Ditat,s Catit.
or Publishers will confer a favor, by mentioning
the prices of all books sent to this Department.
lINM/NISCENCES OF JAHES A. HAMILTON.
In t hi s portly volume, are contained brief me
moirs of men and things for three-quarters of a
century, from the pen of one, who by birth, po
sition in public life and powers of observation
was eminently qualified for the task. The son
of Alexander Hamilton, he first undertook the
work with the view of vindicating his father's
memory from the assaults of Mr. Jefferson; and
more recently of Mr. Van Buren; but it has far
outgrown these limits , and covers his own per
sonal history and recollections, down to the .pre
sent time. He was in several important positions,
civil and military, aided President Jackson in
selecting his cabinet and other officers, and was
for a time, Acting Secretary of State, under his
'administration. He made five voyages to Europe,
where he had the entree to the highest political
circles, the gossip of which, though full of inter
est, by no means excludes intelligent and highly
entertaining reference to matters of general in
terest to the tourist. Many letters from Presi
dents Jackson and Van Buren, Secretary Chase,
and other distinguished Americans appear in its
pages, with documents of value from the author's
pen; addressed to various officers of the Govern
ment upon questions of law, finance and general
policy. The whole, with appendix and indexes,
forms an Bvo, of 647 pages, handsomely printed,
by CHARLES SCRIBNER & Co. $5.00.
TPHAWS MENTAL PHILOSOPHY.
With some little revision, this work, which, in
previous editions, is well and favorably known to
students in the elementary parts of the science,
has just been reissued. It retains the old and
faulty title, which refers to only one of the three
departments actually treated of. The author him.
self in passing from the department of the intel
lect, to those of the sensibilities and the will,
notices the very wide difference between these
two and the former department, although he does
not seem sensible of the incongruity of grouping
them all together, under the title of mental phil
osophy. It is really a psychology or doctrine of
the soul, and not distinctively , of the mind, that is
given in the treatise. In fact, the nomenclature
and method of the book cannot be •,regarded as
quite up with the latest progress of the sciences,
Hamilton being, we believe, never referred to,
and Dugald Stewart being Mr. Upham's chief
authority. But the treatise is free from the
blemish of those uncouth and scarcely uatu!alized
technical terms which burden the later ones.
The style is clear, calm and pleasing; the steps
are easy and logical; the views of great principles
are sound; the tediousness of a scientific treatise
is quite broken up by the numerous and apt il
lustrations from actual life. The careful analysis
which takes the place of " the contents," will be
found of great service to the student. Harper,St
Bros. 2 vols., 12mo. pp. 561, 705. $1.75 per
volume.
AMERICAN TRACT pOCIETY, BOSTON.
THE NEIGHBOR'S HOUSE, by the Author of
the New Commandinent, brings out, by contrast,
in the lives and relations of two gmilies, living
near together, the supporting and transforming
power of the Gospel, and the inadequacy of
worldly prosperity to real happiness. We can
not award more than an average degree of merit
to the style and management of the story. $1.60.
KATHERINE'S EXPERIENCE, by the Author of
"The Minister's Wife," and "The Winthorpes,"
describes the outward and inward life of a mo
therless girl, after leaving school and while at
the head of a family of younger children. How
she meets the domestic difficulties of her position,
and how she is led to give her heart to Christ,
and into what new embarrassments this step leads
her, and how she .by divine aid triumphs over
them all,—are wrought up into a most effective
and interesting narrative. 16mo, pp. 372. $1.50.
MRS. THORNE'S, GUESTS, by Archie Fell, is
written with excellent aims, but there is a con
fused tangle of incident and character at the
ripening which detracts seriously from its accept
ableness. 16mo, pp. 401. $1.50.
RUPERT LAWRENCE, or A Boy in Earnest, by
'Harriet B. McKeever, has the usual characteris
tics of this writer. Goodness is exhibited in its
gentler aspects, and the story is not without a
certain grace and attractiveness: But,' it is devoid
of power, invention or raciness of incident or
style, and will fail to leave any deep impression
on the reader, of the truths which are illustrated.
16mo , pp. 336, with engravings. J. P. Skelly
& Co. $1.50.
GEORGE ELIOT.
FELIX HOLT, THE RADICAL, the fourth in
Messrs. Fields & Osgood's series of these novels,
has appeared, with a Jae simile of the author's
agreement with the publishers. 16mo, pp.
