ftal ftiMIMJ.
PEA! BLIGHT AND BOEEES.
My attention being called to an article in
tbe Rural, suggests whether the borer does
not attack our most vigorous and flourish
ing pear trees and make them die suddenly
of plight. The borer is as unable to begin
upon such a tree as a man to bore with an
old-fashioned pod attgur without first chip
ping out with a gouge a pdace to begin, for
in all places where I have noticed the opera
tions of the borer, whether in fruit trees or
in forest trees, they have always entered
the -tree where it had previously sustained
an injury, and become rotten or softened, to
enable him to begin. If we cut down a pine
treo and saw it into mill-logs, and lay them
upon skids, strip the, bark from some and
leave tbe bark on others, and go near them
on a still warm evening, we will hear them
boro in the logs with the bark on, as plainly
as we can hear a man bore with an inch au- r
irur. So that the borer cannot be the pioneer
m the mischiefs to the pear-tree.
I suppose that the various kinds of insects
and vermin have the same right to a living
tlmt we have, and they Will naVe it. I be
lieve that thoir mischiefs are very much
overrated. Thirty years ago, or more, the
people hereabout were very-anxious to learn
means of destroying bots in horses, when a
Virginian laid down the principle that bots
rarely injure a horse, and are never the*
pioneers in mischief th hiin ; that tßey have
no other means of propagatirig their species;
than laying their “nits” on 1 him, he bitihjg
off the “nits” and swallowing them; they
hatch in him; he casts them out, they take
wing, and in turn put their “nits” on tho
horso. He said that thbrough examination
proved that all horsoS had more or less of
hots in them, that fat and well-conditioned
had tho most; that so long as he was well
fed and well, they never troubled him, but if
he was abused or starved—sick or dead —
they would try to eat thoir way out. His
theory had so much the appearance of com
mon sense that I remembered it.
The pear blight, I have for a long time
been satisfied, is caused by the heat of the
sun upon the trunk and branches Of the tree,
thickening or coagulating -the albtiifien of
the sap, thereby obstructing its circulation
in its descent in the bark, leaving it to
putrefy. To remedy this', keep a close watch
of your trees and as soon as Such injury can;
be seen in the bark, take a knife and elit the
bark from a little above the- injured spot, to
a little below it. If the spot be wide, make
two or three slits; Sometimes, such an in
jury is remedied by an effort of .Nature in
the tree by whieh the sap will resume by lit
tle and little, its wonted circulation, in which
case the bark will invariably , be found
cracked. This suggested the use of the,
knife.—Cor. Mural New Yorker.
WHEAT BREAD.
Our whole process of converting wheat
into bread has, at almost every step, viola
ted the laws of nature and disregarded her
suggestions, and the l’efbrm must be a fun
damental one. Wheat is, beyond all dis
pute, the most perfect article of human food,
it being the only vegetable production yet
discovered that contains all the elements
necessary for the nourishment of the muscle,
bones, fatty tissue and brains, in just the
right [proportions. ' Beans, peas, Indian
torn and the other grains -afford; perfect
nourishment for all the organsbutthe brain,
by which term is included the spinal mar
row and the nerves, which branch from the
brain, and are identical in composition with
it, tho whole forming, one system or set of
organs. Now the pabulum of tho brain is
phosphorus, whose life-giving fire thrills
along the nerves, and whose light illumes
tho chambers of the mind —for could we
rightly understand the correspondences be
tween tho material and the spiritual, we
might foe that light in the intellectual.sense
was something more than a more figure of
speech. The wear of the brain by study or
any mental effort throws off the phosphorus,
which is found with .other waste matter in
the urine or other secretions. To keep the
brain healthy and in working order the
waste mußt be restored by the use of food
containing phosphorus, and that food is
wheat. It would seem as if wheat was made
for brain food, and man, the only animal
that works with his brains, is the only
consumer of it. But by a strange caprice
the promptings of his intuitions are over
ruled by his tastes, and in this particular
instance to his great detriment. Nearly
every particle of this brain-nourishing phos
phorus is found in the hull or bean of the
wheat, which, when separated from the flour,
for the sake of merely gratifying the eye
with the sight of white bread, carries with
it all the superiority which wheat posses
ses over a dozen other kinds of cheaper
vegetables. In addition to this the mechan
ical action of the bean on the internal or
gans keeps them in a healthy state, and su
persedes th© necessity of pjlls and other ca
thartics which many people are' obliged to
use habitually. This matter of making flour
of the whole ‘wheat is well understood and
approved by every school of physicians and
through their recommendation to their pa
tients, and the teachings of health journals.
