Jlral ffaramuij. AMERICAN ECONOMY—ITS FUTURE. Horace Greeley, on taking tlie chair, as President of the American Institute, on the 20th ult,, delivered a characteristic, and, in many respects, well considered ad dress upon this subject. He commenced with an earnest advocacy of the Protective System, as shaped-by the statesmen and po litical economists of the last generation, such as Henry Clay, Hezekiah Niles, and Walter Forward. “ I hold," he said, “ that the world is this day at least One Billion of I tollars richer for- American inventions and discoveries which owe their existence to the partial; grudging, capricious Protection which Congress has accorded to our manu facturing industry. Who can estimate the value to mankind of the yet incomplete century of American Inventions commenc ing with the cotton gin ? The reaper and mower, the telegraph, the railroad, the sew ing-machine, the power press—what would the world be without them? Which of them owes its origin to any country which has systematically refused or neglected to protect its own manufactures? Let Egypt and Arabia, let India and China, produce the contributions which they, during the last century, have made to human efficiency in the field of industrial production, and we will see whether'our policy or its oppo site most conduces to human progress and prosperity. Had the policy which looks to making ours a purely agricultural nation — to exporting its-timber, its cotton, its food, and importing its wares and fabrics —been uniformly ascendant here, we" might have shown as beggarly an account of contribu tions to human.efficiency as they do. And, had our workshops remained in Europe, we might be still plowing with a clumsy, in effective implement, composed of wotfd and iron, instead of the steel plow of the present day. “Yet we are still at the beginning of our course. I hail the steam plow as a benefi cent and not distant contribution of Me chanics to the progress and efficiency of agriculture. Say, if you will, that all steam plows, as yet, have been failures —I will not dispute you—l only insist that they are such failures as herald and prepare for a grand, benignant success." Of the agricultural capabilities of the country, Mr. Greeley said: —“ Our agricul ture is yet rudimental —I might say, semi barbarous. Hitherto, its progress has been rather in machinery than in processes or in average results. Whoever has observantly traversed Europe must know that her aver age tillage is far superior to ours, and her crops larger than ours. Lombardy, Bel gium, Holjand, Switzerland, Great Britain, produce far larger average orops per acre than this country does. It is established by statistics that, whereas the average wheat crop of the British Isles is twice as large per acre it was in 1800, the wheat crop ot so much of our country as was then under cultivation is but half as much as it was sixty years ago. New England, for merly produced all the wheat she required; now, she produces less than a tithe of her consumption, and nine-tenths of her farmers do not grow wheat at all? The rents on the manor ot Rensselaerwyck, skirting our own Hudson river, were formerly payable mainly in wheat; now, but.few of the farms grow any wheat, and many if not most of them refuse to produce it. I know no other country that once grew wheat' luxuriantly, and now fails to produce it; and the differ ence must be a result of our heedless and exhausting cultivation, which calls loudly for reform. Any farm that ever produced wheat should stand ready to produce it still; and he is a poor farmer who, having pro duced a good crop of this staple one year, cannot produce a better crop of wheat next year. If the last crop has exhausted the land of some element or property required to perfeot wheat, soience should tell us how most readily and cheaply to replace that element, and this is what we mean by scien tific farming. u Framers, like other men —more than most other men —need a knowledge of na ture and her unohanging laws. It is the glory of our age that suoh men as Lipbig devote their talents and acquirements to teaching them. London was lor many years the home of an Italian named Mechi, who made and sold cheap razor-strops. Having grown rich in this calling, M. Hechi removed to the country and bought or hired a large farm, where he resolved to give a fair trial to the most advanced theo ries of chemists and geologists who essayed to shed light on agriculture. He has done so for some twenty years, and with signal success. His orops are the largest m all England, and his profits correspond with them. As a sample of his methods—all his abundant fertilizers, whether purchased or made on the farm, are converted into liquids and diffused over his fields by means o pumos and pipes. In this way, they are not only far more effective, but they are applied just when the growing plants need either sustenanoe or moisture; and ye , am assured, the composting and distribution of his fertilizers costs M. Mechi but a penny per load. And this is one result, like many others, of his fidelity to the conviotion that the best way of doing anything is, m the long run, the most profitable. Who ever has journeyed through Upper Itay . the valley of the Po—must have had his attention arrested by the general preva lence of irrigation. Most of the land you see is irrigated; and nearly all of this pro duces immensely. Probably, the