ggR ANEIRCAN PRESBYTERIAN GENESEE EVANGELIST. A Religions and Family Newspaper kN TRI INTXRIST OF TIEN Constitutional Presbyterian Church. PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY, AT THE PRESBYTERIAN HOUSE 1834 Chestnut Street, (2d story) Philadelphia. Rev. John W. Mears, Editor and Publisher. Rev. B. B. Ilotehkin, Editor of News and Faimily Departments. Rev. C. P. Bush, Corresponding Editor, Rochester, N. Y. anttritan grolgttriait. THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 2, 1865 CONTENTS OF INSIDE PAGES, SECOND PAGE—THE FAMILY CIACILE: Two Songs of Seven—The Young Bavarian—What a Toad did for a Soldier—The Dark Valley—Don't Tell. Mother—A Well-deserved. Memorial—" In Prayer is Strength"—Count Them—Be Importu nate. THIRD PAGE—MISOELLANEOBS How Giving Affects the Higher Nature—Words of Christian Wisdom—Taking up the Cross—The Infi del Arguing with'Paul. Agricultural Learning Farming—Osage Orange in Illinois—Sorghum vs. Wheat. SIXTH PAGE—CORRESPONDENCE: Open Air Pi eachers: Richard Weaver and his Open Air Meetings—Chaplain Armstrong's Letter—Wash ington at the Communion Table in the Presbyterian Church at Morristown, N. J. Editor's Table: Neaneer's " History of the Planting and Training of the Christian Church by the Apos tles"—Magasines and Pamphlets. StIENTH PAGE—RELIGIOUS WORLD ABROAD: Monthly Summary Great Britain Scotland.— France Belgium Missionary General Items—Ministerial Record. THE CHILDREN'S EVANGELIST, If it is true that there has been a pe culiar preparation among the very young for the gospel, and a sort of "ful ness of time has come" in the spiritual status of this class, what more likely, or. more accordant with God's plans, than that the church should be led in some special manner to improve the privileged moment ? We cannot believe. - it would be suffered to go by, while Satan and this world only reap its ad vantages. We should expect that pro vidential developments would concur with other favorable circumstances, to reveal the grace of God in new aspects and fuller measures, to secure large fruits of the work of redemption, to ex hibit in a new light the many-sided adaptedness of the gospel to the nature of man, to strengthen the church in num bers, and in the greater symmetry, con sistency, and power of the Christian character, thus implanted and entwined with the first beginnings of conscious moral existence. What more likely than that some representative individual should arise, in whom the qualities and endowments especially needed for ga thering in this harvest should combine, and upon whose labors the Divine blessing should rest in a remarkable degree ? Such , a person would be full of faith in the capacity of young chil dren for genuine conversion, and in the utility and propriety of revival efforts among them. He would be full of hearty and earnest sympathy with chil dren, would readily gain their confi dence, would have the happy faculty of adapting the gospel to their understand ings and conscience, would know how-to collect. and manage them in crowds, and to minister to the spiritual wants of the awakened ones in Christian simplicity and love. , He would exert a beneficent and wide-spread influence upon Chris tian parents, Sunday-school teachers, pastors, and all workers for the children , of the destitute and neglectful, turning a general tide of Christian interest to wards the younger portions of the com munity, and giving still greater potency to the means already so successfully em ployed in their behalf. ` There are many judicious persons prepared to say that Mr. Hammond an aw-ers so exactly to all these conditions, that he must be recognized as the apos tle to the children in our day. We do feel that his work as a revival laborer among young children has been so, suc cessful and so eminently blessed, that it marks an epoch in the history of Chris ' tian work for the young. And it is cer tain that he does possess, in a. large +,•measure, those qualities, and does largely .:exercise that influence among,the young .and the teachers of the young, which we bare described as attributes of the repre ' aentative man in this sphere 'of labor. „.13.ey. Dr. Arnot, of Glasgow, at a presen tation to Mr. Hammond in. that city, eely acknowledged the eminent ser . 'cos of Mr. Hammond in this regard, in: he following language ei Last and not least, Mr. Hammond elped us to interest the children. . . He 4.as given us something new in method, and has shown us how to put life in the old method." Referring to "the employment of mu .ic to enlist the sympathies and habits of hildren on the side of Christ," he said: "In this walk. Mr. _Hammond has done E: great work. If envy - were lawful at in this matter, I would envy Mr. Hammond the place which he has been --- 1- Cr - ) + 4 -IA -- ~ t e . 