Aurae Kontrturg. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE. There is such a demand for parks, ceme teries, and gardens, that a profession of Landscape Architecture" has arieen to rive advice in these matters. Judging by the finished product, there ` exiat's: inf the, p rofession an axiom to this effect—all paths and water-lines must meander. To the culCar mind this is by no means ,self-evi dent, and we have, therefore, thought it not uninstructive to recall the scientific basis of the doctrine. Brooks and water courses,. in general, are apt - to meander, though it is not,without example that they ,ro tolerably straight., —An Alpine road winds up the side of the mountain. The brook seeks always to go down, and it ac; e epts a descent& whatever:direction itidFirt Ural one. The mountain, road, endeagars to surmount a steep height gradyally, and w inds about the mountain -side-seallig for moderate grades, such as men and beasts can ascend and descend with ease. Differ ences of level are thus Ail 0 9 ,46,4- o. g . d e ti c k is water-lines, and a justification of windinc , paths and roads. Across a level meadow the cow-path never goes straight; ihough the general direction of the path be telerablk,Straight, yet it is full.of ,little,benda,.and;olight de partures from the direct ,c„oturse. 'Looking to the cause of these deviations from the. shortest path to, the bars which will , :be dropped for her at evening, it will be found that the cow set her foot aside to avoid a hummock, or rounded aivhortleberiy-bushl or steered clear of 'a ..rock or. a mud hole. Herein is to be found the second natural and sufficient justification of curved roads and paths ; the avoidance of otstacles, small or great, bushes or forests, betilders or mountains, is a prime cause•of windings; and demands., the _best skill ,of the prefes sional engineer., It is as short, and vastly easier to go round the hill as to go over it ; the old turnpike, stretching away straight! over hill and valley, was as stupid a con-; tiivance as:ever made progress diffioult. A third cause of curved, paths fbund in the, frequent necessity of changing direction, which the narrow limits ofliarks and gardens often impose upon. thoseriho design the walks and drives. For chang ing directilin ohrve 'is, PdaiNtlesi,' , ..tabre: graceful than a sharp angle ; nature rounds' her corners, exceptin„crystals."' 'T);iikthird cause is really but -a, special case of the', second ; the' park 'fence is the obstacle to . be avoided. , In a very few of 'the best piiblie'iitirks. and gardens in this country these princi-' pies find 'perfect illustiation,lbutin the vast majority of public and private pleasure grounds they' are utterly , 'disregatded. Who has not, found himself:impatiently following gravel s's over an absolutely level, and unobstructed field of grass ? Who has not seen with disgust, scallop-edged, tanks cut out of i'grassy, 'Slain as flat as abarn- 1 floor, and provided With curVstOries the water in r, Such tanks are, rnore'like washtubs than nature's ponds. Such art mocks natute.*" ' ' In promenading, as in more serious matters, the pleasure, naen.thice--in*vious ways is quite destroyed if all the world can plainly see how devious they are.l . The fact is that a genuine Yankee, even if he be pushing a feminine left elbow in the hollow of his right, seeillwith , impatience that he has walked a hundred-feet fo ad vance ten, or -that the' path he follows wriggles like a snake along theunobstrubt ed turf. But, must all paths be straight ?' Must, we drive on alleys whose tiresome perspec-' rive suggests fatigue ? By no, means. But' landscape architects" must justify their curves by manulactured, it there be,,no natural, differences of level, and b?arti ticial obstacles, like planted shrubbery and, trees, it . nature's woods and underbrush and rocks be lacking. ~A slight, curvature,,no greater than the width of the fith, con ceals the • distant way as well'as half a cir cle, and long sweeps and