9
Agricultural progress
Professional workera
engaged in publicly financed
agricultural research total
about 18,500 man-years.
Private network. Data arc
not available on private
agricultural research but it
is believed to be roughly
equivalent to that conducted
by public agenciea.
Reaearch ataffa are main
tained by practically ail
large manufactures of feed,
seed, fertilizer, pesticides,
and farm machinery, and by
firms engaged in tran
sportation, processing,
packaging, and mer
chandising of agricultural
products.
Most of the technical and
scientific people invloved
with this research and ex
tension network were
trained in the American
system of publicly supported
colleges and universities.
None of these, of course, are
exclusively agricultural
schools. Only about 7 percent
of the nearly 1 million
students in these universities
are enrolled in agricultural
maiors.
Birth of USDA. The first
major step in the develop
ment of the agricultural
research and education
network was the establish
ment of the United States
Department of Agriculture
in 1862.
At first the name was more
impressive than the fact.
The new Department con
sisted of a Commissioner, a
superintendent of gardens, a
chemist, entomologist,
statistician, and several
clerks. Its offices were in the
basement of the Patent
Office Building. The first
experimental garden was
several acres on what is now
the Mall in downtown
Washington, D.C.
The year that the Congress
established USDA, it also
STONE RICH
CX RED & WHITE
HOLSTEIN DISPERSAL
At New Holland Sales Barn, located off Rl 23,12 miles East of Lancaster, Pa
110 HEAD OF RED & WHITE HOLSTEINS
with records up to 20,000 lbs. milk
Selling are 60 Registered in HFAA Brattleboro, Vt
50 Registered in Red & White Dairy Cattle Association
7 Sired by Romandale Royal R
4 by Romandale Dividend Performer
4 by Agro Acres Marquis Ned
10 by Romandale Jasper R
' 4 by Ivanhoe Ray
4 by Larry Moore Royal Transmitter
and other popular Red & White Sires
DHIA Records of some mature animals selling include
- An Agro Acres Supreme Lad dtr., 4yr record, 350 dys. 19.727 M, 794 F Selling with 3
dtrs, 2 are full sisters by Royal Red, the other by Royal Transmitter
- A Dividend Performer dtr , 4 yr record, 18,621 M, 754 F. Her son by Royal sells
- Another Performer with 4 yr. record, 271 dys , 15,381 M, 480 F
- An Acme Mariner dtr., 321 dys , 17,569 M, 550 F Her son by Royal also sells
- Agro Acres Marquis Ned due July Bth, 347 dys , 21.333 M, 656 F, a real top cow
- Citation Renown Lad 2 yr. record, 352 dys , 16.886 M, 580?’, her dtr sells
20 BIG BRED HEIFERS Plenty of size, quality and color, due Aug and Sept
30 OPEN HEIFERS FROM 6 MOS TO BREEDING AGE
This is an outstanding group of cattle with lots of type, size and production Some -
real show prospects. Should be seen to be appreciated
Owners, CLARENCE STONER AND FAMILY, Jonestown Rl, 717-865-2745 Farm
located off Rt 23 between Fredericksburg and Lickdale on Stoner and Lickdale
Roads All cattle will be pregnancy checked. Interstate Health Charts available
Trucks and motels available.
Sale managed by New Holland Sales Stables, Inc
Abe Diffenbach, Auct. 717-354-4341
Norman Kolb, Pedigrees, 717-397-5538
For Catalogs or more information contact owners or sales manager Be at
New Holland on Friday, July 25 to see this outstanding group of Red &
granted each State a
patrimony from the public
*lands. Proceeds from the
sale of this land were to be
used to establish
agricultural and mechanical
(A&M) colleges.
Humble beginning. The
land grant colleges smarted
small. In most cases, a farm
was purchased and a single
brick building was erected to
provide classroom,
laboratory, office, and
dormitory space.
Farmers and State
politicians didn’t see the
value of the A St M colleges
right away, though State
legislatures provided funds
for buildings and sometimes
for maintenance. For the
first 30 years, the colleges
had to rely primarily on the
income from Federal en
dowments.