278. $1 00.
THE MILL ON THE FLOSS, the Second Volume
of Harper's Edition of the same works, has also
appeared. With six full page illustrations, 16mo.
pp. 464, 75 cents.
MOUNT ZION COLLECTION.
MESSES. A. S. BARNES & Co. have issued h
large, varied and valuable collection of music,
under this title, by Theodore E. Perkins. It em
braces, besides a great variety of tunes for.public
THE AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 7, 1869.
worship, a Manual of Instruction, Singing
School Department, Anthems, Chants, Sabbath
School, and Domestic Departments. The page
is broad and the type clear and handsome. 384
pp. Price $1.25.
PAMPHLETS AND PERIODICALS.
THE OCTOBER number of Guthrie's Sunday
Magazine, published in this country by J. B.
Lippincott & Co., has just appeared. The con
tents are: Episodes in an Obscure Life, by a Cu
rate, 1.—1 V.; Harvest Thoughts, by J. Oswald
Dykes; Mother's Knee and Rainbow, by Mon
sell; Sundays on the Continent, by Dr. Guthrie;
Miracles of our Lord, by George MacDonald;
Companions of Paul, by Howson; Upward Glan
ces, by the reverend Astronomer, Pritchard; Im
mortality brought to Light, by A. L. Waring;
The Struggle in Ferrara, Questions which are,
Always Turning Up, I.; Spirit of Religious Fac
tion. Price 30 cts.; $3.50 a year.
Too BRIGHT TO LAST. A Novel, (Paper)
Fields, Osgood & Co.
LITERARY ITEMS.
—FROM Pution.—Dr. Cumming's letter to the
Pope might have been shorter, thus 7 LBanete
Pater—Venio. [Holy Father, lam Cumming I]
—Among the packages just ordered from the
mission - house in Pemberton Square, Boston,
Massachusetts, for Harpoot,in Eastern Turkey,
are twenty-four copies of Webster's ; Unabridged,
and twenty-five full sets of Barnes' Notes. The
influence of Christian Missions is telling far
more effectively upon the world's progress in
civilization than we are apt to realize.
—The Rev. Jonathan Edwards, in speaking of
a particular season of his life in which he expe
rienced great religious enjoyment, said, "I had
great longing for the advancement of Christ's
kingdom. If I heard the least hint of anything
that happened to have occurred in any part of the
world that appeared to have a favorable aspect on
the interests of Christ's kingdom; niy - soul eagerly
catched at it, and it would much animate and re
fresh .me. I used to be earnest to read public
news-letters mainly for this end, to see if I could
not find some news favorable to the interests of
religion in the world."
—The Mohammedan mind is moving Gene
ral Kheredine, President of the Grand Council
at Tunis, and a most orthodox believer in Islam
ism, has just issued a pamphlet in which he de
mands various reforms, among them -the neces
sity of dismissing current Moslem notions as to
the sinfulness o painting_ and sculpture. He
shows that they are nowhere condemned in the
Koran, and that the reported conversation of the
prophet concerningthem, only touches their abuse
by their application to idolatry.
—lt is reported in French literary cirelei that
MM. Thiers and Mignet accept as satisfactory
the conclusions at which M. Marius Topin (Rig
net's nephew) has arrived respecting the man in
the Iron Mask, and the, publication of Topin's
book is awaited with great interest. He declares
that he has found in the archives all the papers
relating to the trial of the prisoner, and that none
of the current hypotheses and few of the stories
about him are true. It is not true that the Iron
Mask was supplied with royal linen and had a
sumptuous table : it is not true that fishermen
who found a silver dish which belonged to him
were arrested : it is not true that Louvois visited
him : it is not true that the Iron Mask was the
object of the greatest attention and deferential
respect. The Iron Mask was imprisoned in the
quarter reserved for spies, and was subject to the
ordinary regimen of the Bastile. But why was
the unusual precaution of an iron mask used ?
M. Topin promises to explain all these contro
verted questions in a satisfactory manner.
—Thackeray, when speaking about fame,
would frequently tell the following anecdote :
When at dinner in St. Louis one day, he heard
one of the waiters say to another, " Do you know
who that is ?", " No," was the answer. " That
is the celebrated Mr. Thacker." " What's he
done ?" " Blessed if I know," was the reply.