gentle curves are much more natural than u's and s's. Above all, water-boundaries should be determined solely by the varying level of the surround ing land; and the edges of artificial ponds should invariably be sloping, and made of :and, gravel, or pebble's, never of masonry. An arch or a stone bridge is a fine feature in a landscape; yet 1 0176 do *WNW a's'eides of arched bridges across an . urebrbken simply in order to meander up and down, after the mauner, of the mythipat, pent. Horizontal meandering,wilhout due cause, is quite as absurd. —The :Nation. • .) a.l ,{ SOURCES OF NITROGEN; But.vvhat is. the... source of nitrogen in turf? The general opinion is, that carba retted hydrogen gas is formed,' of vhich the hydrogen unites itself with the nitrogen of the air so as to form ammonia. This, however ; is contradicted, by Ithe nitrogen not being present in the-turf itself in the form of ammonia, which is only formed by the dry distillation of animal substances. This shows that the nitrogen in the turf. must be in the•same condition' a's it is in animal substances, as for instance in born, bones, albumen and meat. In fact 3 ,it can be proved that the nitrogen_ of the turf really originates from animal bodies r whiph live or have lived therein, and- of such traces are to be found in the turf. The classes of infusoria, poly.peS,i worms, IMolus ca, crustacea and. insects 4arel..best mpre tented, which through their bulky devAop ment produce the nitrogen in turCpits' had in turf' itself. . .• \x • Turf manure does not act as quiCkl) . as stable manure, because it decomposes mare slowly, but it thereby becomes more effica, dons. Liebig affirms that turf eat Only be Con sidered as a manure fur plants; if plAispbat of lime be mixed up with it. But; as turf contains in itself a sufficient quantitiof this substance, I need hardly say'ode Liebig's opinion cannot 15 upheld in prac tice. My experimehts in adding bonedust to the turf have not given any better results than by, using turf alone. Manuring with humus in general, and mantkring with turf and decayed vegetable substances in particular, show irrefutably that the food of plants forms a simple sub stance, which is represented in the gases at'bumus—carbon, hydrogen and nitogen— H E AMERICAN ,PRgSBYTERIAN, 'THURSDAY, r;OCTOTIER 25, '1 . 1866. 4:4.117 and that the plant diies not need to procure the carbon and nitrogen from different sources, and to compose only the food out of the elementary substances.--Prof SYchui zenstein. MARKING SHEEP. The advantage of having every sheep in the flock marked with ,plain ,figures; such as can be easily reads even across.a common sheep-yard, are too &Hone to every one; o need any argument in its favor. The 'best materials for marking we have ever used are red lead and pure Japan. This mixture will .work equally, well whether you ;use iron or wooden types. Many try Venetian red, which looks very well at first, - but - it, soon rubs , eff,..,and,the figure's become ob- 1 scure. Others, again, when -using Japan; mix boiled linseed oil with it, but this is wholly,-unnecessary. - :The. ;lead, mixes no better with it than , the Xepen,liid as the latter dries more quickly, the number is not 44 liVelk, to get illibeVegdiAlprred.. The best dish to , mix them in is an old-1 fashjoneo. flat tin;'/, such as, Int grand mot iers klikiedkci bake' f.‘.Toialny cakteirin! before their ope.n Ares. this;,putt s ar feyepoonsful,ofleadaia aslicuekjapan ass is needed to mix, with .It, so the . mixture ( ; shall be about the thickness orwesi molasses. ;This spreads out over the bot tom of youttin, and is just the right deptk to cover the surface 'of your type, hence there will. be but little loss. When pro-: perly, applied we' have seen; the, figures on; the darkest Merinoes skewing tkeniselves' with the elearek distirkrieSk round to the! end ,of the year: ;marking; t.lieuld, done SoCon' after 'Shearing; and When put 'on,} the sheep should ; - be y allowed to go directly, fromthe• Ilia 4%11 