frriAinal eDinnturtiratiDn%.
THE EDUCATION OF THE SOUTHERN
FREEDMEN,
BY ONE OF THEMSELVES
Though I know that the friends of the freed
men, in the North, feel a deep interest in their
we lf ar e and progress, and have shown their sym
pathy in benevolent deeds, still I sometimes fear
that even they have not a full conception of the
m agnitude of the work of educating and fitting
for intelligent citizenship these newly emanci
pated millions. Looking on from the distance of
a thousand miles, and calling to mind the hun
dreds of missionary teachers, who, during the
past three years, hive been at work in the South,
it will, doubtless, appear to many in the North,
that these people have had, within their reach,
good, if not superior means of acquiring intelli
gence and educatien; and the conclusion is likely
to be reached, that the mass of the freedmen
should, by this time, be sufficiently advanced to
conduct intelligently their own educational af
fairs. Nov, I do not, by any means, wish to try
to disparage the results of the labors of the self
sacrificing men and women who have so nobly
led the march of education 'into the wilds of
Southern ignorance and barbarism, but I do de
sire that the friends in the North may not fall
into error in regard to what has" been accom
plished, and that they may have a correct know
ledge of the situation.
Three years ago, when the work Of educating
the freedmen commenced, the teacher or mission
ary had two principal obstacles to combat. The
first was, the malicious prejudice andlhe deter
mined opposition of the whites; the second was,
the ignorance of those whom they dune to in
struct. Iv required fully one-half as much
thought and care to counteract the former, as it
did to overcome the latter. School-houses were
burnt, in some instances teachers were assaulted
and even killed, and, generally, all banner of in
sult and annoyande was tried by the Whites to
dishearten them and to 'discourage them from
their work. Then the bitter passions engendered,
or, at least, increased, by oar late Civil war, had
not died away, and the teacher stood surrounded
by enemies, determined in their hostility to the
education of the freedmen. In those dark days,
it was a bold thing, even here in Alabama, to,
raise the standard of man's rights and declare for
freedom and education. Now, all that is changed.
There is not a village, hamlet, or precinct in this
whale State, where a freedmen's school may not
be opened and taught with perfect safety. The
spelling book has once more gained the day, as it
ever must, and the Southern people have every
where been. forced to recognize the fact 'that the
black people are to be educated and enlightened,
and that they are powerless to prevent it. So
much has been accomplished toward overcoming
the slaveholder's hostility to education.
Now, as to the extent and progress of the
schools. It must be borne in mind that, while
many teachers have been sent into this field, still
no society has aimed to establish schools at other
than central points. In other words; the thou
sands of youth in the smaller places and rural
districts have, so far, been almost entirely desti
tute of schools and instruction. I have not the
statistics by me, but I estimate (roughly) that
there must be, at least, 50,000 colored youth of
schoolable age in the State of Alabama. It can
not be that over 5,000 of these have had any
thing like systematic instruction. In'this coun
ty (Lauderdale), as nearly as I can estimate,
there are about 2,000 colored youth between the
ages of 5 and 21 years. Of this number, per
haps 300 are gathered in schools. This state
ment will give you an idea of th'e vast dispropor
tion of the force of teachers compared with the
work to be done. I have Said that - the societies
aimed only to establish Schools at central points.
In this they showed wisdom. A well-regulated
school at any county town of the State would be
a great source of benefit to the freedmen of that
county. It would be a radiating centre. But
there is 'a significant fact connected `with nearly
all of these schools which must be borne in mind.
I allude to the Normal feature round in most of
them. In nearly all freedmen's schools the idea
is kept pfominently before the Minds of the pu
pils that they, particularly the older and nore
advanced ones, are to make use of their acqnire
ments in instructing others. We generally find
it practicable to gather into a Normal crass, those
who give evidence of capacity for . teaching, and
instruct them with especial reference to that
work. So far as my knowledge extends, this'
plan has everywhere been attended withthe rnost
gratifying results. From these Normal classes
we have not only been`able to supply the primary
departments of our Central Schools with good
teachers, but also to sendleachers into the coun
try to open small schools of their dim, which are
generally self-supporting. This much we have
been able to do here at 'Florence,' 'and at tither
points, perhaps, more has been done in the same
way. So it will be Seen that every central school
is, to a great extent, a Normal school, and, pro
perly conducted, is able to do much toward sup
plying the surronnding country With teachers.