1 - V 11111kttitilit L' ~.'4 I p 0 tart, 1 New Series, Vol. 11, No. 5. enabled to gain for Christ in the hearts of hundreds of children, and the place which he has himself in their hearts as the servant of the Lord." Another speaker on the same occasion said: " They should never forget Mr. Ham mond had been the first to institute among them children's prayer-meetings, which he believed were destimed to mark an epoch in the history of the church." The seals to Mr. Haramond's minis try among children are counted by thousands. In Glasgow, during Mr. H.'s labors, their daily meetings filled one of the largest churches for weeks. In a volume entitled " Little Ones in the Fold," he has given us brief extracts from the letters of great numbers . of con verts, nearly all of them under twelve years of age. In Bath, Maine, as we learn from this volume, as many as three or four hundred of this tender age would be present at the children's meet ings. It was found impossible to speak to the hundreds that remained to be con versed and prayed with alone. A "pas tor at Auburn, in the same State, speaks of twenty-two little children having joined the church, as the fruits of a recent revival enjoyed in connection with Mr. Ham mond's labors. In Brunswick, the seat of Bowdoin College, the crowd of chil dren on one occasion was so great, that an out-door meeting had to be impro vised for them. In Hamilton, C. W., over a thousand children were present at the first children's meeting. About 300 came to the first inquiry meeting; numbers of them soon gave evidence of a change of heart? Their meetings were kept up with great interest for months. In the spring of 1863, Mr:'Hammond visited several places in central New York, particularly , Utica and Rochester, where his labors-were- followedwit' a very great blessing. In a single Sabbath school, in the former city, one hundred and fifty of the children were reported by the judicious pastor as indulging a hope, and the work embraced almost all the churches in the place. In Rochester multitudes of children from the Sabbath schools were hopefully converted ; and an extract from a letter addressed by the principal of one of the largest public schools to Mr. Hammond, and published in our columns May 21st, says that nearly eighty of the scholars expreased a hope of forgiveness, and that the work was still going forward. Our corres ponding editor in Rochester gave the following account of the closing scene of. Mr. Hamlnond's labors in that city " Mr. Hammond gave his farewell ad dress to the chiidren in the Brick ,Charch. IminediatelY upon the close of the, ser vice he took the cars; a great throng of children; and not children alone, accom panied him to the great central depot in this city, where they sung quite a number , of their sweet hymns, and received a few words of parting from Mr. H., as he stood on the steps of the car ready to start. There also, in that unwonted place, he offered a few words of prayer, as the children stood with faces covered, and heads bowed with reverential awe." In one of the churches in Rochester, .one hundred children were soon after received into communion, and the Monroe County Sunday-school Association, at their annual meeting in the fall, reported one thousand conversions from the Sab bath-schools for the year, about one-eighth of the entire number reported, in that year for the State. . Later in the year, and early in 1864, Mr. Hammond was engaged in Boston and neighboring towns. At the first children's meeting, in Dr. Kirk's church, though no inquiry meeting was ap pointed, the children would have one; and they gathered around Mr. Hammond in groups. Of the work in Lawrence, an Andover student wrote to this paper, December 10th, 1863`:—" The work of, grace in Lawrence is a grand repoof of the infidelity of the church respecting the - conversion of children. There were pro bably six hundred children at the: meet ing yesterday, of whom perhaps three hundred remained at, the. inquiry Meet ing. Scores have already found hope in Christ, while others were in the gall of bitterness because without hope. The emphasis given the name Jesus in these meetings symbolizes the whole work. Jesus Christ' and him crucified' is con stantly held up before the young. These PHILADELPHIA, THURSDA - Y, FEBRUARY 2, 1865. children are wonderfully influenced by the motive of Christian love. One grand cause of the usefulness of these children's gatherings, is the child-like simplicity of all.the exercises. The hymns are simple, the prayers are simple, and thus all are admirably adapted to fig and hold the attention . of the young," Another cor respondent in Lawrence, December 29th, speaks of " about fifty little girls under twelve years of age," who "-sent a dele-: gation of three of their number to ask one of the pastors for the use of his vestry in which to hold_ their daily union prayer-meeting. It was granted." The indirect influence exerted by Mr: Hammond in this sphere of labor is well': illustrated by a fact stated in connection with the revival in Philips' Academy, Andover, in the early part of the year, in which sixty Of the two hundred stu-1 dents expressed a hope. The fact, as: stated, is that "the most marked and de; cided impulse to the work was given by young men who Thad attended the meet .ings of Mr. Hammond in Lawrence." In March Mr. Hammond was at work in Newark, New