D24—Lancaster Farming, Saturday, April 4,1981
Del. Extension specialist stresses vitamins
NEWARK, Del. Vitamins are
important for normal body
metabolism in pigs, as well as
people, says University of
Delaware extension livestock
specialist Richard Fowler.
The requirement is small, so hog
producers sometimes overlook it.
When this happens normal
reproduction or bone growth may
be critically affected before you
realize it.
Some vitamins are produced in
the pig’s body. But many must be
fed. The confinement-raised pig
must rely heavily on dietary
sources because there are no lush
green pastures in the hog house.
There are two groups of vitamins
that a hog needs fat soluble and
water soluble. The fat soluble ones
include vitamins A, D, E, and K
The water soluble or B vitamins
include riboflavin or B 2 pan
tothenic acid, niacin, 812, and
choline. Each has a specific func
tion and is usually added to the
swine diet m a crystalline or
powder form Vitamin Ais present
in com, but this source isn’t
dependable.
What do these vitamins do’
Deficiencies in vitamin A result in
poor coordination, back weakness,
partial or total poor
conception rates, dead pigs at
birth, boar sterility and defor
mities of newborn pigs
m i'
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Sows and pigs on starter diets
(up to 60 pounds) should have 2000
International Units of vitamin A
per pound of feed. The growing
finishing pigs needs 1200 IU per
pound of feed.
It is assumed that breeding
animals get 4-5 pounds of feed a
day except during lactation when
they get 9-12 pounds daily. Other
pigs are all on self-feeders.
Vitamin D is known as the bone
growth factor Pigs that have
access to sunlight every day
produce their own supply. But this
vitamin must be fed to pigs in
confinement, says Fowler.
Most natural feed ingredients
are low in this vitamin. There are
two sources of vitamin D D 2,
which is found in plants, and D 3,
the animal source Pigs can use
both forms, but chickens can use
only D 3
Deficiency of this nutrient
causes rickets-(deformed bones),
stiffness, lameness, joint swelling,
and poor growth rate Mature
animals’ bones fracture easily
without enough vitamin D The
requirement is 200 IU per pound of
feed for the breeding herd and 120
IU for the growing finishing pig
Confinement raising and ar
tificial drying of gram in
creased the incidence of vitamin E
deficiency symptoms in hogs, says
the specialist This vitamin is
related to the mineral selenium
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When selenium is low, there’s an
increase in the requirement for
vitamin E. Signs of low vitamin E
intake include sudden death,
jaundice, edema (collection >of
fluids m body tissue), white
muscles, and liver damage
Pregnant sows may lose their
litters and pigs nursmg deficient
sows may show muscular in
coordination All pigs require 5 IU
per pound of feed of this nutrient
Blood clottmg tune is related to
vitamin K Though this vitamin is
present in many feedstuffs and
made by intestinal bacteria,
deficiencies still occur, so diets
should be supplemented with
vitamin K. Tail biting problems
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are complicated by insufficient K
Moldy feeds aggravate low levels
of this nutrient.
Alfalfa meal is a good source of
K and meets the needs of most pigs
when included in the ration at 2 5
percent. A synthetic product
menadione sodium bisulfite can
do the job too, if added at the rate
of 2 grams per ton of feed. The
requirement is 1 milhgran per
pound of feed for all pigs
Natural feed ingredients are
poor sources of the fat soluble
vitamins, so synthetic sources
should be added. Vitamins for
swine are available from com
mercial premix companies They
are added to com and soybean
At LANCASTER FARMING, we think we
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subscribers who think so too!
m swine
meal diets on the farm or are
combined with the perotem source
in a complete supplement.
Most producers prefer either of
these two ways of adding vitamins
to making their own premises on
the farm Commercial suppliers of
vitamin premixes have better
quality control and mixing
facilities.
When buying a vitamin premix,
limit the quantity to a three-month
supply. Mix enough feed for three
weeks only, because some
vitamins lose potency when mixed
with other ingredients
Check the tag on the bag against
the requirements of the pig For
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