Till AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN
AND
GEN ESEE EVANGELIST.
t iaeligioasand Family Newspaper,
IN THE INTEREST OF THE
Constitutional Presbyterian Church.
PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY:
AT THE PRESBY ERIAIT HOUSE,
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sey. John W. Nears, Editor and Publisher.
gtoritau UrnilgtErian.
THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 15, 1866
DIRWINIANISIFI•
The zeal of the student of nature for
fresh discoveries, and for broader generali-
L ations, if not properly balanced by cool
ness of judgment, may impel him to rash
s peculations, and make him the victim of
bold but crude theories. He will be car
ried away by the glitter of some specious
novelty, and will reckon that a great gain
to science which may really be a backward
s t e p, and an injury to truth. This is one
source of error in scientific investigations.
Again, because the Bible, in some few
passages, seems to cross the conclusions of
modern science, many scientific men are
possessed with a spirit of opposition and
jealousy toward its teachings and influence.
Thus another misleading element enters
into their investigations. Conclusions,
vhich seem to militate against Scripture,
are peculiarly welcome to these men. They
are predisposed to follow a line of in
vestigation which promises to issue in such
results.
We can but view Darwinianism as the
fruit of both these false tendencies of mod
em science. It is• the crude offspring of a
mind apparently blindly zealous for enlarg
ing the bounds of knowledge, and propound
log baseless but startling theories, which
only credulous and rash men could accept
as probably true, and, which owe no small
part of their popularity to their manifest
irreconcileable antagonism to the facts and
doctrines of Scripture. If they had not
been found serviceable to infidelity, we do
not think they would have been so eagerly
embraced and so widely disseminated. Zeal
ous and enthusiastic scholars might have
cherished them in the privacy of their
closets, but they could scarcely have become
the staple of popular lectures and reviews,
and editorials in.cheap newspapers.
Darwinianism is a daring, unsupported
theory, commended only by the skill and
learning with which it has been elaborated,
and by the high scientific reputation of its
author, the English naturalist,• Charles
Darwin. It is theory, and from the very
nature of the. case, it. see ms impossible it
should be anything'etse but lheory. It
cuts loose from all human or divine testi
mony as to the origin of living things. It
rejects utterly the specific creation of plants
and animals as they are. It substitutes for
the act of God the process of nature. Its
key-word is development. Commencing
with the appearance of animal life on the
earth, Darwin's theory calls only for certain
primitive organic forms of a very low order
of existence, in comparison with which
oysters would be highly developed animals.
From these obscure germs, in the long pro
cess of countless ages, step by step, the
?ower and then the higher orders of animals
were developed, each new and higher order
owing its existence to a lower which pre
ceded it; each lower order being the parent,
through countless generations, of the higher
that gradually grew out of it, and man
being the last, and at present, the highest
product in the series. Man is, therefore,
the brother, not' merely of every other
man, but of every living thing; not merely
iof dogs and horses, but of apes and oysters;
nut merely the brother, but the direct
lineal descendant of creatures that crawl in
their slime; of brutes lower than the low
%lst that have merely sense and motion, of
.organisms to which the oyster was a mas
terpiece.
The bare statement of such a theory, if
it 133 not its refutation, at least shows what'
.ea extraordinary demand it makes upon our
belief. If an unfortunate victim of the
[nightmare should, the next morning, coolly
require us to believe in the reality of his
, unnatural and harrowing imaginations, we
would quietly dispose of his claims. There
, eao scarcely be a wild dream of the night
itself more repulsive and improbable
'than this Darwinian theory of the origin of
'lieu. The cultivated and intelligent man,
Idle has lost sight of his parents since early
lboyhood, will require stronger proof of the
'identity of those claiming such a relation
thip, in proportion as they are beneath him
co the .scale of virtue, intelligence and re
•qptetability. And when Mr. Darwin wishes
Ole intelligent creature, man, to believe
himself the lineal descendant of an ape or
au oyster, he must be prepared with proof
sufficient to satisfy us beyond reasonable
'doubt. To say nothing of difficulties
thrown in the way by Scripture and tradi
tion, the protest of an instinctive self
respect must be met and silenced by the
strength of the evidence produced.