water systematically applied to the surface more than doubles the natual crop. Who ever saw extensive and systematic irrigation on the Atlantio slope of this continent i Xet we have millions of acres far more easily irrigated than Lombardy, and whose irri gation could be quite as profitably resorted to. When will it be ?" Mr, Greeley proceeded to speak ot tne mineral resources of vthe couptry a 8 a vast and exceedingly important field ior the labors of the Institute. He spoke also of the importance that the Institute should erect for itself an edifice, worthy of its character and history, and there possess and preserve a oomplete collection of agricultu ral implements-past as well as present showing the progress made from age to age and from year to year. It won e structive to compare the plows and scythes of the last two oenturies With those of our fathers and with our own; the mere com- i parison might sugeest some of the improve ments of the future. He would also have there maintained,*not an annual, but a per petual fair —that is a continuous exhibition of implements, machines, inventions, &c. Such an exhibition would afford a place of evening resort for our mechanics and ap prentices, which could not fail to prove in structive and profitable. « Our country,” he added, 11 eminently needs the general diffusion of useful, prac tical knowledge —such knowledge as it. is our aim to dispense. When we consider what such knowledge has already achieved —how localities like that whereon Salt Lake City now stands, which, a few years since, would not grow a peck of grain to the acre, do now, by the aid of irrigation, produce in abundance every grain and fruit of the temperate zone—when we reflect that there are hundreds of such places still lyiDg waste and useless, and that all our national industry is equally infantile or chaotic, we must feel that the dissemination of useful knowledge is among the noblest achieve -1 ments of man. “Within one hundred miles there lie hundreds of thousands of acres of deep, rich soil that have contributed very little as yet to the comfort of man. Sea-side marshes, inland swamps and bogs, the sandy plains of New Jersey and Long Island —all or most of these may be profitably wrested irom chaos and made subservient to man’s subsistence and enjoyment by scientific and systematic effort. They now breed but pestilence and noisome insects; they will yet afford employment and sustenance to many thousands of men. “ Recent events have opened the Southern States to settlement and cultivation by free labor. A vast, genial, naturally fertile re gion, proffers rare opportunities for the cul tivation of the grape, the production ot silk, and many other industries hitherto confined to the Old World. Doubtless a few years will witness vast improvement in that quar ter. “ We are an agricultural people, yet we import immensely of the products of foreign agriculture —of the products of climates and soils essentially like our own. We are to-day buying extensively of Europe silks which we might produce at home for less than we give for them in Europe; wines which we might make for half their foreign cost; while we send to China and Japan for teas that the growers produce for a sixth, and we might for a third of the prices we now pay for them. If we naturalize the tea plant only, we shall save thereby to our country many millions per annum. Let us at least resolutely attempt it. “ I would like to say more of the prospec tive development of our mineral wealth. Having traversed the great mountain chains and high plains and valleys of our con tinent, I feel sure that their treasures of gold and silver exceed all estimate, all cal culation. I quite understand that gold and silver, like iron or coal, must be-paid for— that he that digs them from the earth pays usually quite as much as though he ob tained them by farming or trade; and yet I feel that our country is richer for her mines, precisely as she is for her soil. They furnish employment for labor, and create markets-'for every other department-of- in dustry. As yet, I presume, all the gold and silver dug from the Rocky Mountains have cost all they are worth; but the Pa cific Railroad will reduce the cost of their production one-half, while opening vast markets for the food and fabrics of our older States.” Ijtieutife. CHOLERA. From the concluding article of a very valuable series in the New York Tribune on this topic, we make the following ex- tracts : Cholera is strictly an epidemic, existing by force of a mysterious poison diffused through the atmosphere. Whether the influences which produce this poison are “telluric,” “ electro-magnetic,” or “animal cular,” we know no better now than we did fifty years ago. Cholera moves in th,e form of a volume, or field (of greater or less extent) of such poisoned air. Its rate of progress is com paratively uniform, and its track not more eccentric than may he accounted for by the influence of prevailing winds.. As soon as it reaches any given place, all the persons residing in, arriving at, or passing through that place, who may be predisposed by certain conditions herein before stated, become the select objects of its attack, however widely they may be scattered, and without regard to their pos sibilities of communicating with each other; it is sufficient that they are included in the oholeratic atmosphere. Cholera is never brought —it