NEWARK, Del. - You can’t
cure a tree once it gets wilt
disease, but if the infection is mild,
water not fertilizer may help
it recover. This is the gist of
research findings by plant
pathologists at the Unviersity of
Delaware Agricultural Ex
periment Station.
Results of work on wilt-infected
yellow-poplars (tulip trees) by
master’s degree candidate
Carolyn Sanford and her advisor,
Dr. Mien L. Morehart, challenge
and present practice of fertilizing
Verticillium infected trees to aid
recovery.
Typical symptoms of this fungus
disease are yellowing (chlorosis)
and browning (necrosis) of leaves.
In very severe cases, Sanford says
a tree may die within weeks after
contracting the disease. There’s
nothing the owner can do except
cut the tree down and make sure
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Nitrogen helps wilt-diseased
not to plant another susceptible
species in the same place.
With less severe infections, only
a branch or two may be affected
and the tree may spontaneously
recover because it com
partmentalizes or walls off the
infection inside it.
To increase the vigor of trees
with Verticillium wilt, some
authorities recommend fertilizing
with nitrogen. Nitrogen comes in
two basic forms, ammonium or
nitrate, and some scientists say
only the ammonium form should
be used. But there is no universally
accepted treatment.
To see what would happen when
infected trees were fertilized,
Sanford decided to study the effect
of both forms of nitrogen on the
spread of Verticillium wilt through
the vascular system of yellow
poplars.
She chose this species because
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the tree is important both for
timber and as a landscape
specimen. Yellow-poplar is the
major wood used in making
drawers and backs of chests and
other furniture. Because it grows
quickly as well as tall and straight,
it is the only hardwood species
used for reforestation. A member
of the magnolia family, it is also
prized as a landscape specimen.
The tree is very susceptible to
Verticillium wilt, though otherwise_
it has few pests.
Sanford’s advisor, Morehart, has
been studying the yellow-poplar
for some time because of its
potential commercial value to
Delmarva.
Sanford’s experiment involved
two greenhouse studies and two
field studies. Some of the trees
were fertilized and then inoculated
with wilt disease. Others were
inoculated first, then fertilized.
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Lancaster Farming, Saturday, July 14,1984—C3
trees recover
She used four different forms of
nitrogen in her studies; calcium
nitrate, ammonium sulfate, am
monium nitrate and urea. Most
fertilized groups received a
modest rate of 150 pounds per acre,
though in field tests some trees
received 600 pounds per acre (a
level far in excess of the recom
mended rate).
After treatment, she assessed
disease severity in fertilized
groups compared with unfertilized
checks. First she looked for leaf
chlorosis and necrosis. Then she
cut open tree trunks and branches
and checked for vascular
discoloration. The Verticillium
fungus lives in vascular tissue and
is spread by sap. The amount of
discoloration is a measure of
disease severity.
Sanford found greater vascular
discoloration in trees which had
received a nitrate form of
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nitrogen, indicating the wilt
pathogen had spread further than
when ammonia fertilizer was used.
This bears out what other
researchers have found. However,
using ammonia nitrogen also
spread the disease to some extent
much more than in trees which
had received no fertilizer at all.
Based on these results, Sanford
concludes that, contrary to some
recommendations, it is wise to
withhold fertilizer entirely from
trees which are suspected of
having Verticillium wilt.
“I think the tree has a better
chance of recovery if left alone,”
she says. “I would give it water
during dry periods because of
fungus reduces the capacity of the
tree to take up water. But although
it’s recommended, I don’t think
fertilizing yellow-poplars is a good
idea, even with the ammonium
form of nitrogen.”
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