Jersey, commencing with an immense 'children's meeting on the 13th. The next day the largest aa dience-room in the place was filled to re pletion, and not less than six hUndred children remained for conference . and prayer. The feeling was deep and over whelming. Among the scenes of deep interest reported, was a meeting of sixty boys in the - side-room of, one of the churches, all on their knees; praying one after the other, with solemn, quiet =ear= nestness, and " with as much order as in the Fulton Street Prayer-meeting." An other speaks of "little" girls and bays, from nine to thirteen years of age, plead ; ing, with tears in their eyes, with their little companions to come to Jesus .It-ST `the ihroA 'of God, with their little simple though ear nest prayers, for _the salvation of the souls of their playmates. Unable to in struct, many of them simply tell how they found Jesus, and how very precious he is to their souls. So far as they have been tested by time—a year or, two—the results of these labors are permanent. We believe they• are unparalleled in the' history of evsn gelism, or in the history of the Church itself. Such a work among children has hardly been dreamed of as possible be fore. Conception and execution alike lielong to Mr. Hammond. His 'labors and successes fairly earn for him. the title of the Children's Evangelist. And though his labors among adults have been perhaps quite as:productive of good as • those among children, yet it: is doubt less his adaptation to the young, his simple tenderness 'and earnestness, which have opened to him the hearts of the more aged. We regard his appearance and his marvelous successes among young children just now as strong con firmation of the idea thrown out at the commencement of this article, that the set time to, favor this class of persons has come, and as affording encouragemerit of the strongest kind to labor, pray, and hope for their conversion, in tender years, and in great numbers. CHRISTIAN CONVERSATION. BY REY. E. H. GILLETT, D.D. Cowper calls conversation "an art : " To converse well is indeed a high and a rare entertainment. Eminent men have made it •an aim, and their -fame as con versationists has been due as much to special culture as to natural gifts. Some have gone so far as to prepare ;them selves for the anticipated occasion, accu mulating a stock of facts or sentiments, as Sheridan did his stock of wit, for a more effective display. Such personO may succeed in attaining the object which they have in view, and yet fail,of the end which every disciple of Christ must regard as most essential. . We would not overlook the social pleasure which conversation affords, or regard it as unimportant. With Le. Bruyere, we would not forget that "there is speaking well, speaking easily, speak ing justly, and speaking seasonably.". There is good sense, too, in-what.D'Alem bert says, " remember that conversation is a relaxation, and not a fencing-school, or a game of chess. . . You are not to engross the discourse to yourgelf, nor to deliver your opinions in a magisterial tone. . . Another defect to be:shunned is,.speaking like one reading, and having what is called a well-written converse, tiori:" But conversation 'IS' degraded- itorn its true end when we are content to make_it merely agreeable. The tongue has been called :" the glory of man's franie,',' and speech is one of the most wonderful of. God's gifts. The solemn rebuke of Scripture .is administered to those who say : "Our lips are our own : who is Lord over us ?" That selfish :assumption is-as implied in the language --:practical atheism. Our - lips are not our own. We are as truly bound to p,SEi , them for God as any of his other gifts. A. tyrant may as well claim the 'right to exercise his power as he pleases, as, any man to speak as he lists. That `wonderful social power which we pos 'Bess, by means of speech, which may make words as effective to. shape charac l'er, as the blows of the hammer on the anvil to shape iron, which may by a breath 'scatter " firebrands, arrows, and death;" which may pour into wounded ihearts a more than Samaritan's balm ; Which may make a word or a tone like an angel beckoning toward heaven ; such a power is not to be esteemed lightly: Ibis a precious, as it is a sacred trust. The man who has no higher aim than to amuse, or to make a self-glorying ex- - hibition of himself, desecrates this gift. And yet even he, studying his phrases, 4s well as marshalling his thoughts, may rebuke the indolence or inadvertence of many a Christian disciple, who, in his assodiation with others, never asks, how can I use that influence which I possess by the power of speech, to do them good? How can I"correct their errors, or lead them to serious reflection, or win their sympathies to the cause of truth and duty . ? Usefulness should be our con stant aim. That was the very highest eulogy which Christ pronounced upon one of old, " She bath done what she could." There are some who seem to have few' other talents, who can yet "let their light shine" by words that be- Speak their devotion. The right utter ance of these is the practical wisdom that wins souls. d here there are two extremes to be avoided.. There are• those. who would violate, taste and propriety, and .defeat byan . ,,ehr.