turd Xmitminj.
FARMER'S PREMISES-A OONTRAST.
IN passing through the country persons
having a taste for, and observant of, rural af
fairs, will find contrasts in farm management
which cannot fail to arrest attention. At one
point will be encountered a farm dwelling
and its surroundings so admirable in all their
arrangements as to inspire a wish to make
the acquaintance of the owner. The site of
such a home was not chosen in a low, marshy
or depressed place, because a spring chanced
to bubble up there, but reference was had to
aridity of soil and airiness of position, af
fording ample opportunity for cellar and
other drainage. The dwelling, tasteful, com
modious, but not ornate, is not crowded upon
the highway, but is sufficiently removed from
it to afford space for a neat front yard, en
livened and rendered cheerful by a judicious
intermingling of shrubbery and fruit bear
ing trees. The grounds are properly graded,
and the way or avenue leading to the dwell
ing so formed as to allow ready access to it
at all times without wading in mud or filth.
The domicil is always kept in order and
never allowed to grow dingy for want of
paint, or dilapidated for the lack of repairs.
internally its arrangements and aspects
generally evince equal judgment, taste and
care, for it almost invariably proves true that,
what the man is to the farm and its surround
ings, the wife is in her peculiar domain, the
house.
But a home, however tasteful as to house
and lawn, is incomplete without a liberal
allotment of ground for gardening purposes.'
Much of the domestic comfort of a family is
derived from Cie products of the garden,
hence the importance of rendering it capable
of producing the greatest variety of fruits
and vegetables. These provided for, a taste
for the merely ornamental and the beautiful
may well be indulged as conducive alike to
health and intelleetual development.
The other farm buildings should be suita
bly placed and so arranged as to be easily
accessible and suited to the uses for which
they are intended. There is room here, as
in the case of the dwelling, for the exercise
of good taste in the matter of form and con
venience of internal arrangement. There
should be no dilapidation about them. The
enclosures should always be in order, so that
animals confided to their custody, may be
forthcoming when wanted. Everything
should betoken. order. There should be a
place for all kinds of farm implements, secure
from the weather, and ready at all times for
use.
Fences should be seasonably repaired and
kept in order till all chance of damage to
crops from roaming stock is cut off by the
advent of winter. These are a few of the
features pertaining to good farming, and
which cannot be lost sight of without dis-
Order and loss.
Not remote from this place of order and
thrift—possibly adjoining it—may be seen a
farm of another description. ^ The dwelling
is located amid filth and the debris of decay
ing matter. No airy yard and inviting
avenue leads to its portals. There are no
vestiges of shrubbery or frUit bearing trees
near it. If paint was ever applied to it, all
traces of it have disappeared, leaving it
browned by age and the pelting of storms.
Boards and shingles are detaching them
selves here and there; window lights, long
since broken, are replaced by old hats and
dilapidated wearing apparel; doors are
shaking and swaying about on a single
hinge, or lying upon the ground. The out
buildings are in keeping with the house—all
are out of repair and falling to ruin. A
wagon, with a broken wheel, reposes in one
place; a plough, eaten with rust, with the
wood-work broken, in another; a hoe here
and a shovel there—in fact, nothing is as it
should be—nothing were it ought to be.
Going into the dwelling, we find, ninety-nine
times in the hundred, like filth and disorder
prevalent there. Receding from the house
to the fields,we find the latter without fences,
drains choked up, stock pinched by famine,
everything donoting disorder and impending
ruin. This is another type or class of far
mers, happily diminishing iu numbers of late
years, bat still sufficiently numerous to chal
lenge attention as examples to be reprehen
ded and avoided.
DAIRY FARMING.
Mr. Willard, a New York dairy farmer,
has recently returned from an inspection of
the dairy farming of England. - He delivered
an address before the New York State Agri
cultural Society on the subject, and his re
sults' are thus condensed by the editor of the
Country Gentleman:
Although Mr. Willard had been surprised
to find so little in English dairy farming
which could be adopted here to advantage,
there were, nevertheless, some important
respects in which that example is worthy of
imitation.
1. English grass lands carry more stock
than oars, because freer from weeds, and
more highly fertilized by the use of farm-yard
manureabones and irrigation, and because
they seed more heavily and with a greater
variety of seeds. The area of pastures is
extended, as compared with our practice,
and that of meadows reduced to a small
compass.