When Mr. Darwin and his friends are
asked for proof of this extraordinary theory,
they can give none—absolutely none. They
* , *
---- A 1
4
' .
• , :iirwo ~,,,,,.....,:.,...._ . • t.'.. ll+
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New Series, Vol. 111, No. 46.. •,
point to.certain slight modifications, induced
in the external appearance and internal
structure of pigeons by artificial culture
under the hand of man ; actually, the
varieties of pouters and fan-tails in pigeons
are the most powerful and telling illustra
tions they can bring, of anything approxi
mating their great law of development and
transmutation, the fruits of which they
claim to embrace the whole existing ani
mal world. That omnipotent and univer
sal law of nature has so completely hidden
itself away, as to be capable of detection only
in an uncertain and partial instance; which•
has the two-fold disadvantage of being arti
ficial, andnot, strictly speaking, a process of
nature at all';. and furthermore, of continu
ally tending to . disappear, when the art is
removed and nature is suffered to have her.
own way. • - lt shows us nature tending to
obliterate rather than perpetuate distinc
tions.. But because pigeon-fanciers can
make a slight and transient imprdssion
upon the qualities of that bird, therefore
the Darwinians would have us believe that
man is the lineal descendant of an oyster.
This is pretty much the sum of the argu
ment, so far as facts are concerned; about
as brilliant a case of the a Ininori ad majus
figure as can be found anywhere out of the
books. On such infinitesimal evidence we
are asked to believe a theory so all-embrac
ing, so overwhelming in its results, so an
tagonistic to the religious faith and the
instincts of man.
The most serious difficulty which meets
this theory is found, then, in the immeasur
able superiority of man over all brute ani
mals whatsoever. Darwinianism cannot
admit any chasm in its process of develop
ment. Somewhere in the line of succession
the brute nature begot the moral, intellec
tual nature of man, capable of communion
with God. We boldly deny the possibility
of a brute becoming, or passing into, the
human. The thing is not only repulsive
but incredible. And nature herself, as if
to set at defiance such wrong-headed and
preposterous attempts, shows us the closest
approximations to human reason in animals
not at all allied to man in physical confor
mation. According to Darwin, man must
have been developed in the line of the ape
and the monkey. These approach closest
in form and structure to man. But it
belongs to animals as unlike moors - taitlii - g;
thy-horse, and the elephant, to approach
nearest to him in what constitutes his chief
distinction, his reason, his moral nature.
The analogies for which this wild theory
calls, fail in the most striking oases. The
monkey tribe is cunning and imitative, but
it cannot be made to talk like a parrot; it
has not the constructive faculty of the
beaver; it has none of the nobleness of the
St. Bernard or the Newfoundland dog, or
of the common cur that whines and starves
over the grave of his master; it has none
of the surprising sagacity of the elephant.
Surely, if fell Ow-feeling is any test of kin
dred, we are more nearly allied to these
superior brutes than to those indicated by
Darwinianism.
The most striking analogies in phy
sical structure are, and must remain,
analogies merely. Only rash speculators
will convert them into terms of relation
ship, and base sweeping generalizations
and universal systems upon them. And
man, in search of his pedigree, will find no
law of nature counter•indicating the sublime
teachings of Scripture, that he and all other
living things owe their existence and their
main characteristics to the creative word of
God, and that the main characteristic of
man is the possession of a quality which
puts an impassable chasm between him
and all other creatures ; he is made in the
image of God. It will be a melancholy
day when men consent, at the beck of modern
science, to renounce that high title, and to
reckon themselves in nowise essentially
different from the beasts which perish.
CAN GREAT CITIES BE LEFT TO
GOVERN THEMSELVES?
It must be confessed that the principles
of self-government are put to a severe test
in the case of our large cities. In all these
aggregations of population, the vicious and
the ignorant elements are disproportionately
numerous, active and powerful. A foreign
population, composed to a large extent of
the most ignorant, degraded and impover
ished classes at home, utterly unacquainted
with the privileges and responsibilities, of
self-government, and a ready prey to the
arts of the unprincipled politician and
demagogue, form a very large part of this
city population. Out of 129,000 voters of
New York city, 77,000 are foreigners,
nearly all of the class just described.