Then in 1887, the Hatch Act
set an annual stipend of
$15,000 to support ex
periment stations at the
colleges. The Second Morrill
Act of 1890 provided further
increases to an annual ad
ditional total of $25,000 per
school. Federal support for
the experiment stations
increased further during the
first part of the 20th century,
reaching $90,000 per State by
1929. state support rose even
more rapidly.
From famine to feast. The
fortunes of the colleges
swelled rapidly with the rise
in farm prices during the
first 2 decades of the 20th
century. Funds provided by
State legislatures increased
and enrollment soared. For
the first time, there were
enough students to make up
classes in agricultural
subjects. By 1910, the
colleges were overcrowded,
and some classes were held
in stables.
The long gestation period
gave the colleges time to
learn some basic lessons.
They found that publicly
FRIDAY NIGHT, JULY 25,1975
7:30 P.M
(Continued from Pice 64|
supported research must
solve the problems of its
constituents and that the
solutions must be com*
municated to tho public In
usable form. They learned
what the problems were.
They also learned the value
of systematizing all
available knowledge on a
subject before they broke
new ground.
The experiment stations
and USDA also had to define
and refine scientific method,
acquire equipment, and
develpp terminology so that
research could be verified
and commiunicated to other
scientists.
Laying the groundwork.
The period from 1900 to 1930
saw two major develop
ments that laid the ground
work for agricultural
research and education as
we know it today.
Training of research
scientists and technologists
in fields relating to
agriculture, including
research in the social
sciences which began before
World War I.
Training of com
municators who could in
terpret and pass the
knowhow from the
laboratory to the working
farmer.
Public financing of
communication was
inaugurated by the
Smith-Lever Act of 1914,
which gave financial support
for a nationwide system of
adult education in
agriculture and home
economics. The Smith-
Hughes Act of 1917 provided
Federal money for
vocational education.
Production revolution.
Many of the more elemen
tary scientific production
problems of agriculture
were solved during'the first
third of this century. More
important for the long run,
the research that produced
the revolution in produc-
tlvity after World War II was
launched. It was to supply
basic knowledge in genetics,
human, animal and plant
nutrition, and plant and
animal diseases and pets.
The Extension Service
campaigned to eliminate the
diseases and pests that
caused great losses to far
mers. A campaign to
eradicate barberries, an
intermediate host of wheat
rust, was conducted during
World War I - followed by
successful efforts against
bovine tuberculosis, Bangs
disease, avain pullorum, hog
cholera, and several others.
“Cow colleges.” Despite
their contributions, the land
grant colleges, and
especially the agricultural
divisions, were slow to gain
recognition as institutions of
higher learning. Agriculture
students sometimes were
ridiculed as “hayseeds” who
attended “cow colleges.” To
some extent this reflected
lower admission standards
and the high porportion of
students who were not after
a 4-year-degree course. It
also reflected the fact that -
agrarian mythology to the
contrary - agriculture as an
occupation ranked low on the
totem pole until World War
11.
The hard economic times
of the 1930’s bore heavily on
the land grant colleges,
experiment stations, and
Extension Services. Whole
faculties went unpaid or
were issued State script of
dubious value. Critics
demanded a halt to research
because agriculture was
over-producing; there
already was a store of new
agricultural knowledge
sufficient for the next half
century, they said. Ex
tension Services were
branded servants of
organized, affluent fanners
and not entitled to public
funds.
Rising to the occasion. The
crisis also was a time of
opportunity. The land grant
colleges played a leading
part in developing and im
plementing the agricultural
programs adopted during
the Depression. Many of the
programs were devised by
economists and sociologists
on the faculties of land grant
colleges and the experiment
stations.
Extension was the only
nationwide organization
capable of carrying out the
New Deal programs in short
fashion. At the same time,
VIRGINIA'S
SUMMER
FEEDER CATTLE
4,500 Head for Sale
PLftCE DATE TIME
Harrisonburg July 22 100 p m [S T
Madison Mills July 24 100 p m ES T
Marshall July 24 700 p m EST
Winchester July 25 730 p m ES T
Angus Black Baldies Hereford Charolais Cross
Weighing Mostly 600 to 1 000 pounds
Heifers Eligible for Interstate Shipment
Sales Include Steers and Heifers (Mostly Steers)
Reggie B. Reynolds
Exec Sec Va Beef Cattle Assoc
P 0 Box 176 -Oaleville VA
Tel 703 992 1009 (office)
703 992 2852 (home)
Lancaster Farming, Saturday, July 12.1975
funds received for ad
ministration of price support
and production control
programs saved the Ex
tension Services of many
States.