Its use is becoming somewhat common, and
wheat flour, as it is called, is a staple arti
cle iu the markets.
Strong as the prejudice may be first
against the brown, plebeian-looking loaf, it
will vanish in mostcases at -the first taste,
if the bread is well made from well ground
wheat of a good quality, the sweet, fragrant
nutty flavor commending itself to every taste
not wholly vitiated. With wheat flour the
complaints of heavy, sour and insiped brqad
would vanish forever, as it is so light, ow-,
ing to the feathery particles of the hull
which pervades it, that no yeast or alkali is
necessary to rai&e it; but it is, when mixed
with pure cold water alone, self
THE AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 1867.
raising to a greater extent than fine flour
can be rendered by yeast. Again no less
than thirteen per cent, of the flour is saved
by dispensing with yeast, as the fermenta
tion in its growth converts that proportion
of the starch and sugar into alcohol. This
is saved, of course, by the use of an alkali
and acid to generate carbonic acid, but a
deleterious neutral salt is in every case left
in the bread —tartrate of soda if cream of tar
tar is used, lactate of soda if sour milk, and
mellassate if molasses. The best and most
entirely innoxious mode of raising fine flour
for those who will use it, is to use muriatic
acid, which forms with soda common salt,
which is needed in the bread, and is a con
stituent of the human body.— Exchange.
CLOVER.
Clover differs entirely from the cereal
crops in thisr it sends its main roots perpen
dicularly downwards, when ~ no, obstacle
stands in the .way, to a depth which the
fibrous roots of wheat and barley fail to
reach; the principal roots of bldVer*branch .
off into creeping shoots, .which.again; send 5
forth.fresh roots downwards. Thus clover,-
like the pea plant, derives its principal food
from layers below thie surface sojl; and the
difference between the two eonsists mainly
in this —that the clover, from its larger and 1
more extensive root surface, can still find a
sufficiency of food in fields whero peas will
no. longer thrive; the .natural .consequence
is, that the subsoil is left proportionately
much poorer by clover than by the pea.
Clover seed, on account of its small size, can
furnish from its own mass but few formative
elements for the young plant, and.requires
a rich arable surface for its development ;,
but the plant takes but comparatively little
food from the surface sbil. When the roots’
have pierced through'this, the upper parts
are soon covered; with a corky coating,; and
only the fine root fibres ramifying through
the .subsoil convey ,food t.Q the .plant.-7-iie-
Mg. ' '. 7. ; 7. ~ V'.
The Rinderpest, or a disease similar to
it, has, it is reiterated, appeared' in Bu'qks
county, Penn; An exchange says that ‘scr
far it has only affected the cows of two neigh
borhoods in Salisbury: township, > three.!,of
each having been seized with the.disease,,
and one of each having died. Of the others
one or more, it is thought, will recover. - The
disease is supposed to have been communi
cated from a drove of cattle brought from
near Philadelphia, and this would indicate
its existence elsewhere in. the State- Mea
sures should' be taken in order to prevent
the spread of this scourge. '
gtintH&t.
DECLINE IN THE ENERGY OP GEOLOGICAL
FORCES.
In a recent article against Darwinianism
the North British Review discusses a point
of great importance in estimating the value
of the extravagant calculations now current,
of the age of the earth. The writer say 3:
If there have been a gradual and continu
al dissipation of energy, there will on the
whole have been a gradual decrease in the
violence or rapidity of all physical changes.