Now, if the universality of the elective
franchise is admitted to be, on the whole,
safe, salutary and righteous, it may yet be
a question,. whether under the exceptional
PHILADELPHIA, THURSDAY, - .li - OEMBER 15, - 1866.
circumstances of great" oiti4, they should
be entrusted with the unrestricted enjoy
ment of the franchise. Blind devotion to
a principle should not lead us to ignore
the imminent probability, or even the actual
occurrence, of the most disastrous results of
this policy, in cases which may rightly be
regarded as exceptions. Or must we
silently suffer great communities to pass
and to remain under the control of the
notoriously vile, corrupt, debased and
ignorant masses, that throng their filthy
courts and lanes, and, that are so strong in
numbers, and so manipulated. by partizan
leaders, as to outvote the decent, the re . -
ef•ectable and the virtuous ? Shall we
submit to see government become the
engine of the bad for the' oppression and
Spoliation of the geed, because it is one of
the supposed necessary evils of our politi
.cal system, and because of some vague faith
we have, that, in the operation of the sys
tem, the evils will work their own cure ?
Take the government of the city of
New York for example. For open and
unblushing corruption, for public legalized
robbery, for demagoguism of the most un
scrupulous sort, that government has, for
the last twenty years, been a bye word
and a hissing, a scandal to republican in
stitutions, a stumbling block in the way
of freedom and democracy through the
world. We had no more than finished
writing this sentence, when it was flashed
through, the Atlantic cable, that the Lon
don Times of Monday, November sth, was
exposing the corruption of the New York
State and City government, and using it as
a warning against the extension of political
power in their own country. And as we
continue to write, we are informed that the
majority in New York city, at the reoent
election, in faVor of maintaining the exist
ing order of things, has actually increased
fifty per cent. in two years, being nearly
forty-seven thousand last week, against
thirty-five thousand in 1864. And we are
informed that , one reason for this enormous
increase, is to be found in the indignation
of the mob, not against a proposed prohibi
tory law, but simply against , the enforce
ment of a reasonable license law, regulating
the sale of intoxicating liquors. The
governing power of New York City is,
therefore, in the hands of men unwilling
to subjeet_their-liquer traffic to the control
of law or'to suspend it on the Lord's daf
From that city, too, goes to Congress a'
professional prize fighter, the well-known
John Morrissey, a man whose presence in
our legislative halls will be an insult to the
decent people of the land, and will prove
not how favorable are our institutions to
the rising of the poor man to respectability,
but- how vulgarity, coarseness and brute
strength themselves can attain the highest
seats of honor and responsibility in the
land, through the indiscriminate suffrages
of the mob. And on questions of State or
National policy, it requires almost the unan
imous verdict of the • rural districts to re
verse that of the city. If it were not for
the prevalence of pure - religion and the
best educational influences, giving the town
and rural population of New York State
singular eminence for intelligence, piety
and fidelity to principle,'the Empire State
would lie at the mercy of the Irish Catlui
lies, the German beer-drinkers and infidels,
the Five Points mob and the unscrupulous
demagogues who marshal and control them
in the city. of New York. •
These facts are already well understood
by the good people of that State and of the
city, too. The appointment of the city
police is put into the hands of the. Gover-:
nor of the State, and thus an important
part of the city government is removed
from the control of the mob. But mayor
and aldermen and judges of the courts,
the machinery of assessing and collect
ing the enormous city taxes, and doubtless
other functions, are within the power of
the corrupt majority. A kingdom of enor
mous wealth and of vast commercial enter
prise is thus put almost completely in con
trol of mob of the vilest elements that,
perhaps, can be gathered in Christendom.
And should this majority at any time be-'
come so great as to counterbalance that of
the counties, an event which the late elecL
tion reminds us may happen, the result
would not only be disastrous to the city, but
would be used, as far as possible, to unfet
ter the mob from any future control on. the
part of, the rural districts.