'Mark& into-an oPent lot; toe prevent! deem- from •to-1 gether. and , obscuring their numbers by , rubbing acminsteach other."" tl B - RASSHOPPER PLAGUE. w.SI 'R: writes 'jibe Nt Obseri ver froggighlandtfg.an.,' ,eptelmber 14, 1866 :--41Or some iiine past o , ltave heard of the tapproaoh l of ithe.,Elolorado.,,gras,shop-] pers. On Tuesday •they,lnade their appear ance here; flyiriF'' as high: 119" the -eye. rekoh andAeniing down like huge snow] flakes—until in many places everything] was,.,ocivbrAdr p 4eounted from thirty, to forty, • five'lin 'd on single corn-blades, so that' n re would be a,:nioderate,,all:Oianee 'for i a A very short time' suffices' to strip off all' the foliage,' leaving only the bare stalke,;. eVen'cuttingoito an'ethhiiekitik the Ohl fails to cheek their . ravageS: grass pas tires are `gnawed down to the 'very roots ;] and wheat will of course be .. .destroyed (if; theyremain,) , as . fast as iecorre up, every! kernel left above, grounesetng afre - agy ' eaten: - 'i , One' of ;nay neighbois vfai soning Wheat' iilien.,thek arrived. the next flay, he could not find his team to harrow-it in, and the follolifiqg Itivhe could not find his wheat—the grasshoppers had disposed of it. Forest and fruit trees have suffered loutlittle s ,thoagh elder bushes are 'stripped As Verdes in e/The gr“sliop r idrs'aie now engaged in depositing their eggs, and the ground in many places is almost honey combed ' ,. by their] "These grass hoppers are generally thirteen-tenths of an inch in length, of a greenish-brown color, with more , slenderl)oclies and longer wings than mtist of - the comnioia' taitertetspecies. rtit _ - 4,7 " vtifi . t. t • IRON AND STEEL, (Continued.) INIAITJFACTUILERS. AND PATENVIUMITS Although the subject of patent-right does- not; : striotly §pgaking, ,the „scope of Dr. -Peroy's work, lie,„eaupotAyoid coming across;it, from time,,to, *lf ' ) in de soribing,the uumerousiinproyeAgnts in the manufacture of metals to which recent in ventions , have given; birth:, lfantifaool as: .a rule, dislike ,scheiners. ;;"The Lord deliver me," said one ironmaster fer vently, "from 'thi's restleis'`an `;mischief' making race'!" So manufaBhirers are • carrying on a prosperous trade,, they have no desire for ,new inventions, which, if successful, only have the.effect of (Com pelling them to iitroduce Alterations in their machinery ac.d" ite, l iv modes of manu facture, for the purpoie Of meeting the com petition which th r iy-stiniplate. Manufac turers also bear a trrudgOgainst inventors for the royalties payikble . to them under their patents, aro -- ,thinkt,,,hard that they should be debarred from freely adopting, without any: such' restrietihn, the best methods whibh . have - been 'discovered for producing the.;largest quantity of metal in the shortest itimelind at the, lowest,-price. They consider 'patents not 'only an 'annoy ance !and obstfuction, but the cause of a dimidution in their` 'which, of course,:ithey very - Via object.. Engineers, 'also; are often found declaim ing against patenla for the same reason, and the latellkr : 1:!rtioel enunciated the' s ,opinion that when • a workman broUght -forward a new invention or improvement inmachinery worthy of adoptima, if he was paid a sove reign or so for' his trouble, it was reward enough. One wealthy iron:manufacturer t coolly declared to DriliPe el that'" brains are 'more" abundant in nth 1 Fld than hapi tal„and ought, therefore; .etaikeheap." Hence the resistance : which has so, often been offered, first, to the introduction lof inventions,- and nett to the paymenrof roy alty to the inventors when their use has become indispeiisable: :Mr - Crairshiy,: the iron potentate; of South Wales, resisted the claims of COxti scGl3l4rd,l , ,the, irhn potentate of Scotland, resistekthe,elaims of-,Neilson. fleone.,,too, the Cornish, mininginterest,re-, sisted the claims of "Boniton and Watt for, royalty. biftlieit volidefisiiig engine; Without which -their -.lianas Inuit haVe remaintid rowned witkivateri . and could not possibly eve been iiirked to a_ profit., The ent of tbe'doirtish i minelOyiners was, that t new pumping engine _was necessary for th it very , existenoe ; and- that tliCiestric tio.