comes. If passengers sailing from a port of France, where the epidemic prevails, arrive in an American port, whither it has not yet come, bringing with them the germs of the disease alive in their own systems, those germs will not grow and spread in the new and healthy air, but will whither and die out for want of their natural pabulum —the chol eratic atmostphere. But if that atmosphere accompanies them, then the germs will flourish and be propagated. This is why the cholera did not extend to London in 1831, or in New York in 1848, “ although it had been in troduced, And persons had been exposed to its infection.” The cases had been brought, but the epidemic had not arrived. On the Other'hand, “it spread like wildfire in Paris, in 1832,” because the epidemic brought its own cases along with it. But the presence of the choleratie atmosphere is an essential condition of the spread of cholera With out it, a few isolated oaseß oi aggravated cholera morbus, in individuals rendered peculiarly susceptible and sympathetic by their local and personal accidents, are the worst that need be feared, and we e leve that such examples of cholera morbus, oc curring during the prevalence of an actual epidemic, constitute a large proportion ol the whole number of cases counted as true cholera Upo® a prepared neverous system, it is most natural that the fiercer disease should beget its kind, eveu though the progeny may be of weaker powers. THE INFLUENCE OF FEAU. If thing oonld .onto «““» THE AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN, THURSDAY/ MARCH 22, 1866. ous it would be the enervating influence of panic—as when, wanting a contagion of its own, it rides on the contagion of fear. For fear diminishes the nervous power, de presses and enfeebles the action of the heart, detracts the blood from extreme ves sels, and deranges the secretions. “ The tendency of fear,” says Dr. Brig ham, “is to produce and spread spasmodic complaints, and to become epidemic during great public calamities. It not only dis poses a person to be affected by a contagi ous disease, but actually produces a disease, and symptoms similar to the premonitory symptoms of cholera.” He calls attention to the fact, that a person whose mind is constantly on the alert to detect some symp toms of the stomach or bowels, who. anxi ously watches the effect of everything he eats or drinks upon the organs of digestion, will he very certain to create in them a morbid sensibility, which will be followed by indigestion, diarrhoea, or other derange ment ; and suggests that there is great rea son to apprehend that many, very many cases of cholera, if not produced by fear alone, are aggravated by it to a dangerous degree; and cases of 41 common cholera are transformed through the influence of fear, into the malignant and fatal. “At the present alarming time, no duty of medi cal men, and of all those who have influence over the faith of others as regards the epi demic, seems more imperative than that they should steadily endeavor to quiet pub lic alarm, and constantly abstain from creating any fear about the prevalence of the disease, and its contagious nature. Hundreds will die of common cholera if they are qot assured, and made to believe", that the disease which effects them is not the cholera which their fears suggest. In such cases every look, and question, and action of a physician is very important. He has it in his 1 ppwer, not only to endanger the lives of the sufferers, but to spread around a far more dangerous contagion than that of cholera —the contagion of fear; to drive from the bed of sickness the anxious rela- tivea and useful attendants, palsy the hand of charity, and create in those who are] obliged to attend upon the sick a disposi-1 tion to a disease closely allied to, if not identical with, malignant cholera; for the passion of fear falls in and unites with the disease, and attacks and paralyzes the same organs. A man was once journey in the interior of Turkey, when he met the Pestilence.’ “ Where are you from'?” he asked. “ Form killing 2000 people in Smyrna,” replied the Pestilence. “ That’s a lie,” said the man, “ I lfnow that you have killed 6000 there.” “ No,” said the Pestilence, “ I killed 2000, and Fear killed 4000.” , • Adults exhibit a much more lively sus ceptibility to cholera than ohildren, the apprehensions of the latter not being so easily excited. It has been observed that the little ones enjoy a remarkable exemp tion from the disease; and its attacks are to be looked for, for the most part, among the more intelligent children of five or six years and upward, who have derived from what they have heard or read a depressing anxiety respecting it —as of some invisible, mysterious, and fearful calamity, which is stealing upon them and those who are dear to.them. In children, fear, like other.pas-, sions, is soon effaced) but it is also more sudden and powerful in them, and far more likely to operate dangerously upon their delicate and susceptible nervous organiza tions when, by their intelligence and im agination, they are in a condition to enter tain it. HINTS TO THE SANITARY BOARDS l)r. Lefevre observes that the epidemic cholera, on its first invasion, baffles a]J at tempts to conquer it; but that it gradually' loses its intensity, and “ towards its decline becomes as tractable as other disorders of the alimentary canal.” Many other obser vers have particularly