Indeed, the question seems to involve
more than simply that of the self-govern
ment of the cities. We are led to inquire,
whether the mobs of' our large cities shall
control the State, and even the country, as
well as their own homes. Shall the Statutes
of the State on vice and immorality be at
the mercy of the possible majorities which
the seething, untaught, reckless crowds of
an overgrown commercial . metropolis may
, t.,^
be led to roll up against them ? Or shall
the State join hands with the virtuous, the
intelligent:and the respectable classes, the
tag-payers and those who have something
to lose in the city population, and by timely
arrangements put the ignorant and reckless
masses under their control?
These are questions of the • most serious
and pressing character. And however we
answer them, they plainly admonish us
against loosening any of the restraints of
*
virtue which have not yet been thrown,
down—against any step by which the down
ward course of the masses of our cities may
be accealrated. They warn us to take care
of our Sabbaths, as the very key and Cita
del of the position of order in our cities. If
we in Philadelphia wish to hasten the
course of-oly city toward the monstrous
extravagance, corruption and misgovern
ment of New York, we need but to yield
to the plots of grasping corporations and
political demagogues among us to break
down our State Sunday laws. It will be
an evil day for our city when these plots
come to pass.
FROM OUR ITALIAN CORRESPON-
Peace once more prevails throughout the
continent of Europe, however long it may
last. The ratification of the treaty between
Italy and Austria was accomplished at
Turin, according to the king's express de
sire, where he appended his signature.
The news caused little excitement, as it
had so long been looked for, and, with the
'exception of salvos of cannon and flags
hoisted on government buildings, there was
no demonstration whatever. I went into town
on the evening of the day when the intelli
gence was brought, &fleeting at least some
sort of illumination, but there was nothing
to celebrate the great event which had just
taken place; for it is a great event to
Italy.
The terms of the treaty of Vienna are
decidedly favorable to her. She has not
got all she wanted ; for, at one time, high
hopes were entertained of acquiring not
only the Tyrol, but also Istria and Dalmatia,
which would have made the Adriatic an
Italian lake. These lofty pretensions had,
of course, to be abandoned, and the fertile
fields of Venetia, one of the richest and
.raireak,provinces in, central Eiropei are now
universly acknoWlediarto be a prim well
worth possessing, at the low price which
has been paid for it.
It is true pain mingles with the pleasure
—the reason, I believe, of the absence .of
any public rejoicing on the consummation
of the peace. The French interference, in
the form of go-between, has been a sharp
thorn in the side of the Italians, after long
and loud boasting of being able to do for,
themselVes. Custozza and Lima are rank
ling wounds far from healed. Admiral.
Persano, the hero (?) of the latter, has not
yet been brought to trial. The Senate was,
indeed, convened for this purpose on the
11th of October, but the only thing done,
after reading over the roll of senators, was
to adjourn till the 22d. We shall see if
another' adjournment for an indefinite
period will not be deemed necessary. The
fact is, though popular opinion has already
judged Persano, he happens to be one of
the king's greatest favorites, who has hith
erto protected him and may procure him a
pardon.
The Veneto has now become Italian ter
ritory. One after another, these famoui for
tresses, bristling with cannon, impregnable
to any attacking host, have been surrender
ed to the Italians. No disturbance of any
kind has taken place except at Verona. When
the tri-color flag was raised on the Piazza
of San Marco in Venice, a salute of 101
guns was fired from the citadel, and the
shouts of the assembled multitude, almost
wild with joy, were absolutely deafening.
In the evening, there was a splendid illumi
nation; which must have been a sight worth
seeing in that interesting city. The Ple
biscite will take place about the end of this
week, and the king will make his public
entry in the beginning of November. The
treaty of . peace between Italy and Austria
will likely soon be followed by a treaty of
commerce. This would be of immense ad
vantage to both. Friendly feelings are
rapidly springing up between those who
so recently were deadly foes, so that in
stead of enemies they will soon be fast
allies.
As regards the northern provinces, the
work of reconstruction is now complete ;
but until the intruder has been driven
from the centre of the peninsula, it can
scarcely be said that Italy is free from the
Alps to the Adriatic. Private letters from
Rome describe the state of things there as
unusually, unnaturally quiet. Is it the
calm that precedes the *storm ? The Ro-
Genesee Evp,ngelist, No. 1069.
