A2B—Lantasttr farming, Saturday; March 21,1981
How researchers
CHESTERTOWN,Md - Acorn
cyst nematode has been uidentified
in sod from four cornfields on one
farm in Maryland’s Kent county.
This nematode, a microscopic
worm has never before been
reported in the Western
Hemisphere.
How it came to be in the fields of
Maryland is not know.
“We do not know at this time how
destructive the pest will be,”
Krusberg says, “because no one in
this country has had any ex
perience with it. The infestation
appears to be widespread and
heavy in all four fields sampled.
“We will be conducting research
studies to find out as much as
possible about the nematode this
summer,” Krusberg continued.
He explained that sod will be
sampled in adjoining fields and on
adjoining farms radiating out from
the original location, to see how
widespread the infestation is. The
scope of the survey will go as far as
time, facilities and personnel will
allow.
“We have obtained permission of
the farmer to establish research
plots to test com cultivators for
resistance to the nematode, to
determine what other plants serve
as hosts for the pests, and to test
nematicides for its control,”
Krusberg said.
Even though this particular
nematode has never been reported
m the Americas, it might have
been here for many years since
corn originated in Central
America.
H. zeae might still not have been
isolated and identified except for a
senes of related events and some
careful laboratory work by
researchers at the University of
Maryland The original soil
samples containing this com cyst
nematode were collected as part of
survey partially supported by
Mobil Chemical Company with the
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cooperation of Roger W. Roth.
James Mdhken, Kent County
extension agricultural agent,
submitted the sod sample to
Krusberg’s laboratory as part of
the special Delmarva cooperative
nematode survey. Krusberg
thought there might be nematodes
in the sample, but he expected to
find the previously reported
soybean cyst nematodes.
When Sandra Sardanelli,
nematode assay laboratory
manager, began to examine the
sod samples, she did indeed find
cyst nematode larvae. But they did
not look like the expected soybean
cyst nematodes.
“We knew it was something we
had not seen before,” she said,
“because it did not fit the
description of soybean cyst
nematode and then we learned that
the fields had been planted con
tmously to com for many years. ’ ’
Krusberg and Michael Groff, of
Maryland’s Department of
Agriculture, then resampled three
of the four fields and all the
samples yielded the same cysts.
Sardanelli began'to look for
possible answers to the problem,
but since this particular nematode
was never reported here, she was
not aware of descriptions of it in
the literature. She and Krusberg
took their specimens to A. Morgan
Golden, nematode taxonomist at
the U.S. Department of Agnculure
Nematology Laboratory in Belt
sville.
Having been in India and having
valid specimens from India in his
possession, Golden was able to
make positive identification of H.
zeae
How the nematodes got to
Maryland is still a mystery, but it
is known that the tiny worms can
be carried from place to place in
small amounts of soil Windblown
dust or water-borne silt can carry
cysts containing live eggs and
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found corn cyst nematode
larvae from one place to another.
Even small amounts of soil eaten
by birds and passed out through
the digestive tract can carry hve
cysts. It is even possible for small
particles of soil in seed lots to
carry viable cysts.
Cyst nematodes can be par
ticularly troublesome because of
their high rates of reproduction
and the resistant cyst.
One female nematode can
produce hundreds of eggs which
hatch in the soil and the larvae
begin to feed on crop roots. But
before the female dies, her body
will enlarge greatly retaining
large numbers of eggs and larvae.
The female’s body wall then
hardens into the cyst which gives
the pest its name, and the young
are protected for periods up to
several years.
While little is know about this
particular nematode, Krusberg
notes that several cultural prac
tices can be used against
nematodes in general
Crop rotations help keep
populations in check because some
nematodes thrive only on specific
hosts Cyst nematodes can survive
in the soil for several years, but
breaks in continuous monocrop
ping (corn after corn, for example)
helps cut down the population.
Resistant cultivars, either those
occurring naturally or ones
produced by crossbreeding or
selection from large populations,
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can tolerate fairly heavy in
festations without economic loss.
And certain chemical
nematicides can reduce
populations. However, because of
the high repopulations capability
of nematodes, chemical control
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results checked carefully to make
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sure that the pest numbers are
sufficently reduced.
“No one knows for certain how
much damage this particular pest
will cause,” Krusberg concludes,
“but because it has been isolated
and identified, we can be on guard
against it.”
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