Of our own pupils here, eight are, at this time,
or have been, 'engaged 'in teaching. There are,
perhaps, ten who are capable of conducting small
primary schools, and some of whom will engage
in teaching during 'the present summer-months,
o the country. IninOther year we could proba
bly increase this niniber of young teachers to
twenty.five, who again would,' perhaps, be able
to gather 'into sahobls and instruct 1000 or
1200 others. And thus the work will go on, un
less from want of means or other causes these
central schools are compelled to stop.
Touching the pecuniary condition of the
, outhera people : the whites; even those who for
merly were regarded as wealthy, are now nearly
all bankrupt. All classes of persons find it difft
uilt to live here. There is very little money in
ireulation in the South, and the country is so
unsettled that enterprises of nearly every kind
have stopped. The freed-people especially, libor
hard, and have done so since the close of 'the
A'Ar ; but so far, they have realiied 'very 'little
zuriney from their labor. Most of what 'they
'lave earned, to their credit be it speken, jbeY
'ti .ive applied toward the purchase orsinall hra
THE AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN, THURSDAY, JULY 16, 1868.
for their families. Last year a large cotton crop
was raised, but, as every oue knows, from some
cause or other, cotton sold for from four cts. to
five cts. per lb. less than it cost to produce it.
Planters lost heavily, but cotton speculators
reaped a harvest.
Unfortunately the southern people, white and
black, very generally still cling to cotton as their
chief staple. But I take it that stern necessity
will yet teach them to diversify their crops.
Could the people of the north witness the manly
struggles of the freedmen for independence, in
spite of the many obstacles which beset their
way, I am sure they would feel encouraged still
to extend the helping hand; and could they
know with what grateful and prayerful emotions
aid of any kind is received by these poor suffer
ing people, they would never, never regret that,
in the goodness of their hearts, they were led to
extend their sympathies toward the freedmen of
the South.
To give you an idea of the animus with which
many of these people are inspired, let me relate
an incident. We have lately had quite a freshet
in this section, and much of the bottom land,
some.of which had been planted, has been flooded.
A few mornings since, as I was riding along the
river bank; I saw a fine specinien of the " new is
sue " (freedmen) sitting on a fence, looking at
about four acres of water outspread before him,
beneath which was his corn-field. After offering
him words of condolence, I asked him how he
was going to manage it. " 0," said he, with a
broad grin, that showed entire absence of any
thing like melancholy or despair; "when the wat
er falls, I'll plow up the land ;and plant it again."
Said I, " Old man I You'll do." He replied,
good-humoredly, "I reckon." These people, de
pend upon it, will come up; only give them time,
and opportunity.
My chief anxiety now is, whether we are finally
to close our efforts here in June. .1 humbly
and prayerfully trust that Providence will open
up some way for us to continue the work here
next fall. We now have every thing in order
for another year of more successful labor than
any heretofore. To break off suddenly now,
would be sad indeed, and Lpray that we may be
enabled to go on until we can safely commit this
truly noble work to other and more faithful
hands. Truly yours, ,
OSCAR M. WARING.
FLORENCE, Ala., May 8, 1868.
Ktattm'o Catat.
teis 6 ' Publishers will confer a favor by mentioning
the priced of all books sent to this Department:
JEAN MACE'S BOOBS.
The unrivalled clearness, fluency and • facility
of the best French lecturers and instructors is
well known abroad. They know better than any
other civilized people how to popnlat:ize'science.
Arago was not more famous for his mastery of
knowledge than for his skill in making it corn
preheesible to tha dullest listener. There is a.
captivating combination of brilliancy, simplicity
and thoroughness in the presentation of, scienti
fic truth to the young and the uninitiated by
this class of French savans that answers a very
general want and that has been widely respond
ed to by the public. JEAN MACE'S Book, the
HISTORY or 'A O 3IOIJTHFUL OF. BREAD,• is a late
illustration of this gift so peculiarly French.