• of its use by, payment of royalty to the inv• ntor, was` prejudicial not only to their indA p '•idual interests but to the interests of the üblic at large. Such, also, is Sir William Armstrong's view of the inexpediency of patent rights, as quAel.:.b3e - Dr. Percy : "That dauntless apirit,?ksays whiehin matters, of o4metotAtatrie l d-,this country to cad off thi tramtlii, of frotectiotiVms resulted in-CitmentedoroilerAti ibeiathiatioW ing,'„the injunoturtedencies oT of g legio - wheniOprioseditcil general ifreedom of action. Would that the same bold and lightead 'poliey were extended in some ) ( I,ithe; ;at least ;leastOoE imatters:-4 invention Und,..m., our present Patent Law, we a„xe borne doWn with an excess of Protection." Bat carry out the idea:-.•• It is .not necessary to stop short at inventions.. These 'are only one class".f pciduct§ 'of ; the'.'skill'inti dustry of man.' ' Why should any product of trainwhrk. Or of, labor.'..be protected ? :Why should 'copyright ' in works ofinat 'or 'in books T. - ,;'. • ..' , ,Sir'Willium.' Armstrong also nrges - the •;iribw that 0 the pr'estige Of successful inven tion,. Would, as. a rule, bring with it -suffi cient reward,land. that pretection•Might be entirely dispensed with.'.' ..• Such, too;.wastlie argument ,used,hylhe,l3olton cotton Mann: facturers ;when en.they,, urged Samuel Crogip ton...net:AO`take ionti a,. patent for his inven tion ef, the, SeAaptitm.A.liilp; . )qt thinake it free tothe.•public.., Unfortunately for him= sel i f„,he,,aeted upon, their ey , er4kne, "knows with what result: The .cotton' manu-: fACtiithiS d`r ,13altiM.'.Ma i eeWWliere • Made -immense-fortunes by-means- of • , CrOmpton43 inventiop, while-he hin,i,.selfdied itvvoverty. Sif c:fiYilliArli: 4rni - giciu 6 . fifitli'o,insists! that "practical men who;' like Watt and' GeOrge Stephenson, devote the best - pkic of their lives to perfecting inventions of im-, mense importance to the world, seldom de rive from patents any greater emolument; than would flow to them without the aid of a restrictive system, while they are fre-' quently involved in tormenting litigation{ about prioriV,of idea„." .But. do the advo-; cates of the abolition,ef,patent-right sup-' pose that Wattwould-have borne up through' the laborious. oil connected with the inven tion of his condeiising-engine for more than' twenty mortal , 'Years l. - had .:he,:known that,' immediately on the invention; being per fected, every•mine-owner•and.manufacturer, would be free to•useit without making any, compensatioU'Whpevtr'th him for his labor, and his skill'? '''''.A!s 'ltNifis;'ir l o 'sooner had , he shown his first pumping-engine. at work, in Cornwall than he was fallen upon by pirates, who.sought to rob him of the fruits' of his industry; and there is not the slight est doubt that, but for the protection grant; ed him by Parliament and the energetic support of his partner Boulton, IV attl*Mild have died as pooraid.4ll,r,e,warded,fer i his invention as the L inveAftir t of'deVelflacting Xple. As for GeorgeAtephenson v .he was not an originaltioventor:se,much as a ready, adopter, and skilful ,adapter.of the_ inven tions ontileida' tlitieWti, 4 pfidetiell man, who - did , yet' hesitate to-make use ofany arrangement that v. clued,. best . suited for Eli purpose ; ant iflie aid,:iot make: motley by the titents whiaLlie,'himselpook out, it was lateaUse they Were or comparatively. laic valie: , .. i - -Ti is-quite true that the 'original inveritor, ..._ everrw,heri protected by patent, ,rery'often does not reapAhe 'reward,of his.Jabor ; , ,but, that is no Teasn for withholding thesimitice-: ment of •• tse reward fiord those wl4 are. i t willin4 to Compete for It.' Takelfor cram plc, the follow4ig important problem which Dr. Perci sets for inventors , t0..