2. The English system of feeding accom
plishes more than ours, because, having thus
secured a larger and more prodiictive area
for grazing in summer, they still make up
fully for the lack of hay in winter, by using
cut straw, with oil cake—in this way ob
taining also much richer manure, which
brings additional elements to the soil, instead
of only returning those derived from it in
the grass crop.
3. The English dairy farmer has some
thing to depend on, beside his dairy products
only—be adopts a mixed system of hus
bandry, which is not only better for himself,
THE AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN, THURSDAY, MAY 16, 1867.
but better for his farm. This system includes
two branches—the feeding of stock and the
raising of grain. Dairy cows are kept fat
and sold fat to the butcher. But still more
important is the feeding of sheep, while pigs
are also fattened to a considerable extent.
Thus, Mr. Harding, a leading dairy farmer
in Cheshire, was cited as having, on a farm
of three hundred acres, (two-thirds of which
is permanent pasture,) from one to two hun
dred sheep, and a hundred or more pigs an
nually, (beside sixty-five to seventy cows.)
half-a-dozen heifers and eight horses.) The
one hundred acres of arable land are under
a four-course system, which would give
twenty-five acres of wheat on one quarter,
the same quantity of turnips, vetches and
tares on the second, barley on the third, and
grass and clover for mowing, on the remain
der.
In other words, the secrets of the English
dairy farmer's success, out of doors, are, feed
ing the land, feeding the cows, and increas
ing his resources to do both, by the cultiva
tion of a portion of his farm and the high feed
ing of other stock. His income is thus made
more than one-half greater than it could be
from cheese-making only, and the combina
tion of the various branches also enables him
to keep the lands and cows in such condition
that' the return from cheese itself is perhaps
fifty per cent. higher than could otherwise
be the case.
gtitrttiftr.
UTILIZATION OF SEWAGE.
[COMMUNICATED.]
It is a well known fact that an immense
quantity of valuable fertilizing matter is
wasted by allowing the sewage of cities and
towns to flow into streams and thus be lost,
which, if applied to land, would add greatly
to its productiveness. For the purpose of utili
zing. sewage, many experiments have been
made; particularly in England, where ma
nuring is more a necessity than on the rich.
new soil of our country; but even here there.
is doubtless sufficient value in it to make its
use desirable, in the older and more thickly
settled portions of the country, or where the
land is poor. The majority of the plans.
which have been tried with a view to sepa
rate and apply the valuable parts of the
sewage, have proved failures.; particularly,
where the attempt has been made to deo
dorize it by the use of chemicals, and to
manufacture it into compost the experiments,
have proved commercial failures. Hence
many have been led to believe that sewage
did not contain sufficient valuable material
to warrant the trouble and expense inci
dent to the utilizing processes. Were it not
for the effect of its discharge into streams of
water, perhaps little would have been done
to :turn it to account. Emptying sewage
into streams has become such an intolerable
nuisance in old and thickly populated coun
tries, that to dispose of it in some way is an
actual necessity.
The following are two of the most success
ful means adopted for utilizing sewage :
THE DRY EARTH PROCESS
By this plan dry earth is made to absorb
the moisture and volatile matter. When ap
plied to closets, dry earth is substituted for
water, and they are so arranged that aquan
tity is thrown over the deposit whenever
the closet is used. Another and cheaper
plan is, to have a vessel containing dry earth
at hand and throw a scoopful into the closet
after using it. In a school attended by
seventy boys, the water closets were so of
fensive that their removal became a matter
of necessity and dry-earth closets discharg
ing into a tank were substituted. After
this arrangement, there was no smell what
ever, even in the removal of the accumula
tions of each month. This was done by a
farmer who paid ten shillings per month for
the privilege, and furnished the dry earth.
In India this plan is adopted in the pub
lic buildings—jails, barracks, &c., with en
tire success, there being no offensive smell
from the drainage treated with dry earth
or ashes, during the time it is accumulating,
or when being removed.
An experiment is now being made, of
cleansing the city of Lancaster, England, by
the dry-earth process. The earth, after be
ing used, is conveyed to a shed, where it is
thoroughly dried by artificial heat and re
turned to be used again. This is repeated
four or five times. The compost then be
comes a most valuable manure. There is no
offensive smell from the drying of compost
or from it when dried. It requires about
four pounds of dry earth per individual per
day.