Starting from the act of mastication, the author
describes, in " Letters to a little Girl," the pro
cess of digestion, the alimentary system and the
entire relation of food to the human body. The
second part of the book is occupied with a de
scription of the various orders of animals. All
the leading facts in the structure of man, and the
other animals, as living beings, are brought to
view, and with such liveliness and picturesque
ness of style and such assiduous and yet cheer
ful and happy attempts at' illustration, that a
child of eight or ten can scarcely fail to be in-.
terested; while many, older persons would, be in
terested as they never were before, in the mys
teries of their own physical• constitution. There
is throughout a reverential recognition of the
Deity, and a constant aim to inculcate gratitude
to the wise and benevolent Author of our being.
The same may be said of a second volume, by
the same author : " THE SERVANTS OF THE
STOMACH," which, relates to, the muscular and
bony parts of the body, the brain and nerves.
Seventeen editions of the,first of these works'had
been issued in Paris in 1866. The translations,
reprinted from London editions, with some slight
revision, are issued in subStantial and handsome
style by Messrs. Harpers, of New York, and are
for sale by J. B. Lippincott & Co., at $1.75 per
volume.
From CAuFrroN, New York, we have receiv
ed RICHARD B. KIMBALL'S last novel, entitled
" HENRY . POWERS BANKER, How he achieved
a Fortune and Married ;" a very slight story, in
which some of the most trite expedients of the
Story-teller are used ; while its revelations of
Wall Street Life and of the workings of passion,
principle, hypocrisy, cunning and legitimate bu
`siness enterprise in the commercial circles of the
metropolis, cannot compare with those drawn in
the earlier work of Mr. Kimball, entitled " Was
he Successful ?" The manner in which bogus
companies are gotten up and the culpable care
lessness of good men, and of religious newspapers
in allowing their names to be used in such enter
ririses, are well shown up. The chief merit of
the work lies ,
perhaps, in its description and anal
ysis of the cs lowa upright character, not unfre
quently found in mercantile circles, and of the
power of a pure affection to keep alive courage
and correct principle in a young man, exposed to
the trials 'and temptations of the beginning of a
mercantile career. Price $1.75.
ROSE MATHER, by Miss MARY J. HOLIES, from
the same house, is a story of the War, thorough
ly patriotic, pure, pervaded with genuine unre
served piety, and wrought out of the abundant
materials furnished by the various phases of the
straggle, at home, on the battle-f eld, in rebel
prisons, and in perilous flights, with considerable
dramatic skill. Based on familiar scenes and in
&dents and simple in tone, it cannot trulybe call
ed common-place. The perusal will 'quicken pa
triotism and serve to keep alive a remembrance
FICTION.
of those times when it seemed natural even for
the habitually indifferent to recognize God, and
when so many were led, by His awful providen
ces, to ask His aid and to seek pardon through
His Son. Price 51.50.
MESSRS. WYNKOOP & SHERWOOD, 208 Ful
ton street, N. Y., have sent us, through DUF
FIELD ASHMEAD, their "Handy Volume Edi
tions of Thackeray's PENDENNis. It is print
ed in very clear, legible diamond type, in double
columns, much resembling the famous diamond
edition of Dickens. There is, also, a handsome
steel portrait of Thackeray, and a dozen copies of
the author's, own grotesque and effective illustra
tions. Travellers will find it very well suited to
their wants.
JEV/NILES.
THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD are showing con
stant enterprise in their line. We have recently
from their press, in 18mo., pp. 136, ONLY A
PENNY, by Nellie Grahame," well illustrating the
value of those small sums of money so frequently
in the hands of children, and impressing a lesson
of practical benevolence of the highest utility.
Two, illustrations. Also: " MARGARET ASHTON,
Or Work and Win, by Mrs. S. A. Myers," pp.
336, admirably illustrating the inadequacy of a
formal sort of piety, backed up by Catechism
and Presbyterian rigidity in the training of Chil
dren, especially the wayward and open sort of
bad ones •; the story has sufficient variety of inci
dent and of character to be deeply interesting.
It belongs to the better class of Juveniles, and
will do good in
,the homes where a stiff and un
lovely form of Presbyterianism prevails. We
note that " Puritans " are said, pages 5 and 6,
to have settled in Eastern Pennsylvania, but they
are afterwards spoken of as Covenanter& "HAR
OLD and other Stories, by the author of " Jennie
Graham," 230 pp., is from the pen of one who
knows his trade and whom the children need only
know, to reckon him among their real friends.