-..frgau.ent.,_or timed references to sacred - things as repel rather than attract. Pious words may lose all their force by vain _ repetition or indiscriminate use. They may seem at least to degenerate into "cant," and then are they indeed like " salt that has lost its savor." Their principal effect is to Mask the real attractiveness of religion, or rather to make it odious. There is no ridicule of sacred things so effective with the mass of men, as that which is occasioned by the technicalities of pious speech, or the ill-judged atterups to'force religion upon listless and unwilling ears. Duty is by no means attractive in itself 'to one whose - heart rebels against its claims; but when these claims become' monotonous and ' irksome, by too con stant or impertinent repetition, we see an - illustration of,orie of the reasons of what John Foster denominated the " aversion of men of taste to evangelical religion:" And yet there may be an_ oppositoilr treme, which is equally to be avoided. The cause of religion is not to be be trayeA by silence. We ought not to be so fearful of casting our pearls"before swine, as to hoard in our own heart the pearls of truth. There may bean excess of modesty or caution. But in this case, as good old John Newton says, "love is the best casuist." A warm 'heart, glow ing with Christian anxiety fcethe souls of others, will often be wiser than our cool philosophy. It will prompt *l f fitter and wiser utterance. Few men,,i if we may judge from his writings, lusgahed gifts, and his Peculiarly attractiveMcial quali ties, could readily have excellekas a Chris tian conversationalist, betters 'than Wil liam Wilberforce, and we'may well envy him those rare qnalificatiols which we know that he made so available on many occasions. And yet even he felt rebuked by the example and the eherience of one far his inferior in almost every resPect, and confessed his own short-comings. In one of his letters he remarks, " I called a few dam ago on --, but I could not turn the conversation, to any thing really- useful. How often am I re minded of a simple Yorkshireman, youth of great natural -shrewdness. And, strong sense, ,- under a gawky exterior, who, excitirtrin me some surprise, by me-that at Cambridge, where I knew hethad done good, he used to pro ceed,. cautiously, and especially :began warily, instead of rushing into the.midst of things,—l went on to -inquire what had been these distant gradual approaches. -says he, generally begin, sir, by 'telling them of 'the new birth, and asking them if they could think they had experienced it?' Alas! in a dozen visits, I fear I should scarcely get so far." And yet Wilberforce was by no means indifferent to the art of religious conver sation. He_ had 'made. it evidently a diligent study. He advises his friend., Babingtori; to conduct, himself toward 'a certain stranger he was .to meet,-" so_ as /to moderate his prejudices," and " who i " be asks; «knows.butthat you. may haVe. G-enesee Evangelist, No. 976. an opportunity- of throwing in something, by - and by, which may tend to his eternal benefit ?" He then relates an anecdote to enforce his suggestion. " I remember hearing that Governor Johnston, meeting Lady Huntingdon at Cheltenham, ex pe.cted her to open on him directly with a religious battery,—at a second meeting, the same. She behaved with great po liteness and propriety, but did not bring forward her religion. This piqued him, and it went' on, till after a while he was very earnest with her to explain to him fully all her sentiments. This, of course, she did, he listening with the most seri ous attention, to what he would probably have heard with coldness or contemaV she had bolted it out to him prematWy and unseasonably." Certainly there is wisdom to be learned both from the Yorkshireman's experi ence, and from -the prudence of Wilber force. The round-about and disingenuous efforts lately in progress for peace have ended in nothing. The chief envoy, of this discreditable mission has had the back door shut in his face, and comes home from Richmond a sadder, and, we hope, a wiser man. Those who put any trust in his mission we hope have also gained wisdom. No true patriot regrets the issue of those illegitimate negotia r tions. No true patriot but felt an unde fined. uneasiness during their entire con thmance. Negotiations for peace in such hands, and by such methods, involved the peril of the sacrifice of some of the precious principles, the yielding of some of the grand advances in national. polity, which had been gained at such incalen lable cost. Rebels and the world at large must interpret such manceuvres as indi cations of weariness, weakness, or disin clination to maintain the contest. Some thing, one could not say what, might be' put in place of the utter suppression of the rebellion, and the complete triumph. of justice, of law, .and of the restored national integrity. If such -rno - yements have any meaning at all, they, mean com promise, ; .wherechs.,,,if the war means anything, if the, shedding of it:Val:S - 6f blood and the incurring of billions of debt mean anything, they mean prinelple, naked PRINCIPLE, not to be sacrificed or trenched upon in any degree z And we are heartily glad that politicians, unable to appreciate this truthhave been baffled in their impertinent interference.