This plan may be readily adopted upon
farms, where no other preparation will be
necessary than a receptacle for the compost
where it can be kept dry, with dry earth at
hand that may be applied at once. It may
remain in the receptacle for three' or four
months, in which time an ordinary farm will
collect a ton or more of most valuable fertili
zing matter, and all unpleasant odor from
cess-pools and their cleansing will be avoided,
as also the waste of much valuable matter
in the liquid, which, in ordinary wells, flows
off through the earth. A quantity of dry
earth or ashes I hrown into cess-pools will
prevent exhalations from them.
IRRIGATING LAND WITH SEWAGE
This is the mode adopted for utilizing and
purifying sewage in a number of instances.
In some cases the land upon which it is ap
plied, is levelled and underdrained; the
sewage is filtered, and the liquid part applied
by being pumped through pipes and
sprinkled by hose or sprinkling. carts. In
other instances, the land has had no prepa
ration except the cutting of channels; the
sewage has been applied just as it was dis
charged, without any preparation, and no
attention has been required except that
necessary to %keep open the drains and to
direct the flow of the sewage upon the land.
This plan is Carried out near Edinburg with
success. Part of the sewage of the city is
passed upon sandy soil, which before was
almost barren, but now yields large quanti
ties of grass. The privilege of cutting this
grass has been sold by " roup " for over $2OO
per annum.
There are objections to pas Sing the sew
age upon the land without any preparation,
as floating masses frequently stop the drains
and offensive exhalations are produced by
their decomposition.
The most, approved plan is to pass the
sewage through a strain or filter where the
solid and insoluble parts are deposited; these
are then mixed with earth or ashes, and'
carted upon this, land, wherei the fertilizing
effect is found to be equal to the same plan;
tity of the best stable manure. The solu
ble parts are conducted upon the land which,
is to be irrigated. When from 20 to 50•gal‘
ions of water per inhabitant is passed out
with the sewage, it is found. to produce, the
most, satisfactory results. Storm water
should be kept out of the sewers if possible.
The land will generally require but' little
preparation other than cuttingthe Channels
to carry the liquid on and off. When the
process is carefully conducted, the liquid.
will flow off the land limpid and inodorous.
The amount of land necessary to purify
sewage is from One to two acres for every
one hundred inhabitants. Italian rye-grass'
produces the best crops ; the - yield is froin
twenty to sixty tons to the acre, requiring
cutting from five to seven times a season:
From twenty-five acres upon which the
sewe of a part of Worthing, England, was
distributed, the crop of graSs cut from . April
to December, 1865, yielded a profit of £584
after paying all expenses of attention, taxes,
&c. At this time the works 'were incom
plete and the supply of sewage irregular,
and sometimes deficient in quantity. The
first cut produced twenty tons of grass to
the acre. •
There are many cities and towns in this
country so situated that their sewage could
be readily applied upon land and utilized to
gredt advantage
The good results arising from proper
drainage are not appreciated, or there would
scarcely be a village without its system of
sewage, particularly where they have a con
stant supply of water under pressure, so
that water closets might take the placd of
cess-pools, and house and stable drainage,
instead of lying festering :in gutters and
pools, so objectionable and deleterious to
health, might be conveyed ,off under ground
and made to stimulate vegetation. The ef
fect of draining upon health, will appear
from the following statements in regard to
two towns in England, Salisbury and Ely..
In the first, before it was sewered, the
deaths_were twenty-eight annually in a
thousand; after being drained, twenty-one
in a thousand. In the latter town before
being sewered, twenty-five and two-thirds ;
afterwards, twenty and two-thirds, in a
thousand.
Public institutions are generally so situa-.
ted that the sewage could be „readily util
ized by gravity at a snuallpenst: In
some of the English institutions it is collect
ed into a reservoir, and pumped up and dis
tributed upon the kitchen gardens.
Where farm-buildings,have a constant sup
ply of water, it will be found desirable to use
the water closet and utilize the entire house
drainage for irrigation, thus saving much
valuable matter, uow a nuisance and to a
great extent wasted. Grass would be pro
duced by such irrigation which could be cut
all through the summer. This would be of
great advantage to milch cows, who eat the
grass' with great avidity and when fed upon
it yield a large amount of rich milk. There
need be no apprehension that the sewage
will, in any way, injure the milk, as it can
only be appropriated by the roots of the
grass when in perfect solution. P. M.
