dubbing, some vaccination,
caponizing and wingbanding will
be recognized as a form of surgery,
and more refined research will
investigate method, result, post
operative infection, trauma and
recovery. Surgery is a traumatic
experience for an animal. Surgery,
even ear marking rabbits, will be
considered a challenge if the poul
tryman, as a true surgeon, expects
98 to 100 percent recovery. Pre
cisely controlled pre-operative and
post-operative methods will result
in few animal problems. Debeak
ing and detoeing will be curtailed
completely or used only where
necessary.
Moisture, once again, will be
reduced in poultry feedstuffs. In
the 19505, nine percent moisture in
mixed feeds was considered nor
mal for a high quality mash. In the
19605, moisture rose to 10 percent
and was considered tolerable. In
the 19705, 11 percent was accepted
and growers hoped for the best.
Now some believe 12 percent
moisture in feed is normal. But if
the feed becomes warm or attains
an age of three days or more after
grinding, microbes will increase so
numerously that the animal con
suming the feed will become ill.
Caring husbandry will return as
a necessity for raising all species,
including rabbits which USDA
considers as poultry. More human
time will be invested in flocks to
keep them happy, to nurture them
toward health and productivity.
It has been noted that some
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handicapped people can care for
animals well, and it will be recog
nized that everyone is handicapped
at different tasks.
Cod liver oil or vitamin
mineral-electrolytes will be used
to build a stronger immune
response to disease. Nutrient ther
apy, environmental therapy and
behavioral conditioning will
replace medicines in some cases.
Animal welfare will become a
primary consideration in animal
productivity. The animal will no
longer be viewed as a commodity
by businessmen ignorant of what
causes animals to be healthy or
sick, feel pain, develop social
order or be comfortable. Entrepre
neurs with no ability to read signs
of a bird, whether it exhibits nor
mal or abnormal behavior or con
dition, will have to hire such
expertise or houses will stand emp
ty. Experience in observation will
have to be refined or enhanced
since many high school and col
lege graduates today cannot
adequately interpret what they see.
For some species the open shed
or range or pole building will
return to use. Insulated, power
ventilated, windowless buildings
will' have limited employment.
Natural lighting and ventilation
only will be supplemented by their
electrically powered alternatives.
Earthem floors, sunlight, fresh air,
variation in temperature, humidity
and wind (limited exposure to
weather extremes and precipita
tion) can grow a healthier animal,
all of which is vital because the
immune system of many species of
small animals has been decreasing
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Lancaster Farming, Saturday, July 18, 1987-A25
or weakening for years
Miscellaneous costs will
increase as we see people design
toys for animals. Toys in densely
housed flocks ex’ herds will encour
age animals to exercise, alleviate
boredom, reduce pecking and fos
ter stronger growth. “Happy toys”
for animals will become a thriving
business.
Labor will decrease as fewer
people are employed in favor of
technical help. Herdsmen, flock
supervisors and farmers will spend
less time but glean more favorable
results from time spent with ani
mals or with those in direct care of
the animals. Knowledge and the
ability to observe, evaluate and
decide will become necessary for
every animal caretaker.
Oxygen will be administered to
birds through avenues other than
the lung. For instance, ammonia,
hydrogen sulfide, methane and
other toxic gases will be reduced to
near zero in pens, and fresh air will
be made more available to ani-
Greenhouse Erected
For Del, State Fair
NEWARK, Del.—People who
grow plants for pleasure and profit
will have lots to look at when they
visit the University of Delaware
exhibitarea at this year’s Delaware
State Fair in Harrington. Extension
plant specialists and researchers in
the department of plant science
will erect a 20-foot by 30-foot,
hoop-type, plastic-covered green-
mals. Agitators or bubblers will be
placed on waterers to aerate water
prior to the birds’ drinking it. This
may help reduce anerobic bacteria
in water as well as deliver dissol
ved oxygen and nitrogen to the
birds’ systems for better health.
Fresh air bubbled or stirred
through water, litter, manure, feed
or earthen floors will improve ani
mal health.
Interest on equity will no longer
be charged on a producer’s own
equity. Instead, profit sharing will
enter the industry so that, as animal
health and performance improve,
and repeat sales to customers
increase, profit margin will rise,
thus increasing the pay checks for
all. Interest on borrowed money
will be adjusted from zero to nine
percent and no more. The cost of
stock or new animals will increase
as geneticists learn to breed ani
mals capable of dealing with envi
ronment in captivity. Breeding for
specific purposes will become
essential.
house next to the university tent.
According to extension agent
Jay Windsor, who is supervising
the greenhouse installation, the
displays should appeal to both
commercial greenhouse operators
and home gardeners. One section
will feature plants being propa
gated conventionally under mist
from seeds and cuttings. Plants
propagated in test tubes using
tissue culture techniques will also
be showcased. Another display
will explain fluid drilling-a proce
dure which uses pre-germinated
seeds to establish field or green
house crops.
Other exhibits inside the green
house will cover root zone heat,
crop spacing, growth media, and
insect and disease control. In addi
tion, there will be a display of new
commercial flowering crops suit
able for home garden use under
Delaware growing conditions,
including Lisianthus (a hybrid
Texas bluebill), Melampodium (a
small-flowered, drought-tolerant
member of the sunflower family
native to the Central and South
western United States) and the
Nippon daisy (a type of
chrysanthemum).
Inside the university’s adjoining
lent, extension master gardeners
under the direction of Delaware
Slate College extension agent
Glenn Layton will install a 16-foot
by 20-foot demonstration garden
featuring herbs and space-saving,
container-grown vegetables and
flowers. During fair week the mas
ter gardeners will also conduct a
garden clinic where the public can
bring plant problems for diagnosis.
The University of Delaware fair
tent will open Friday, July 17, at 5
p.m. From July 18 through July 25
it will be open daily from noon to 8
p.m.
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