noted that the deaths are everywhere most numerous, in propor tion to the whole number attacked at the commencement of an invasion. In crowded, filthy, and ill-ventilated places, where the exciting causes are actively combined against the health of all | who are exposed to the influence, the dis ease takes an apparently infectious charac ter, tending still further to propagate it, and aggravate the alarm. The following remarks of a late writer are especially worthy of attention “ Excesses and extremes of all kinds pre dispose to cholera. Excessive filth does so. So does excessive bathing, with a view to extreme cleanliness; for it reduces the heat of the body, and debilitates the sys tem. The inordinate use of either animal or vegetable food is a predisposing cause. But so, emphatically, is fasting or abstin ence, especially as regards animal food. The fearful mortality from cholera in Paris, in 1832, occurred during the fasting in Lent. Nothing like it, occurred at any other period. In a part of Louisiana where nearly all the people ai o Roman Catholic, the mortality in a cholera epidemic was quadrupled during and after a three days fast.” What is the danger of the Trichinae -to the human body ? More than two deceni ums have elapsed since their discovery. The first cases of disease and death by them, of which we have proof, occurred in the year 1815. The survivor himself related the story, and it is ODe curiously interesting to the least curious of readers. -It exempli fied also how, even though the infestation may have been so serious as to nearly prove 'fatal, and to have proved fatal to others who ate of the same meat with the surviving or cured case, yet it may end by the Trichinae ] becoming so closely confined by an adven- j titious shell they are powerless to do further injury to the patient, except what conse quence survives in chronic form. This process, however, does not occur m less than three months, and- in such in stances the disease is called “cured. In this case, in the summer of 1863, a person was being operated on for a tumor of the neck by a German surgeon. During operation the bared muscles were observe to be abundantly supplied with the c ara teristic sheila or cysts of Trichinae, patient related, in reply to a qu whether he had ever been very sic ’ in the year 1815,frith.*•%5»n of bers of a commission lor the y schools, he ate a meal of ham, sausage, THE TRICHINJE DISEASE. cheese, etc., at an inn. All who ate of these provisions soon after fell sick and died, except the relator himself. Suspicion fell upon the inn-keeper. A judicial inves tigation was held, but without result—pre cisely as it would be now if we had not that knowledge of the Trichinae we possess. And in this case the survivor might have gone to his death and yet nothing have ever been known, in his particular case, of the infes tation by Trichinae, which had proved fatal to his six associates, had it not been for the knowledge science had furnished many years at'fer that fatal meat was eaten. Simi lar instances of our coming, many years' , after, to an understanding of the causes of death of like character, and which other wise were with more or less confidence at tributed to superstitious causes, might be cited, but another will suffice. In June, 1851, in the neighborhood of Hamburg, several well persons having eaten ham, fell sick. Three of them died, and others vjere long in a critical state. A ju dicial investigation was held without satis faction. Ham poisoning was supposed, but long afterward it was shown that the symp toms and other circumstances pertaining to the sickness and death of these people, were precisely similar with those subsequently ascertained to be Trichinae infestation. In the district of Madgeburg the cases of this disease spread over a period of four years. Since the year 1859, a whole series of epidemics of this disease have been ob served. They occurred at Plauen, Calbe on Salle, Quedlenburg, Burg near Madge burg, Weimar, and Hetdstadt near Eisle ben, and other places. If we come to inquire why it is that these epidemies have not occurred in other coun tries as in Germany, we learn that it iB be cause the flesh of the pig is so much more largely used as food in Germany-than else where. This animal is slaughtered in im mense numbers. In Berlin the yearly con sumption is 100,0001 There exists in Ger many, moreover, a habit of eating bits of uncooked lean pig’s flesh, and in some of the epidemics, as well as in single cases, where butchers were infected, it was ascer tained that they ate not merely of the saus ages, but that most of them were in the habit of eating a little of the uncooked meat at the time of cutting it, as well as that which adheres to the knife in cutting, j Again, the only security against infesta tion if pork is eaten, is either to find, by a careful iexamination with the microscope, that thd flesh' is free from Trichinae, or that the flesh has been thoroughly coohed by heat. v The investigations which have been made on this point disclose that the meat is almost never cooked sufficiently to kill the Trichinae If we wish to avoid in festatio lwe must never eat mio pork; for in Buri: a great num Wr of cases of .disease and de: th were occasioned by people eating raw me rt on bread for breakfast, In boil- ing, rotsting, frying, or smoking, more or 1 less of ;he meat may remain nearly raw. The gri