HAIR BRUSHED BY MACHINERY.
The Barbar—ian machine mentioned be
low (for a wonder not a Yankee invention)
is likely to become popular if all who try it
speak as highly in its favor as the New York
Gazette:
About fifteen months ago Mr. J. A. West-
Hell, at the Everett house, on Fourth Ave
nue, introduced into his barber shop the
English invention known. as Camp's patent
rotary hair brushing apparatus. Mr. Hoe,
the celebrated manufacturer of printing
presses, built the machinery, which consists
of a large, anti-friction balance wheel, sup
ported on a standard, from which runs a
leather band, connected with a shaft that ex
tends over the barbers chairs, the whole
length of the shop; and attached to these
bands are rotary brushes which are applied
to the head. The power—steam, man, or
donkey, whichever is most convenient—be
ing applied to the wheel, away go the brushes,
at the rate of several thousand revolu
tions a minute, and before a man is aware of
the fact his hair is brushed and he is ready
for the drawing-room. It is a fact; and the
only complaint one makes about this patent
combination of cast-iron, steam, mahogany,
bristles and India-rubber, is that the fresh,
unique and delightful sensation does not last
long enough. A little boy told his mother
the other day, " I've had my head brushed
with a coffee-mill. A thing comes down from
the ceiling, and before you know your head
is brushed. It does every hair, from root to
tip; all twirling about."
That of having one's hair well brushed is
the most agreeable of minor sensations.
Some barbers pat the head with bristles or
whalebones until it bleeds; some plow and
harrow through the scalp; others stroke
the outside of the hair with a feeble impene
trating tench, as if they were in the last
stages of consumption. There is a way to
do all things, and we should be anxious to
find out the best way—even to brush one's
hair. When we sit under a man whose hand
is neither too heavy nor too light, a sense
of soothing calm creeps over us, and we are
just treading the borders of dreamland.
Imagine, however, a steady and searching
stroke indefinitely extended; a brush which
takes up your hair without any descending
motion, traversing every part of the scalp,
skipping nothing, and never scratching the
skin. This is the art and perfection of hair
brushing.
ItliVntiumfitto.
SABBATH SCHOOL LIBRARIES.
The selection of Libraries for Sabbath Schools by our Business
Superintendent is giving groat satisfaction. In our Book Store we
keep.on hand a full assortment of publications suited to Libraries,
embracing the books of the
Aperican Tract Societies, N. Y. & Boston,
Hoyt, Carter, Randolph,
Tomlinson Bros.,
kir.t. S. S. Union, Presbyterian Board,
Massachusetts S. S. Society,
London Tract Society, &c.
A Pastor in Neu) York gate, for Nyhomalibrary was selected,says::—
,
"We like the Sunday School Books purchased from you better
than any we have ever had."
Another in Ohio says:—"The Books were taken to the School
yesterday. All -were highly delighted-with them. Your selections
were very satisfactory indeed. We could not have done getter
ourselves. Many thanks for your kindness."
Another in lre„st VirgiOr. eays :—" To show how well pleased we
are, it was unanimously resolved:—That the thanks of this School
be returned to the Be,; S. W. Crittenden for the care exhibited in
the selection of our Library, and also to the Presbyterian Publics
tion Committee for their generous donation of books."
dn.iluburn,Arew York, Pastor says: "I thank you for the evident
care exercised in filling our order, persuaded as I ani, even from
the cursory examination I Mrie been able to give the books, that
for the same number of volumes it is the best selection I've have
had for our Sabbath SChool library, far better than .we could have
made for ourselves. Both of our, librUrians concurin this judg-
DISCRETIONARY Oaimits may be sent, indicating tbe amount to be
expended, and giving general directions as to the size and kind of
books desired, and sending a list of books already in the library
that they may not, be duplicated. Such orders will be filled with
sound, readable,, attractive, live books; and any books sent on such
orders may be returned at the Committee's expense if found armhole-
some in moral tone, or in any way unfit for the place they are
dolig-Oed to fill
Address orders to
o:a3vzotAilol:lLlAlaitolion4msongln4ii,43l
1334 CHESTNUT STEP:ET,
COLTON DENTAL ASSOCIATION,
Originators of the Nitrous Oxide Gas for the Painless
Extraction of Teeth.