DENT.
THE POPE NEXT
mans are patiently biding their time, which
cannot now be far off. The Legion of
Antibes, as it is called, 1000 French sol
diers who have undertaken to defend the
Pope, arrived at Civita Vecchi some time
ago; but what are they against so many?
There is wide-spread discontent among the
people, ground down as they are to the
lowest depth. Brigands are breaking out
in all directions with unwonted daring, so
that there is no protection for life or pro
perty in the country. The treasury is al
most exhausted ; gold is at 10 or 12 per
cent. Cardinal Antonelli, whose resigna
tion I erroneously reported some time ago
as an accomplished fact, is really at last on
the point of retiring—failing health the
assigned, falling house the real, reason,; he
would wisely leave the dwelling befOre he
is crushed in the tumbling ruins.
And where can the Pope look fur help ?
Austria, his staunch and steadfast friend,
who both would and could have aided him,
is now shut out, by treaty, from any inter
ference. Spain has too many internal
troubles to give effective help; the health
of Napoleon is evidently failing, and no one
knows how soon there may be a change in
that quarter. People talk of his taking
refuge in Malta ; if so, how strange that
he should be driven to seek an asylum from
Protestant heretical England.
THE SICILIAN TROUBLE
Your readers are doubtless acquainted
with the details of the insurrection at Pa
lermo, which followed so closely the con
clusion of hostilities in the North. Aetive
measures were at once taken to restore
order, which was only accomplished after
considerable bloodshed. If the outbreak
had taken place a month or six weeks
earlier, when all the troops were up to the
front, the sonsequences might have been
serious. Its immediate cause was the con
fiscation of church property. Now it so
happens, that two-thirds of the island is
owned by ecclesiastics, and they were so
indignant at the legal spoliation of their
goods, and the dismissal of the monks from
their snug retreats, that to revenge them
selves on so cruel a government and, if
possible, avert threatened ruin by estal;
fishing a government of their own, they
led on the bigoted and superstitious Sicil
ians to revolt. Through the apathy and
indifference of_tke authorities in Palermo,
theY almost suoceeiled in possessing them
selves of the city. It was their expressed
intention, also, to kill all the Protestants in
the place, that they might purify their
island home from every kind of profanity-,
Something similar was dreaded in the Nea
politan provinces, and many soldiers were
sent there, but, though the brigands have
done much mischief in the neighborhood of
Salerno, there has been no attempt at in
surrection.
CHOLERA; SUPERSTITION
Cholera has this year again appeared on
the shores of the Mediterranean. Genoa,
Naples, Trieste, Venice, and now Palermo,
have : been visited by, it, It has been most
severe in Naples; and threatens to be bad
in Palermo. When it broke out here,
about the middle of August, the people
fled in hundreds : from the town, the streets
were almost deserted, many of the shops
shut, business was at a stand. The ignd
ranee of the lower classes is most deplore.
ble. They believed the doctors scattered
poison in the air, causing so many to die.
Bands of men paraded the streets at night,
stopping before every druggist's shop and
threatening death and destruction to those
who were dispensing the medicines within,
I heard of one woman, who, being seized
with cholera, was immediately carried off
to the hospital; but so firmly persuaded
was she that the doctor meant to poison
her with his stuff, that she clenched her
teeth and would allow nothing to be put
into her mouth, not even broth, and she
continued thus until she died.
We have lost the Waldensian minister
here, who died of cholera after five hours'
illness. His was the first death in that
congregation. How mysterious the adora
ble providence of God, that he should re
move one who was doing so much good in
this town, and whose sphere of
. doing good
among the native population was, perhaps,
greater than that of any other, at the very
time, too, when there is need of more
laborers to go and work in the province of
Venetia, that such as he, au earnest and
able evangelist, should be called away !