—Dr. Livingstone has been elected corres
ponding member of the Paris Academy of
Sciences, to fill the vacancy left by . the death of
Prof. A. D. Bache.
—Henry Ward. Beecher corrects a newspaper
writer. who speaks of his farm at Fishkill. He
says he owns a farm at Peekskill, and if he had
another he should think himself on the high road
to the poor-house.
—Professor Seely, reputed to be the author of
Ecce Homo, succeeds the Rev. Charles Kingsley
as Professor of Modern History in Oainbriclge
University.
—Barnum has written a book. It is called
" Struggles and Triumphs, or Forty Years' Rec,ol
lections of P. T. BARNUM, written by himself,"
and is published by subscription at Hartford. It
is interesting and conceited. In the preface the
great showman says that all autobiographies are
necessarily egotistical, and that the " I's" are
essential to his story. And the " Ps" of his book
are the largest kind of capitals ; as for example,
in a conversation with TRACKERAY, he quotes the
words of the novelist : " Mr. BARNUM, I admire
you more than ever l"—.N. Y. Sun.
—A correspondent of the Cincinnati Com
mercial, gives the following account of the origin
of T. Buchanan Read's poem of " Sheridan's
Ride :"
" The idea of the subject of this poem grew
out of a wood engraving after a design of the ar
tist, Thomas Nast, which appeared in Harper's
Weekly in 1865. James E. Murdoch, Esq., ob
serving the engraving at a newsstand in this city,
purchased the paper containing it, and took it to
his friend, T. Buchanan Read, the poet, and sug
gested to him that it was a grand subject for a
poem, and in his earnest and enthusiastic manner,
urged his friend to work up the idea; to which
Mr. Read replied in his characteristic manner,
' You talk to me about writing a. poem as though
it were •as easy as to go into Sprague's store and
order a new coat.'
" This was only a day or two before the grand
ovation which was given in this city, in 1865,
in honor of Mr. Murdoch. Mr. Read said
no more about it at that time. However, on the
morning of the very day on which the ovation
took place, he withdrew himself to his room, and,
in an incredibly short space of time, produced
this celebrated poem—in our estimation the
greatest of all his works. The poem was given
to Mr. Murdoch, to be read by him that night.
Those of our citizens who had the good fortune
to be present in Pike's Opera House on that oc
casion will never forget the wild whirlwind of
enthusiasm, with which the poem was received.
The patriotic. feelings of the audience were
wrought up by this poem, as rendered by Mr.
Murdoch in his more than usually effective
manner, to a point of enthusiasm rarely produced
by the mere recital of a poem or drama."
Biottliamtato.
THE OLD SCOTCH VirOHAN'S FAITH.
By the side of a rippling brook in one of
the secluded glens , of Scotland, there stands
a low, mud-thatched cottage, with its neat
honeysuckle porch, facing the south. Be
neath this humble roof, on a snow-white bed,
lay, not long ago, old Nancy, the Scotch
woman, patiently and cheerfully waiting the
moment when her happy spirit would take
its flight to " mansions in the skies';" expe
riencing with the holy Paul, " We know
that if our earthly house of this tabernacle
were dissolved, we have a building of God,
a house not made with bands, eternal in the
heavens." By her bedside, on a small table,
lay her spectacles and a well-thumbed Bible
—her " barrel and her cruse," as she used
to call it—from which she daily, yea, hour
ly, spiritually fed on the "Bread of Life."
A young minister frequently called to see
her. He loved to listen to her simple ex
pressions of Bible truths; for when she
spoke of her "inheritance, incorruptible,
undefiled, and that fadeth not away," it
seemed but a little way off, and the listener
almost fancied he heard the redeemed in
heaven saying; " Unto Him that loved us
and washed us from our sins in His own
blood."
One day, the young minister put to the
happy saint the following startling question;
" Now, Nancy," he said, " what if, after all
your prayers and watching, and waiting,
God should suffer your soul to be eternally
lost ?" Pious Nancy raised herself on her
elbow, and turning to bim a wistful look,
laid her right' hand on the precious Bible,
which lay open before her, and quietly re
plied, " Ah, deary me, is that a' the length
you hae got yet, man ?" and then continued,
her eyes sparkling with almost heivenly
brightness, " God would hae the greatest
loss. Poor Nancy would but lose her soul,
and that would be a great loss indeed ; but
God would lose his honor and his character.
