C4-Lancaster Farming, Saturday, January 18,1986
8|
CHICAGO The warm, dry than small-seeded annuals, such as
weather experienced across the pigweed. As a result, velvetleaf
Corn Belt last spring was a mixed can escape pre-emergence her
blessing for farmers in the area. It' bicides contained in the top few
allowed an early start on planting, of sou.
always a good sign.
But the lack of rainfall also
prevented activation of some pre
emergence herbicides, such as
atrazine and Bladex, resulting in
increased problems with large
seeded annual broadleaf weeds
especially velvetleaf.
Robert Hartzler, Extension
associate weed scientist at lowa.
State University, Ames, says,
“Pre-emergence herbicides at
rates normally suitable for
broadleaf control didn’t work. We
had more velvetleaf escapes than
usual.” As a result, farmers once
again had to turn to early
postemergence herbicides to at
tain velvetleaf control.
While conditions in 1985 em
phasized the velvetleaf problem,
weed specialists and crop con
sultants point out that this weed,
also known as buttonweed or
butterprint, has always been tough
to control. And now, recent
research indicates that the
velvetleaf problem is apparently
much more severe than most
farmers perceive.
According to a recent Doane-
Westem, Inc., survey, velvetleaf
infests nearly 25 million acres of
cropland in the United States.
Twenty-four percent of the far
mers surveyed feel that velvetleaf
reduces corn yields by one to five
bushels per acre, and an additional
3 percent place yield reductions as
high as 10 bushels per acre. Un
fortunately, this figure may be
even higher.
Extensive research by the
University of Kentucky indicates
that com yields are reduced by 31
percent where velvetleaf is not
controlled. Thus, the yield loss in a
velvetleaf-infested field with the
potential to yield 150 bushels per
acre could be as great as 46 bushels
per acre. Simple arithmetic based
on current com prices quickly
establishes the dollar losses
from inadequate
resulting
velvetleaf control.
The physiology of velvetleaf
makes it tough to control. Its large
seeds store abundant supplies of
nutrients, and it can germinate
from much deeper in the ground
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Velvetleaf problems made worse by warm spring in 4 85
Some pre-emergence herbicides
are successful against small
seeded annuals. Most, however,
either miss weeds germinating
from deeper in the soil, or don’t
offer adequate residual control of
large-seeded annuals to canopy.
Dry spring weather increases
velvetleaf’s chances of escaping
pre-emergence herbicides. Lack of
moisture allows velvetleaf
seedlings to emerge through dry
top soil without absorbing the
chemicals. And even if some pre
emergence herbicide is abosorbed,
the weed’s large seed may still
provide sufficient nutrients to give
a chance to escape, says Dr.
Wayne Olson, Velsicol Chemical
Corporation Product Development
field manager in Indianapolis.
“With small-seeded annuals,”
Olson explains, “there won’t be
enough energy to bring the plant
back if it’s damaged by herbicides
-there’s not enough reserve car
bohydrate to fight the damage.
Velvetleaf’s large seed allows it to
withstand a number of chemical
and environmental stresses.”
lowa’s Hartzler recommends
that, for effective velvetleaf
control, farmers follow their pre
emergence herbicides with an
early postemergence herbicide or
a pass with the cultivator. He says
velvetleaf problems were not as
bad this year where it was dry
enough to cultivate or where
farmers applied postemergence
herbicides. Post treatments, ac
cording to Hartzler, usually
provide more consistent control
than pre-emergence herbicides,
although a certain amount of
velvetleaf escaped some
postemergence herbicides this
year.
There are two more important
reasons to treat early.
“Weeds are easiest to control in
the seedling stage,” Hartzler says.
“Also, early control eliminates
competition between weeds and
corn for nutrients and moisture.
The real competition occurs long
after the time it’s practical and
effective to control velvetleaf.”
The major University of Ken-
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tucky experiments during 1983 and
1984 demonstrated that com was
most sensitive to stress from just
prior to tasseling, until three
weeks after brown silk. Velvetleaf
growing with com after tasseling
causes significant yield reductions
due to competition for light and soil
moisture. “Weeds controlled
before com reaches the' five-leaf
stage will net affect yields,” adds
Dr. Olson.
“The other value in early post
treatment is preventing seed
production,” says Hartzler. “Some
farmers go in with a highboy and
spray 2,4-D after com is in the
brown silk stage. That prevents
seed production in cogklebur. But
by that time, 50 to 75 percent iiie
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velvetleaf seeds are developed and
on the ground. If you let it get
that far, you’re going to have
problems later.”
Velvetleaf seeds can remain
viable in the soil for 50 years or
longer. If a significant number of
weeds are allowed to go to seed,
weed seed numbers in the top soil
layers will increase and problems
will intensify.
If weeds are controlled to
prevent seed production, the
number of seeds in the surface soil
will decline. An extensive six-year
University of Illinois study
documented a 70 percent decrease
in weed seeds in soil where there
was effective annual broadleaf
control.
(Turn to Page C 5)
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