Three illustrations.
" ONLY THIS ONcrE by Nellie Grahame,7 pp.
72. TWo illustrations. Well describes the en
ticements, by whieh sin lures ihe unstable into
her paths.
HENRY HOYT has issued a small but excel
lent book, for Little Girls, according to the title
page, but pleasantly conveying lessons of value to
all children, upon the duty of
,giving the heart
to Christ and of suitably endeavoring to win
others to the same duty. It is entitled ° THREE
CHRISTMAS DAYS." Pp. 74.
lIIISCELLANEOES.
Messrs. Jowl - WYETR & Bab. have issued a
very neat 16mo. volume, entitled : "The Fam
ily Adviser, and Guide to the Medicine Chest.
A concise Handbook of Medicine, by a Physi
cian." We Auld of course much prefer a com
petent guide away from the medicine chest, but
in the absence of that, it is the next best thing to
know how to use remedies in those emergencies
where a physician cannot be promptly obtained, or
Where the matter is scarcely serious enough for
his attention. There is no purpose in author or
publisher to discourage the reader from procur
ing the advice of a competent physician. The
book is 'very neatly printed. 'it
PEEISMICALS " AND 'PAMPHLETS.
Teti SCHOOLMATE FOR JULY, Joseph H. Allen,
Boston, (Vol. 22, No. I) still oontirmes to give
the children wholesome, attractive, piquant Sto
ries, Declamations, Dialogues, &c. $1.50 per
annum.
THE THEATRE. By Was. P. BLEED, D.D. An
'excellent tract, issued by the Board of the other
Branch, fearlessly exposing theligeurable cor- -
ruptness of everything about the .theatre, and
shoviing up, with unsparing and. truthful hand,
the intolerable foulness of the theatricals of our
day.
.HARPgtt's BAZAR reaches our table with more
than promptness—nearly two weeks ahead of time.
We suppose the exigencies of fashion can be
best met by such issues in advance of time. The
adaptation of the Bazar to the large class of we ! ,
it aims to supply is really astonishing. We hatre
counted as many as seventy patterns traced on a
single one of those cabalistic Sheets with which
the publishers supplement their regular issues.
It is a perfectly inexhaustible resource for ladies
wanting something to do."
THE CATALOGUE OF MIAMI, 0.; UkI'VERSI
TY shows 117 in the Collegiate and 69 in the
Preparatory department. Robert L. Stanton,
D.D., is President and Rev. S. H. McMullin,
late of West Philadelphia, is ProfeSsor of Greek.
THE NORTH BRITISH REVIEWTOT June,lB6B,
(New York : Leonard Scott, Pub. Co.; Philaklel
phia, for sale by W. B. Zieber), cornnaences•with
an article on " A Liberal Education," discussing
the rose-water theories of Education from which
the study of the classics is to be excluded. "Mis
tral's Mireio " is an account of tin idyllie Poem
in the lately-restored Provencal dialect of France.
" Saint Louis," is an historical picture of the last
of the Crusaders; the worthily sainted French
King, who died August 25, 1270, a victim to his
zeal for the overthrow of Mohammedanism. His
life-long reverence for his noble and courageous
mother was not the least commendable of his
characteristics. "Creeds and Churches" is one
of those Articles which area sign of the Time's.
Dean Stanley's argument for the continued union
of Church and State, is shown to be exceeding
ly defective. The responsibility of voluntary
Churches to the State, as truly as State Churches,
for an abuse of their powers or fundamental vio
lation of their own law, is clearly shown. Many
points of significance to ourselves are adverted to,
and the wale drift of the article reminds one
forcibly that we are entering upon a period of
ecclesiastical reconstruction, in which the founda
tions have got to be re-examined and re-laid.
" Memories of Baron Bunsen," is suggested by
the two volumed Life, just' issued'hy the English
lady who remains tamourn the departed German
Scholar and Christian. The marked and noble
and commanding traits of his character, as well
as his serious defects, the strange combination
of deep, child-like piety, with a bald rationalism
in some important particulars, are clearly brought
out. The other articles are: The Greek Idyllic
Poets; on Sleep and the History of Writing.
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