Haven't I hung , my soul on his ' exceeding
great and precious promises?' and if He
break His word, He would make Himself a
liar, and a' the universe would rush into
con fusion 1" "
Thus spake the old Scotch pilgrim, These
were among the last words that fell from
her dying lips ; and most. -precimp words
they were—like " apples of gold in pictures
of silver." Let the reader consider them.
They apply to every step of the pilgrim's
path, from the first'to the last.
INTEMPERATE HABITS.
Recent chemical and anatomical explora
tions have shown that by the use of alco
holic stimulants peculiar cells are opened in
the brain, which are never closed, but which
even after the person has temporarily given
up their use, are vacant, still gaping and
waiting to be filled with the former occu
pant. If this is physiologically true, it may
serve to account for the readiness with
which the person once overcome by the
habit of taking alcoholic 'drinks returns to
his practice. By this dikovery a powerful
argument and warning is put into mouths of
the adherents, of total abstinence. The
repetition and pressing of such warnings
will check the formation of the habit, will
save some.
Will religious training prevent the forma
tion of the habit? . Let us hear what Dr.
Parrish says. Speaying of the experience
he has recorded in his Sanitarium, he says,
"that one-third of the whole number of
patients in the institution acquired.a taste
for strong drink in attending parties and
other social gatherings, that the other two
thirds became drunkards from constitution
al tendencies, inducing insanity in some,
and reckless disregard of moral obligations
in others. Of the first class twenty-two
were cured ; of the second, only eight.
Two-thirds of the whole had the benefits of
Christian and , temperance training, while
only twenty-three had been neglected."
" Two-thirds had enjoyed the benefits of
Christian training," yet the sad result was
not in that larger proportion presented:
What then was the character of that train
ing? Was it entitled to the name of Chris.
tian ? Could it have been conducted on the
true principle of total abstinence from all
that can intoxicate? Was it the case that
in those Christian homes,tthe wine-cup was
never circulated? Did those. boys never
see the bottle on their father's table, and
never have it passed to tlem amid the en
joyments of good and refined social pleas
ures ? The statistics do not state any dis
tinCtion in regard to Christian training.
But it is evident that a wide and essen
tial difference would be found in training
where the total abstinence principle was
adopted, and the 'moderate use principle
was in practice. Were those victims trained
under the,ministry of one who acivoca,ted
and argue for total abstinence? Ox were
they instructed by ministers who indulged
themselves and encouraged others to follow
their example? Here, again, a vital differ
ence in training would be found. We believe
the true Bible ; principle to, he total absti
nence from alcoholic drinks for any and all
purposes, and. we have confidence only m
training" of that-'kind, and think icif"not
only, yet pre-eminently to be worthy of the
name of Christian. If the moderate prin
ciple training will check some the entire
abstinence principle will save more. Let
the latter have a fair and life-long trial.—
Episcopalian
THE CAPE OF STORMS.
There was once a famous cape reputed to be
the fatal barrier to the navigation of the ocean.
Of all those whom the wind or the currents had
drawn into its waters, it was said that none had
reappeared. It was called the Cape of Storms.
A bold navigator determined to surmount the
obstacle. He opened the route to the East
Indies, acquired for his country the riches of the
world, and changed the Cape of Storms into the
Cape of Good Hope.
In this great, this, glorious voyage to a happy
eternity which we are all taking, there will be in
one part a stormy cape to double. But let us
henceforth give it its true name. Christ rechris
tened death on that .day, when by death, itself
He brought life and immortality to light.—F.
Conlin: The Son of Man.
SERMONS AND CONVERSATION.
MYbrethren, would you know one cause of the
limited popularity of the preaching of the Gospel?
Do you wish for advice which will cause it to
penetrate into the minds of which the socieiy
around us is composed Let us learn to mingle
it better with our conversation. Does not con
versation form a large part of the words which we
utter ? We who. preach, well know the imper
ceptible influence our sermons produce compared
with that produced, by our conversation. Our
sermons are always more or less prepared, or if
not, they are supposed to be. Our conversation,
on the contrary, is the most natural expression of
our habitual state of mind. Now, it is this
habitual state of mind that we must needs know,
to appreciate at its true value the expression of
our convictions.