Payments to farmers
under the new programs let
them pay their taxes. In
turn, the States were able to
resume funding of services,
including the land grant
colleges.
New money. Agriculture
received a new infusion of
Federal funds through the
Bankhead-Jones Act of 1935.
PUBLIC AUCTION
TUESDAY EVEWfS.mY 22.1975
AT 6:00 P.M. SHARP!
FARM MACHINERY -
HOUSEHOLD FURNISHINGS
Location. Two |2| miles west ol West .Chester, him west on West
Union Street (Route #l42| off Route FIDO in West Chester, drive I'/:
miles to Birmingham Road, left on Birmingham Road lor 'h mile to
farm on right, Chester County, PA.
Int. ‘7o6’ dsl. row-crop tractor, 1,400 hrs., fully
equipped; Int. ‘so4’ dsl. row-crop tractor w-‘2OOT
loader; Int. ‘2oo’ tractor w-fast hitch; Int. ‘2os’ self
propelled combine, 10’ header used for 200 acres; 3
rubber-tired farm wagons; 200 gal. fiber glass tank 6-
row boom trailer sprayer; Int. ‘234* 2-row mtd. com
picker, like new; fast hitch back blade; Motts 7V fast
hitch mower; Int. ‘loo’ 7’ fast hitch mower; Int. 2-row
fast hitch com planter; Int. ‘4ll’ 4-b. fast hitch plow;
Int. 2-row cult, for ‘2oo’ tractor; Danuser 12” auger
post hole digger; Int. No. 37 11’ transport disc; Int.
transport 4-section harrow; J.D. 11’ transport
cultimulcher; New Idea No. 7 1-row com picker;
Smoker 24’ elevator; 2 grain wagons; Int. 1-row PTO
com binder w-carrier on rubber; Papec ensilage
cutter; New Holland rotobar rake, 2 yrs. old; New
Holland ‘4o2’ crimper; paint sprayer mtd. on trailer, 1-
HP. motor; emery wheel; 250 gal. gas tank & pump;
Meyers Ejecto water pump, 1%-HP. motor; 50-4-hole
sawed post; cement mixer; 50-ton screw jack; 2 sets
bean & pea; work bench; 2 sets tractor chains; reel
power mower; sleigh bells; copper kettle;
miscellaneous tools; miscellaneous household fur
nishings; antique vanity; dutch cupboard and
numerous articles not listed.
Terms: C-A-S-H
Sale Conducted by
WHITFORD SALES COMPANY
L. ROBERT FRAME, Auctioneer
Box 98, Uwchland, P.O.
Eagle, PA 19480
Phone: 215-458-5060
NO HEAD
1000
500
1500
1500
For Information Please Contact
The Livestock Market
OR
Charles Potter, Jr.
1 lelriman Va Beef Cattle Assoc
Route 3 Lexington VA
It initially provided a ll
mllllon increase In research
funds, to be raised by annual
|l-mllUon increments to $S
million. Forty percent of
these funds went to Federal
research and 60 percent to
State.
Instead of being ap
portioned equally among the
States, as in the past, the
new funds were apportioned
on the basis of the total U.S.
rural population. A second
feature required the States
Farm Sold for Development
Complete Dispersal of Machinery!
THREE (3) TRACTORS
By the order of
Howard N. McCardle
“Chester County’s
FOREMOST Auction Company”
SALES
State Graded
MARKET
Rockingham Livestock
Madison Livestock
Marshall Livestock
Farmers Livestock Exchange
K. C. Williamson
Extension Specialist
Animal Science Department
Agnew Hall V P 1 & S U
Blacksburg VA 26061
Tel 703 951 5252
(Continued on Page 661
TELEPHONE
703 434 6765
703 672 2811
703 364 4861
703 667-1023
65