When the gunpowder in a gun is .just light
ed, the energy applied in a small mass pro
duces rapid and violent changes; as the ball
rushes through the air it gradually loses
speed; when it strikes rapid changes again
occur, but not so rapid as at starting. Part
of the energy's slowly being diffused through
the air; part is being slowly conducted as
heat from the interior to the exterior of the
gun, only a residue shatters the rampart,
and that residue, soon changing into heat,
is finally diffused at a gradually decreasing
rate into surrounding matter. Follow any
self-contained change, and a similar gradual
diminution on the whole will be observed.
There are periods of greater and less activi
ty, but the activity on the whole diminishes.
Even so it must have been, and so it will be,
with our earth. Extremestend t-6 diminish;
high places become lower, low places become
higher, by denudation. Conduction is con
tinually endeavoring to reduce extremes of
heat and cold; as the sun’s heat diminishes
so will the violonce of storms; as inequali
ties of surface diminish, so will the varia
tions of climate. As the external crust con
solidates/so will the effect of internal fire
diminish. As internal stores of fuel are con
sumed, or other stores of chemical energy
used up, the convulsions or gradual changes
they can produce must diminish; on every
side, and from whatever cause changes are
due, we See the tendency of their gradual
diminution of intensity or rapidity. To say
that things must or can always have gone
on at the present rate is a sheer absurdity,
exactly equivalent to saying that a boiler
tire once lighted will keep a. steam-engine
going forever at a constant rate; to say all
changes that have occurred, or will occur,
since creation, have, been due-to the same
causes as those now in action; and further,
that those causes have not varied in inten
sity according to any other laws than they
are now varying, is, we believe, a correct
scientific statement, but then we contend
that those causes must and do hourly dimin
ish in intensity, and have since the begin
ning diminished in intensity, and will di
minish, till fhrther sensible change ceases,
and a dead monotony is the final physical
result of fihe mechanical laws which matter
obeys. ~
Once this is granted, the calculations as
to the length of geological periods,* from the
present rates of denudation and deposit, are
blown to ifie. winds. They are rough, very
rough, at best. The present assumed rates
are little better than guesses; but even were
these really known, they could by.no means
Be sitntilymade use of in a rule-61-throe sum
as has generally been done. The rates of
denudation and deposition have been grad
ually, on the whole, slower and slower, as
the time of fusion lias become more and
more remote. There has been no age of cat
aclysm, in one sense, no time, when the
physical laws were other than they now are,
hut the results were as different as the rates
of a steam-engine driven with a boiler first
heated to 1500 degrees Fahrenheit, and gra
dually cooling to 200.
A counter argument is used, to the effect
that our argument cannot be correct, since
plants grew quietly, and fine deposits were
formed in the earliest geological times. But,
in truth, this fact in no way invalidates our
argument. Plants grow just as quietly on
the slope, of Vesuvius, with a few feet be
tween them and molten lava, as .they do in a
Kentish lane; but they occasionally experi
ence the difference of the situation. The
law according “to which a melted mass cools
Would allow vegetation to exist, and animals
to walk unharmed over an.-jincfedibly thin
crust. There would .be occasional, disturb
ances; but we see. that a few feet, of sail are
a sufficient; harrier between molten lava and,
the hoots of th ; e vine; each 1 tendril' grbws
not the less slowly and delicately heeauso it
is liable in a. year or two to;be swallowed
up hy.the.@tream .pf lava,. Yet no
advance the proposition that changes on the
surface of a volcano, are ..going on at the
same rate as, elsewhere. * Byen so.,in tjhe
primeval world, barely crusted 11 over,- with
great extremes of' climate,;violebt , 'Btorihs* j «
earthquakes, and a general rapid tendency;
to change,j.ten.der jglants, may £ ;hqy,e. gyo.wji,,
and deep oceans may have covered .depths',
of perfect stillness, interrupted occasionally"
by huge'disturbances. Violent currents or
storms in some; regions do not.proelude tem
perate climates in others, an.d ;i after all, the,
evidence of tranquillity is very slight.