Our sermons fall from too great a height, are
too loud and too far between. They are like
storms, when the. rain strikes the, ground as it
falls, and glides over the surface. But to pene
trate the parched and arid ground of the hearts
of the multitudes around'us, we musk have those
gentle, fine, continuous, irresistible rains, to
which the blessedinfluence of our conversations
might be compared, if instead , of leaving them to
the caprices of the moment, we _knew how with
fidelity and gentleness, accbrding to the advice of
St. Paul, to let them be always with grace, sea
soned with salt.—lbid.
MISSIONARY ITEMS.
The largest contributor to the Board in the
month of August, as usual was Massachusetts.
She gave within a fraction of one-third of the
donations ($38,087.80 out' of $117,938 75). A
large legacy came from the Distriettof Columbia,
that of David W. Hall, f0r...512,812.92 ; besides
which $B,OOO are acknowledged - among the do
nations from Daniel W. Hall, deceased. Among
Presbyterian churched which devised liberal
things for the emergency, we note the. North,
Buffalo ; Madison Square and Covenant, New
York ; Cumberland Street Mission and Chapel,
Brooklyn ; the two churches of Orange, New
Jersey; Harrisburg . First and York churches,
in our State ; Walnut street church, West Phila
delphia, gave $480; a former. Missionary of the
Board, now a pastor in Delaware,
sent with his
special'contribution of s2s,the following pro
phetic and admonitory words :—" Be assured,
dear brother, love will prevail—it is a mighty
power—the treasury will be sustained, and your
balance-sheet will be another hallelujah chorus
to our dear Lord. But, 0, there ought to be no
such shallow places in the river of Christian be
nevolence. Our beloved society should be borne
forward on a stream ever widening and deepen.
ing, from month to month and from year to year.
You ought not,to have to tug her 'off the sand
banks in 'this way every year."
—The growth of interest in the cause of for
eign missions, as expressed by the' contributions
of the Church, is significant-Lin 1788, 0 ; in
1808; $100,000; in 1828, $1,000,000; in 1848,
$2,000,000 in 1868, $5,000,000.
-- Systematic Beneficence, in the ferni of
voluntary, tithes, is prevailing in almost every
part of , the missionary field. A Missionary of
the American Board writes from Madura, in; re 7
gard to the converts at one of the stations :—" In
regard to the subject of the tenths, I have been
much gratified. to see how readily the native.
Christians accept this as the Bible plan of be
nevolence. They receive the proposition with
as much apparent consent and approval , as they
receive the eighth and ninth commandments;
and I have only the same fear that they will
transgress the injunction to bring all the tithes
into the storehouse, that I haie that they will
transgress the fejunction to be honest and truth
ful; namely, that temptation will surprise`them,.
and lead them to use what they had intended
to give to the Lord, and what they would have
given if some one had stood by at just the right
time to ask it.
—The Prarthna Samaj of Bombay, is a pray- ,
ing association, and is somewhat like the "Brahma
Samaj " of Bengal, but in advance of it. The
secretary of the latter, after proof by Dr. Wilson,
admitted to him that whatever may be the Pres
ent religions status of that order, its origin is
pantheistic. On the contrary, the members of the
Prarthna Samaj in gis log in their religion before
the Government, do so as the Theists. They ob
jected to the•term deist, because, used in its tech
nical sense, it meant one who is opposed to the
doctrine of the existence of only one. God, • and
this the God of the Bible, whereas they did not
desire to set themselves in array against this doc
trine. Some of them have attended Dr. Wilson's
prayer-meetings, giving as a reason, that " they
come to learn the forms of expression we use in
our approaches to the Throne of Grace, with the
design, at least, of gaining assistance from them
in their devotional exercises, if not of introducing
them into them."
—Dr. Wilson the veteran Free Church Mis
sionary of Bombay, had two or three very severe
and' protracted contests witlimen of learning and
eloquence, in securing the introduction of such
books as Butler's Sermons and Pilgrim's Progress,
into the middle and higher parts of the course of
study of the Bombay University. Yet he was
finally successful; and now after years of perse
vering effort, on the part of her zealous as well
as faithful supporters, Christian literature occu
pies no mean or contracted position in the Uni
versity course. This and the Calcutta Univer
sity are the two highest institutions of learninc ,
in India. Upon examination Dr. Wilson had
lately ascertained that both their English and
vernacular educational, and their evangelistic de
partments had about equally contributed to the
strength of their Church. Again, that the
Brahmin caste had, proportionately to their num
bers, contributed their share to the membership.