latest danger is from ham, and if used itlshould be thoroughly boiled.. It is certain ,that a Trichinae exposed to the boil ing poipt invariably dies. But it is equally ceftaiuithat frequently this temperature is not reached in boiling and roasting, or, if it is, not the whole of the meat is exposed to it. £bis is certainly the case when large pieces are boiled or roasted, and even cut in slices not unfrequently the inner parts are half or wholly raw. The parts are yet, when exposed, found to be soft and reddish. There dan be no doubt that in such oases the inner part of the meat has not been reached by a killing temperature. Hence, it is obrious that by such boiling, roasting or frvins, the danger is not prevented. — N. Y. Tribune. lifoing gfatfriras.. Gsoyer&Bakers ' , •'BfI&HEST PREMIUM ELASTIC STITCH AND LOCK STITCH SEWING MACHINES WITH LATEST IMPROVEMENTS.! The Grover & Baker S. M. 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SEEM PER, WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. 16m 0., Cloth, Gilt Bach The present volume is the first of a series, some what on the plan of the “ Aim well Stories.” so won derfully popular, wbich'will describe some of those kingdoms, provinces, and countries least known to young American readers', and will present facts in such a manner as to interest and amuse while they instruct the mind and improve ihehearL The author delineates the scenery of the Mediterranean Islands, with the characters, customs, costumes, and occupa tions of their people in a graphic manner, reoorda a portion of their history, and, gives familiar sketches of some of their poets and painters. Theioformation is conveyed in the form of easy conversations between a traveled uncle, who Jives at Foothill, his pleasant country seat, and a group of nephews and, nieces. These conversations are written out and furnished by the oldest auditor, a school girl oi sixteen, who inter sperses them with descriptions of the family recrea tions, their walks, drives, visits, guests and plays, and also with the spicy stories told at various penoda for the entertainment of the home circle, either by its own members or by the visitors at the house. These stories, as they appearin this volume, and as they are prepared or planned for the succeeding ones, although they form a subordinate feature, take a wide range, and will, it is believed, be found both in structive and amusing. The series will embrace the Mediterranean Islands, the Two and Belgium, Normandy, Brittany and La Vendee. Portugal, Denmark* Sweden and Norway. Germany. Poland, the Old Republics of , Northern Italy, British India and the Islands scat -1 tered through the various oceans. Each volume will contain about three hundred 116 mo. pages, and be complete in itself, although the principal characters in the leading story which con nects them will appear in all. GOULD A LINCOLN, Publishers, 52 Wadilagtoii Street, Boston. . HORACE GREELEY’S HISTORY OF THE WAR. “THE AMERICAN CONFLICT,” IN TWO VOLUMES. ELEGANTLY ILLUSTRATED WITH ONE HUN DRED AND FORTY-FOUR PORTRAITS ON STEEL: NUMEROUS MAPS AND DIAGRAMS OF BAiTLE-FIELDS, VEIWS, Etc. 125,009 Copies Sold. Volume I. of this History* published almost two years later tfaan the first part of nearly every other, already includes among ite patrons full 25,000 of the purchasers of those early works, and is everywhere recognized as the highest authority, even by the author’s political opponents. Volume 11. will be ready in a few months—at the earliest day on which a wqU prepared history of the war can be obtained. The entire work, inimitable alike in excellence of plan and detail, will be vastly superior to any of those now completed, (most ef which were “ completed” long before Gen. Grant’s •report was made,) and by far the most satisfactory History of the late stupendous struggle—altogether* unequalled >or clearness, fulness, and accuracy of i statements, combined with candor and graphic de— I lineation of evepts. If completed as designed, the work will be authori ty as to the events of the most wonderful era in the history oi the Country.—A. G. Cumin, Governor ef Pennsylvania. It would be difficult to place too high an estimate on the Service Mr. Greeley baa rendered our country by the preparation of this volume; * * * I await the forthcoming of theseeond volume with eager ex pectation.—Wh. D. Kullsy, M. C. It bears the marks jof labor, studied candor tu accuracy.— Wm. H. Seward, Secretary of State. The narrative is simple and dear, with so much ef 'life and spirit in it that it is next to impossible not to read a whole chapter without stopping. * * * It will be* and ought to be read by all our countrymen* —Edgar Cowan. U. S. Senate. t Its accuracy gives it a value beyond any olber hifr* I tory of that eventful period. The great industry and I impartiality of Mr. Greeley will make this the text oi | all future histories oftheGreatßehellion.—THADMfß Stevens M.C. , „ _ OfallThe Histories of the Great Rebellion which I havroxamined, this one seems to me the best in thp copiousness of its antecedent and concurrent Con gressional Records, as well as of the events of the war itself.— Schuyler Colfax, Speaker of U. S. House <4 Volume 11. will be accompanied Cwithout extra charge.) by a elegant copperplate Map of the Seat el War, worth $1 00, Sold only by traveling agents. Address 0. D. 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