There are coarse deposits as well as firie
ones; now a Varying current'sifts & deposit'
better than a thousand sieveß, the large
stones fa,ll.first in j a rapid torrent, then the
gravel in a rapid stream, then the coarse
sand, and finally, the fine silt cannot get de
posited till it meets with still water. And
1 still water might assuredly exist at the botP
tom of oceans,: the surface of which was tra
versed by. storms and waves of an intensity,
unknown to us. The soundings in deep seas
invariably produce samples, of almost intaiir
giblo ooze. All coarser materials are de
posited before they reach regions of such
deathlike stillness, and this would always
be so. As to -the plants, they may Lave
grown within a yard of red-hot gneiss.
CURE FOE DRY EOT IN. WOODEN STRTJO-
tubes;
Mr. Junker, the manager of the alkali
works at Saaran, in Silesia, has discovered
that tank-waste, the great nuisance of all al
kali works, is an excellent remedy against
dry rot in wood. This kind of decay is the
work of the spores of a fungus (Merulus lac
rymans') whieh generally find their way
through the soil and are. sometimes carried;
by currents of air." The 'tank-whste is said
to arrest their action in half-decayed wood.
It may be used by mixing it with other ma
terial so as to form a solid mass, which will
harden like the ordinary tank-waste floor.
If the mixture called tank-waste is the soda
waste described in chemical works, it ib
chiefly composed of calcium compounds;
about one-third of soda-waßte being oxychlo
ride of calcium. In England, where the
business of making soda-ash and pure car
bonate of soda is carried on more extensive
ly than in any other part of the world, the
tank-waste of alkali works is given to any
one who will cart it away.
STEAM lOE-MAOHUffi
The Steam Ice-machines of M. Toselli, are
at present attracting some attention in Paris.
An ice-producing, machine! capable of form-:
ing 22 lbs. of ice per hour, or nearly 2 cwts.
per day, is a sqnare parallelopiped 9 feet 2.
inches long, 6 feet 2 inches wide, and 6 feet
5 inches high. It consumes nearjya half
pennyworth of charcoal for every kilo
gramme of ice formed, and only requires the
attention of one man to set it at work and
to give the neccessary movement to the cir
culation of the water. The machine costs
£lBO. We believe that the principle on
which it is based is the rapid vaporization
of a highly volatile liquid, the necessary
supply of heat being taken from the water
to be frozen.
Lago Maggiore. —The Italian journals
continue to give accounts of land convul
sions on the borders of this lake, as well as
the Lago di Garda. Portions of the Tyro
lean Alps have been for several months sub
ject to periodical oscillations, which have
kept the peasants in a state of great appre
hension. Some time ago, a village near LagO
Maggiore was covered by an extensive land
slide. Large masses of rock and earth are
continually falling ; from Monte Balbo, ex
citing great consternation among the in
habitants of the valley.
J. & F, CADMUS,
NO. 736 Market Street, S. E. corner of Eighth,
PHILADELPHIA.
Manufacturers and Dealers in
BOOTS, SHOES, TRUNKS, CARPET BAGS AND
VALISES of every variety and style. .. . .
JOSHUA COWPLANDi
Manufacturer and Dealer in
Looking Grl asses,
PICTURE FRAMES,
Large Ornament xl Giltand Walnut Mirrors.
'> ‘ No. 53 Hoatt Fourth Street; Ph'iladelpKia
jj»ST M COWPLAXD
my23-lj
PHILADELPHIA,
THEODORE SMITH. FERDINAND J. DRBER
A PINB ASSORTMENT OF .
WATCHES, JEWELRY. AND SILVER WARE,
apr26-ly Of the most fashionable styles.
We take pleasure in announcing to Dealers in Fer
tilizers, and the Agricultural public, that we hare,
within the past year, increased our facilities for the
manufacture ef our Raw Bonb PhoSphatb, to an ex
tent unequalled by any other House in the United
States or Europe. These facilities not only include
the enlargement of our old establislied’worksin Phila
delphia, iknown as the DELAWARE RIVER AG
RICULTURAL CHEMICAL WORKS, but also the
purchase of extensive and well stocked works at Chir
cage, 111., with.all the necessary, machinery; cars, &c.,
to This establishment alone has
produced, annually, over 5000 tons,pf dried, Bones and
Meat, and is capable of being,largely increased. ;We
desire, by the closest supervision,, to conduct these
two conoerns so that our customers will derive a prac
tical benefit from their consolidation, in, obtaining a
MANURE which shall maintain a standard and uni
form quality, and at the lowest possible price.