Thirdly, that a large majority of the members bad
come from the lower or degraded castes.
AMERICAN BOARD.—General Summary for
the Year.—Number of Missions, 18 • 'Stations,
102; Outstations , 539 ; Ordained Missionaries
(3 being Physicians), 145 ; Physicians not or
dained, 7; Other Male Assistants, 4; Female As
sistants, 196; Whole number of laborers sent
from this country, 352; Native Pastors, 106;
Native Preachers and Catechists,
285; School
Teachers, 366; Other Native Helpers, 224 ;
Whole number 4:if native laborers, 981; Whole
number of laborers connected with the Missions,
1,333; Pages printed, as faras o reported, 15,957,-
641; Churches (including all at the Hawaiian
Islands), 229 ; Church members (do. do.), so far
'as re'ported, 20,788; Added during the year,
(do. do.), 1,608; Training and Theological
Schools,6; Other Boarding Schools, 19 ; Free
Schools (omitting those at Hawaiian Islands),
478 ; Pupils'in Free Schools (omitting those at
H. I.), 13.479 ; in Training and Theological
Schools, 486; in Boarding Schools, 688 ; Whole
number of Pupils, 15,491.
SCIENTIFIC ITEMS.
—We learn from Mr. T. P. Bateman, of
Savannah, Tenn., that the remains 'of a mastodon
have'been recently discovered in Lick Creek,
near the Tennessee river, below Old Perryville,
and 'within a short distance of Walker's Land
ing. The greater portion of its gigantic frame
projects above the water. Eighteen feet of its
backbone has been dug out of the embankment,
and is undergoing general mutilation by persons
breaking off pieces for relics.
The crown of one of the molars is, by actual
measurement; within a fraction of being nine
inches in diameter, and has the appearance of
belonging to an old animal. One of its jaw
bones, ponderous in size, has also been dis
covered. Mr. Bateman believes that the greater
portion of the skeleton could be recovered from
the mire, in which it appears the animal perished.
Any of the curious and the learned are at liberty
to unearth the remains of this gigantic animal.
If not secured soon it will be carried off piece
meal by the curious crowd who daily visit the
spot where it was found.—Haslwille, Banner,
Aug. 27.
—A writer suggests to the N. Y. Times that
the eclipse of Aug. 7th, with its observed great
disturbances of the magnetic needle, is probably
responsible for the loss of four Ocean Steamers
which occurred on that day near Cape Race.
—Capt. Ericsson sent two essays to the late
meeting of the National Academy of Science, of
great interest. One was intended to show what
a drag 013 the motion or vis viva of the earth ou
its axis, is the transfer of vast amounts of sedi
mentary matter by rivers, such as the Mississippi
and the Ganges, from high latitudes, where the
motion of the earth's surface is less, to lower
latitudes, where it is greater. His conclusion is
that every succeeding day marks a diminution
of the earth's vis viva of 3,446,898,451,200 foot
pounds, in consequence of the change in position
of the abraded matter carried towards the equator.
This enormous loss is not compensated by any
corresponding flow of river water from the centre
towards the poles.
His second paper is an attempt to show the
absolute heat of the sun apart from that ac
knowledged great source of warmth, the storage
power of the atmosphere. This heat he declares to
be comparatively feeble. His experiments are
not completed, but he argues the real intensity of
the sun's radiant heat before entering the earth's
atmosphere is marked by a thermometric interval
of only 70°, the interval on the thermometric
scale when water freezes being 461°. Also, that
the heat imparted to ponderable matter by the
sun's rays, ionless augmented by radiation from
surrounding media, would be insufficient to
render water, oil, or even mercury fluid. He
believes that the surface of the moon is covered
with great glaciers. He says that nothing but
the assumption of extreme cold offers a satisfac
tory explanation of the absence of any gaseous
envelope round the planetary body, which, on
account of its near proximity, cannot vary much
from the earth as regards its composition.
THE DROUGHT that now prevails almost
every year in India, it is stated, is caused
by the stripping of the country of the trees,
in consequence of the increased demand for
timber for making railroad ties.