EVANGELICAL MOVEMENT
There is really nothing to report of the
evangelical movement, during the last two
months. < Things have gone on very quiet
ly, indeed. Thb session of the Theological
College in Florence has been opened with
thirteen students; one of them, however, is
from Scotland. , There are three professors,
besides a lecturer; who, having formerly
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been a priest in Rome, is well acquainted
with the mysteries of that harlot city, and
is besides a master in controversy. A new
school for boys has been opened at Poma
ret in the Waldensian Valleys. The breth
ren of Barletta have had to submit to petty
persecution for some time, but better days
seem now at hand and progress may be
hoped for. I worshipped last Sabbath
evening with the congregation of the Free
Italian Church here. They meet in a long
and lofty room in the very centre of the
town. There is no pulpit—only a simple
table. Sig. Mazarella was sitting at it
When I went in. After a hymn had been
sung, as Italians only can sing, and a short
prayer offered up, the fourth chapter of
Ephesians was given out by the preacher.
'Verse by verse it was read by the people
themselves, some of whom had to be cor
rected in their reading. Then the text
was announced : " But ye have not so
learned. Christ," in the regular course
of exhortation. Christ alone was the
theme of the eloquent preacher's discourse.
After prayer and praise, we separated.
There were one hundred and twenty, or per
haps more, in the room, which was crowded,
all of them won over from the Roman Catho
lic Church. Some, many of them, let us
hope, members of the Church of the First
Born, which is written in heaven.
Gxxoe, Oct. 22, 1866.
THE NOVEDIBER ELECTIONS.
The vote of twelve States was recorded
on Tuesday of last week, substantially con
cluding the great struggle for the control
of the Fortieth Congress. Although the
result was foreshadowed by the elections of
October, and the interest was so much the
less, yet it was waited for with the most
profond and solemn expectation. The"
extraordinary efforts made by the Presi
dent and his party, the inerciless official
proscription they practised, the tergiversa
tion of distinguished members of the Re
publican party, the uncertainty as to the
depth of the moral convictions of the peo
ple, threw enough elements of doubt into
the conflict to make men anxious for the
announcements of the morning after dee
, tion. And never had the winged and har
nessed lightning-couriers, flashing from
end to end of the land, a more astonish
ing tale of a united people, of a deeply,
rooted, unawed, unaltered public sentiment,
to tell than then. In one many-voiced
chorus, it broke from Kansas to Cape Cod,
from New Jersey to Minnesota, so emphatic
and so unanimous, that at the breakfast
table in the White House, there was no
room to doubt the unshaken purpose of the
American people to abide by the policy
which its chosen standard-bearers had de
serted.
The force of sound Christian princi
ple carried the day. The healthy aroused
conscience of the people was at work.
That profound sentiment of- justice that
lies deep in the national heart, embodied
itself in this overwhelming vote, given in
the face of all the arguments, which here
tofore have been relied on to corrupt and
to control it. Base men, accustomed to
scoff at all considerations but those of
political expediency, find themselves esti
mated at their due worth. Their bread and
butter argument quite exhausted their
logical resources, and at last, a party has
arisen upon whom that argument is worse
than ineffectual, as it has bat made that
majorities in the aggregate larger. Wit
ness the great States of the northwest,. Il
linois, Michigan, lowa, Wisconsin, Minne
sota, Kansas, in which the Republicans
have gained nearly 60,000 over the
majorities of 1864
The die is cast. The Northern States,
with. Missouri and Tennessee, are a unit.
The majority in the next Congress is at
least as great on the side of justice, equali
ty, and the vindication of the national
honor and safety as in the present; and' it.
sentiments will be more positive, and its
action more prompt and decisive. The
policy of the country, after. this great trial,
is settled for the century. Nina ziertigia
retrorsum. Opponents should acquaint
themselves with the fact, and cease the
futile and discreditable business of hang . - :
• ing as clogs at the wheel's of the national
progress. The sentiment which prompted
a crushed rebellion cannot be galvanised
into lite and political sovereignty again_
Nodark plots, no coups d' eta; depending
upon the co-operation of rebel States and de.
signed to reinstate them in power, need DOW
be cunningly contrived. The vast current.
of popular opinion has quietly and effectu
ally extinguished them. Yes ! let us have
a National Thanksgiving. Let us sing our
Te booms. The righteous are in authori
ty—the people have a divine warrant *Jr
rejoicing. Prov xxix. 2. • .