Forty thousand persons have
.inhaled the gas at our
various offices, without an .accident or failure. The
names and residences can be seen at our offices in
Philadelphia, Boston, New York, Baltimore, St. Louis,
Chicago, Cincinnati, and Louisville.
Philadelphia Office, 737 Walnut Street, below Eighth.
Come to' the Headquarters. We never fail.
$28.80 PER DAY.
Agents wanted, Ladies and Gentlemen, in a pleasant, permanent
and honorable business. For further particulars, address A. D.
Bowmau & Co., 99 Broadway, New York. (Clip out and return thie
notice.)
WINDOW SHADES.
CORNICES. •
Curtain Bands and Pitts.
The cheapest place to buy your Window Shades, Cornices, Cur
tain Bands, Pins, Spring, i air afid Husk Mattresses, is of
H. A. STEEL, Upholsterer,
46 N. Ninth Street, four doors below Arch.
N. B —Carpet, Matting, and general Upholstering Work, done at
short notice. may9-2m
Will H. MORGAN'S
PHOTOGRAPH GALLERY
GILT FRAME MANUFACTORY,
Nos. 142 and 144 North Ninth St., Philadelphia
Photo-Miniatures executed in a superior style, at very low prices
SKYLIGHT ON, GROUND FLOOR.
•-•
. it i 0 ; : a .1 i a I
Removal.
PROM
No. 9 SOUTH SEVENTH STREET
TO
932 Ridge Avenue, near Vine Street.
SPRING IWATTI?ASSES,'
IRON BEDSTEADS, *
WOODEN COTS,
And Bedding of every Description
AT REDUCED PRICES.
J. G. Fuller.
miayg-2m
SMITH . & DREER,
TENTS JJND .IRCH STREETS,
PHILADELPHIA,
THEODORE SMITH. FERDINAND 3. DREER
RAVE ON NAND
A FINE ASSORTMENT OF
WATCHES, JEWELRY, AND SILVER WARE,
apr2s-ly Of the most fashionable styles.
.OGELSBY & HODGE,
PLC:MD.6'ES, GAB AND STEAM FITTERS,
No. 4 South Seventh Street,
PHILADELPHIA.
G. A. OaELSBY, J. M. HODGE.
_
Gas Fixtures of all kinds furniahed.LCountry work promptly
attended to. AU work warranted. Apr2s-it
CORNEA RESTORERS
The most eminent Physician; Oculists, Divine; and the most pro
minent men of our country, recommend the use of the CORNEA
RESTORERS for Presbyopia, or Far or Long-Sigbtedness, or every
person who wears spectacles from old age;
Dimness of Vision, or
Blurring; Overworked Eyes; Asthenopia, or Weak Eyes, Epiphora,
or Watery Eyes; Pain in the Eyeball; Amauresis, of Obseto ity 'of
Vision; Photopuobia, or Intolerance of Light; Weakness of the
Retina and Optic Nerve; Myodesopia, or Speoks
,-or Moving Bodies
before the Eyes; Ophthalmia, or Inflammation of the Eye or Eye
lids, and Imperfect Vision from- the effects of Inflammation, 4.. c.
Cataract Eyes; Hemiopia, or Partial Blindness; Sinking of the Eye
ball, •
They can be used by any one, with a certainty of success, and with
out,
the least fear of injury to the eye. More than 5000 certificates
of cures are exhibited at our office. Cure guarantied in every case
when applied according to the directions enclosed in each box, or
the money will be refunded. WRITS FOR A CIROIHAR—SENT GRATIS.
Address DR. J. STEPHENS CO., Oculists,
(P. O. Box 926.)
Principal Office at 840 Broadway, New York.
fei-DR. J. STEPHENS .& CO. have invented and patented
MYOPIA or CORNEA FLATTENER, for the cure of NEAR-SIGHT
EDNESS; which has proved a great success. 1048-ly
IN YOUR OWN HOME COMPANY
Insurers in this Company have the additional guarantee of the
CAPITAL STOCK all paid up IN CASH, which, together with
CASH ASSETS, now on hand amount n.)