-solve "To the idoil-masters 'of.:,South `'Stafford shire," heisay i s, " in eonpAimical sofutien of , the problem of coking the -thick cipal i sla# would be of immetisevalne.; .A. : maligibus amourreoflttht fine slacklas• beeirand still continues to'be left' lt ;the pits,. ben* it cannot be .raSied.4ithp:oht.* , I • have no d • oubf.illat shOUld . *4- . 000 be soleilu nate - as to succeed in . 'converting :this at present worthless material" into coke, at a mederatecost, he wOnldlrealige , a large fortune, and dm would,, moreover; =have 'the sntiefactionnf *pronging:the; indUstiollife of„Sputh.Staffordshire,which has begun?to suffer Tirhe , ff a4 l iitiart,,Of,iii , yelf ''`Blit no Taunt ingenuity aneSkiflwould devote his time .aridlaNr, to the solution of a prob lem like thii, important though it be tolhe national industry, without the hope of some adequate reward g every coal , owner viOree_ . fp '9,of6tiriace the. invention;.. „. so soon as ,made,,to:his own. - use, ,the l public interest would donl;tless,..gain, but the.in 7 ventor-himself wordd4he i sacrificed. : ..: • 'lt,deemsiquite 'reasonable that'if a .itan gives his labor and - skill'td,reifeetiiii lin inveiltitin 'ca l lehlkted 'to she?ofput - lic"utility, liVeVoriild:be - femunefitedfdi it ,Tliqiieth od,dierettifcire adopted hits . beett6grAyt,the privilege pl, ,a e ~patoilt 41, limited . i term s conditional on the • inventor, specifying and publishing . ; the nature •Of the invention. Should it cotne into general'fide,thiting that term, the'inventor is compensated by the payinent of royalty ;' after which,thelliVen thin becomes public: yroperty- 7 —the posses sion of mankind at large.. Before the,i_.,,rant ing of patents . was adopted,. inventors' were accustomed. to make a. mystery` of their arts; they worked in secret, they placed nothing ouy..ecoril, and ,hence their knowledge often died 'with thlit. 'Thus, there is no:doubt, many valuableinventionsbecame for a-time lost to the race, and himian progress was retarded. The limited privilege conferred by a patent is surely not too-great a price to pay for any invention of,,yalue ; nor can it be necessary to despoil the inventoriby applying to him the, grin eiple s, not, offeee trading, but-of freebooting, in the alleged interest of the public. ' ••. '. '' ' '* It is' estimated that besides l 9a, olio;000 tons' `of coal raised in 1865 ; , 20,000 1 00Q tons of .small ebal wert leftin thopts, or otherwise The late Nicholas Wbo'd'stateda few years since t that the 'annual waste at the. fletton , and , Black . Boy Collieries alone amounted to 160,000 tons I (To be Continu,ed.) ,'. , .i•: ... ',1-IAT - 3,.. - ANIt ;li.G.APS R. S; WALTON'S FASHIONABLE. CAP ioi „ * ! .! MARKET STREET. Id.ri 1 LATEST . STYLES, LOWEST PRICES. A Full Assortment of Umbrellas Always on Hand. gitta : - .llllll.lltattzw.,, - . . BE - r,CO,Lc.EctlOrk(§ lik0" BY: ,TIE ;; 21.04 T, P9PULAR _4.U.THOIO. OWEXitt.IiASON, • WO. P.! , rSRFAX OI W ktr*, , • frirF ARGTA. ,IKOOPr, anti ts . 'BRAJEIBII ICY'S rtost.TESTI WORK. r TIIS-KEICNOTE. ;3A New; ;Collection; of Sacred ang Seculatr•Musio, ftir etkoirs and.,Singjpg!;•sol ool sv 'nso sattk; '.sl`3:sU la' ex doe tadbary so j ygell.k:no, iv - 11..013d t * ihad,sucit pre-emjnent Success as an author or Church Writsib Books, that it ,is hardly neeesG'ary'tti commend , his %productions. ,o?e, s;,sp 'eadh; sl3. D'er dozen., • If any American book briabrediMiusici is .entitled to 1, be held •is: inassio. At is this. .Originally-published twenty-five fears since, it has had an, an amount and I continuaficeldf po Pidarity-never enjoyed - by any other; book. Overa,lf a million copies.havelideiisolti, andit stilloontinu ,9,0ne.0f the best-selling of church.music 1 books. Scareely a singer can be found who has not'', used it;.itdd(whatever Other)boolit:th,ey. , Mathikveor • lack, few choirs feel that they can do without: Car-;' mina 'Sacra." good; vorY'xood f:every4, age is good. 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