Peruvian Guano Substitute !
BAUGH’S
Raw Rohe Super-Phosphiitc of LI me
. . ... . BAUGII & SONS,: = '
Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers, Delaware River
.. C.llt^e«l.Wp^ks l and. Calumet
• Works, Chicago. .
* fi@“i Farmers.,are[recpmmended to purchase of the
dealer located in their neighborhood. Ini sections,
where no dealer is yet established, the Phosphate may
ibe procured directly from the undersigned, APriced
Circular Will be sent to all dealers who apply.
' " ; BAUGH & SONS,. ‘
Office, No. 20 S. Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia; and
No. 229 lake Street, Chicago.
BAU GII B R.O T H E'S S & CO. ,
General Wholesale Agents, No. 181 Pearl Street, cor
ner of Cedar, New York.
GEORGE DUG DALE,
Wholesale Agent for Maryland and Virginia, 97 & 105
B®“'We are prepared’ to Supply our Patent Sec
tional Mill to all Manufacturers for grinding Bones,
Guano and all other hard substances. augls-Sm
J. H. BTTRDSALL’S
o ONP EOTIONEtI IK",
IGE CREAM & DINING SALOONS,
No. 1121 Chestnut St., Girard How,
PHILADELPHIA.
Parties, supplied with Ice-Creams, Water Ices, Roman Punch
Charlotte Russes, Jellies, Blanc Mange, Fancy and Wedding Cakes
Candy Ornaments, Fruits, Ac. 1070-6 t
Originators of the Nitrous Oxide Gas for the Painless
Forty thousand, persons haye inhaled the gas at our
various offices, without an accident or failure. The
names and residences can be seen at our offices in
Philadelphia, Boston, New York,. Baltimore, St. Louis,
Chicago, Cincinnati, and Louisville.
Philadelphia Office, 737 Walnut Street, below Eighth.
Come to the Headquarters. , We never fail.
. SOMETHING NEW!
Send fifty cents for a Specimen-Copy of the beautiful
PHOTOGRAPH MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE.
Regular retail price, $l.OO. Address
KEellAltT A GRIDER, Publishers
Feh.ZL—ly. York, IV,
C; CONIiOB COTTPLAND..
SMITH & DJiETjR,
TE.\'TH J.Vfl JUICH STREETS,
HAVE ON HAND
TO OUR CUSTOMERS.
Smith’s Wharf, Baltimore.
JOSES, TEMPLE & CO ,
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL
Hat Manufacturers?
29 SOUTH NINTH STREET,
PHtST STORE ABOVE OHESTNU
COLTON DENTAL ASSOCIATION,
Extraction of Teeth,
CLEMENT SMITH & SONS,
FURNITURE WARE-ROOMS,
Respectfully inform our friends and the public that we have
opened an establishment at the above place, where we will manu
facture ail descriptions of Fine Cabinet Work. Many yearn’ ex
perience in conducting the manufacture of one of the oldest and
largest establishments in this city, has given us the advantage of
PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE and SKILL in the AST o
DESIGNING and MANUFACTURING FINK
CABINET WORK, on the most
Reasonable Terms. v
For character and ability, we refer those who may favor usto the
undersigned gentlemen:—
J. C. FARR, 324 Chestnut Street.
S. R. HILT, N. E. corner Fifth and Walnut.
W. E. TENBROOK, 1925 Chestnut Street.
H. P. M. BIRKENBINE, 35th and Bearing, W. P.
THOMAS POTTER, 229 Arch Street.
ANSON JEWELL, lWßTine Street.
JAMES T. BLACK. B. J. M. WHITESIDE.
THOMPSON BUCK’S SON & CO.,
BROAD AND CHESTNUT STREETS,
' DEALERS IN
AND EVERY VARIETY OF
CHOICE FAMILY GROCERIES.