LOSSES PAID DURING THE YEAR AMOUNTING TO
DIVIDENDS MADE ANNUALLY, thus aiding the insured to
pay premiums.
The last DIVIDEND on all Mutual Polices in force January let,
1867, was
Fifty par - Carat.
of the amount of PREMIUMS recei►od during the year 1868.
Its Trustees are well known citizens in our midst, entitling ill
to more consideration then those whose managers reside in distant
cities.
PHILADELPHIA
Restore Your Sight!
DR. J. STEPHENS & CO.'S PATENT
RESTORERS OF THE EYESIEHT.
They will Restore Impaired Sight, and Preserve to the Latest
Period of Life. •
SPECTACLES RENDERED VULVAS
INSURE YOUR LIFE
AMERICAN
OF PSI Za 3 . I:I3E3LIPX:IC X.AL.
S. E. COIL FOURTH & WALNUT STs
$1;516,461 81.
INCOME FOR THE YEAR 1866,
$766,537 80•
11/21218,0 OOP 00.
Losses Paid Promptly.
Alexander Whilldln,
J. Nagar ThOmson,
George Nugent.
Hon. James - Pollock,
L. M. Whillclin,
P. B. Mingle,
Albert C. Roberta
ALEX. WRELLDIN, President.
GEO. NUGENT, Vice-President.
JUAN C. SIMS, Actuary
JOHN S. WILSON, Secretary and Treasurer.
CHARLES G. ROBESON, Assistant Secretary
GIRARD FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY,
PHILADELPHIA.
CASH ASSETS, . . $300,000
Office, 639 S. E. Cor. Chestnut and Seventh
Streets.
DIRECTORS.
Thos, Craven, Silas Yerkes, Jr.,
Furman Sheppard, I Alfred S. Gillett,
Time. Mac Kellar, N. S. Lawrence,
Jno. Supple 4, I Chas. L Dupont,
Jno. W. Claghorn, • I Henry F. Kenney,
Joseph Klapp, M.D.
Income for the year 1866, $103,931 IS
Lasses paid and accrued, 47,091 00
THOMAS CRAVEN, President.
ALFRED S. GILLETT, Vice-President.
JAS. B. ALYORD, Secretary.
STRICT ECONOMY IN MANAGEMENT.
PROVIDENT LIFE A - ND TRUST CO.,
OF PHILADELPHIA..
OFFICE No. 111 SOUTH FOURTH STREET
Commenced business 7th mo. 24,1865.
Organized to extend the benefits of Life Insurance among member
of the Society of Friends. An good risks, of whatever denomination.
solicited.
ROWLAND PARRY, SAMVEL R. SHIPLEY,'
Actuary. President.
THOMAS WISTAR, Z. B. TOWNSEND,
Medical Examiner. Legal Adviser.
The Company, in addition to the security arising from the accis
mutation of premiums, gives the insured the advantage of an actual
paid up capital. AU the profits of the Insurance are divided among the
insured.
Life Policies and Endowments in all the most approved forms
Annuities granted on favorable terms. fe2B-ly
CLERGYMEN,
Wishing to avail themselves of the advantages of LIFE INSUR
A NOE, in any of its forms, can obtain special favors, which will be
of great aid to them in securing and maintaining their Policies, by
addressing or calling upon the subscriber, General Agent for Pens
sy/vania, .Delaware, and New Jersey, of
The Security Life Insurance and Annuity
Company, of New York.
COMPETENT LOCAL AGENTS and SOLICITORS wanted for this
excellent and well-establiehed Company, to whom liberal comada
eion will be paid.
PERSONS WISHING TO INSURE
May find it for their interest to do so through the subscriber, who
wilt give reliable information, and insure in other companies when
528 Walnut Streets, Philadelphia.
REPERENCES.—The Secretaries of the Boards of the Yresbyttrieu
Church.
Feb. 21-3 m
.sc,
NO. 736 Market Street, S. E. corner of Eighth,
PHILADELPHIA..
Manufacturers and Dealers in
BOOTS, SHOES, TRUNKS, CARPET BAGS AND
VALISES of every variety and style.
William J. Howard,
Henry K. Gennat,
Isaac Ilar.lehionsti
George W 11111,
John K. Chestnut,
John Wmuunaker.
.REV. W. W. MeN4.llt,