Goods delivered in any part of the City, or packed, securely for the Country.
by mail will receive prompt attention.
;: Eg aG
PLAIN AND
FAN C Y JOB PR INTER,
,/ .' Ransom street h^ll.
'VC Elite Work—Original Styles.
! NEWEIT TYPE,; SKILLED VOBKMKM.
BAUGH & SONS.
248 SOUTH SECOND STREET,
GROYER & BAKER’S,
v
HIGHEST PREMIUM
ttAfllC STITCH
AND LOCK STITCH
SEWING MACHINES
WITH IJt TIB S T IMjPJteVHJKHJrTS.
The Grover A Baker S. M. Co manufacture, in addition to their
celebrated GROYER A BAKER STITCH Machines, the most per*
feet SHUTTLE or “LOCKSTITCH” Machine in the market, and
afford purchasers the opportunity of selecting, after trial and ex
amination of both, the one best suited to their wants. Other com
panies manufacture but one kind of machine each, and cannot offtr
•this opportunity of selection to their customers.
A pamphlet, containing samples of both the Grover A Baker
Stitch and Shuttle Stitch in Ytfrfousfebrics. with full explanations,
diagrams, and illustrations, to enable purchasers to examine, test, and
compare their relative. meiits, : will-be furnished, on request, from
onr offices throughout tiie country. Those who desire machines
which, do. work, shoukLnot fail to send for a pamphlet, and
test and comj»ore these stitchee for ttemeeZues.
v OFFICE, .786 CHESTSDT STREET,
NATIONAL
BANK OF THE REPUBLIC,
809 and 811 Chestnut Street,
- ; PHILADELPHIA. '
Capital* $1,000,000;
DIRECTORS:
JOSEPH T. BAILEY,
Of Bliley A Co., Jewelers.
EDWARD B. ORNK,’
Of J. F. A B. B v Dealers in Carpetings.
NATHAN HILLES,
:, . President of the Sefcond National Bank.
WILLIAM ERVXEN,
Of Mfers A Ervienj Flour Factors.
OSGOOD, WELSH, ... I. ; ...
Of S. AW.Welsh,CbmmissidnMerchants.
BENJAMIN ROWLAND; Jr.,;; j « ' -ii »
Of B. Rowland, Jr., A Bro., Coal Merchants.
SAMUEL A. BISPHAM. *
Of Stimuel Bispham A Sons, Wholeeole Grocers.
WILLIAM A. RIIAWN,
Late Cashier>of the Central National Bank.
FREDERICK A. HOYT,
Of F. A. Hoyt A Brother, Clothiers:
PRESIDENT,
•WrtilAK H. BHAWH.
CASHIER,
JOSEPH P. KUMPOBD.
JAMES MOORE,
COAL DEALER.
Eagle Vein, Shamokin and other Coals,
From the most approved Mines, constantly kept on hand.,
YARD, 747 SOUTH BROAD STREET.
Orders left at *
918 PINE STREET, or N. W, CORNER
of TENTH and WHARTON STREETS,
promptly attended to.
SMYTH & ADAIR?
Mnanafactarers of
SUJPJEJRIOM
SILVER-PLATED WARE,
FACTORY AND SALES ROOMS,
No. 35 South Third Street? TJp Stairs?
AND
1126 Chestnut Street, Second Floor.
IOM-ly
G. JB T R O N M O R 8E ,
French Confectioner.
LADIES’ AND GENTLEMEN’S
REFECTORY.
902 and 904 Arch Sreet, Phila.
Breakfast, Dinner, andjTea served in the very best
manner. : Polite and prompt attention given to all who
may favor us with their patronage.
G. BYRON MORSE.
FRANCIS NEWLAND & SON,
DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF
Paper Bangings,
No. 52 North Ninth Street,
ONE ©OOR BELOW ARCH ST.,
mar2S-6m PHILADELPHIA.
ELWELL’S REFECTORY
ICE CREAM SALOONS.
727 and 729 Arch Street.
Parties and Weddings furnished.. Ornamental Con
fectionary, Pyramids, Sc., made to order.
Philadelphia.
Fully Paid.