- We shall have peace, but not by dis graceful visits to the back door, of the rebel cabinet. We are at the froitt,door, with our army and navy, and' Wei area= making its posts - shake, and are Splintering its panels, and are making such a clamni with our incessant knocking, that the rebel conclave look into one another's faces in dismay. They will be compelled to let us in, without any Blairs or Single tons asking "by your leave ?" We shall have peace, by the Divine blessing, with the' help of the three hundred thousand additional fighting men to be called ifito the field, if Sherman, and Grant, and Terry, and Thomas, with their victorious legions, do not anticipate the new levy. Let us give, it cheerfully. It may not be required to fire a shot ; the very fact that it is coming may invigorate our men in the field, and dishearten the rebels to such a degree, that the war may virtually be brought to a, close. But let us set our seal of utter reprobation upon such trifling as has lately been witnessed, and let us make our public men understand that the nation is in dead earnest, and that it is high time they recognized the fact. We shall not consent, at this late day, to be made the sport of broken-down politicians in a matter for which we have risked, and are still willing to risk, every earthly good. - MIS SOTIRI.--SPIRITUA -PROSPERITY AND OUTSPOKEN.UNIONISM HAND IN. HAND.- The St. Joseph, Missouri, U 7711071, of Janu ary 12, has a very satisfactory , account of the progress .of the Westminster (New School- Presbyterian) church in that city. It says :—" That church was organized some months since by twenty loyal members who had withdrawn from thin. Presbyterian churches of the city. Dr. Parsons took charge of the infant church, amidst a spray of denunciations from those who dis liked his coming. Re has labored with much energy, breathing forth a constant stream of pure loyalty, and receiving etithu siastie sympathy from his congregation. The result is summed in the faci that the Westminster is the 'leading church in the city in point of numbdr i s and influence-. —a fad that shows the virtue of loyalty.• Such instances are numerous throughout the State, and we direct attention to the fact that those churches yet compromising with treason, and tolerating such a sin in their midst, may take warning before irretrievable ruin overtakes them. The atmosphere of Missouri is impregnated With loyalty,,andia spot cf treason on any church is ;the pre cursor of death." _ _ END OF THE RACE MISSION. By .- ii an,63 ..Per annum, in advance: By Carrier, $3 50, AnY cents additional, after three months. Vitaba.—Ten or more papers, sent to one address. papnbAe - strictly in advance and in one remittance: By Ettril242 50 per annum. By Carri ers,s3 per athium, Minisliers and Ministers' Widens, $2 in ad vance_ Home Mfiltsztaries, $l5O in advance. Fifty cents additional after three months. Remittances by mail are at our risk. Postage.—Five cents quarterly, in ativanee. paid by subscribers at the office of delivery. Advertisements 12% cents per line for the first. and 10 cents for the second insertion. One square (one month) td two months 5 .5111 three " 750 six 32 00 one year • 18 Mt The following discount on long advertisements, in serted for three months and upwards, is allowed:— Over 20 lines, 10 per cent. off; over 50 lines, 20 per dent.; over 100 limes. 33 1 / 3 per cent. off: 445 tri eljurtijto. NEW YORK-SUCCESSOR TO DR. HOMEY. —Rev. Abbot E. Kittridge was installed pastor of the Eleventh Presbyterian Church, in 55th street, lately the charge .of the lamented Dr. Hovey, on Sabbath evening, January 15th. Introductory services, by Rev. Dr. Field ; sermon, by Rev. Dr. Adams ; constitutional ques tions, by the moderator, Rev. John Spaul ding • charge to the pastor, by Rev. E. F. Hatfield, D. D. ; charge to the people, by Rev. T. S. Hastings ; closing prayer, by Rev. S. W. Bailey ; benediction, by the pastor. MATTOON, ILLINOIS.—The installation of Rev. John L. Jones, as pastor of our church in this thriving town of 3000 or more inhabitants, took place on the Bth ult. The sermon was preached by Rev. Charles F. Beach, of the Presbytery of Alton ; .the,,charges were delivered by Rev. F. A. Deming and Rev. Timothy Hill. Rev. Messrs. Joseph Wilson, moderator, and M. Rutherford, took part in the services. The church is in con nection Vtif:the Presbytery of Wabash. It has become self-sustaining, and pays a salary of one thousand dollars. The Christian Herald, which furnishes the above account, adds:—" We trust that a bright career of usefulness and pros perity is before both pastor and people." EVANSVILLS, INDIANA.—Rev. Wm. H. McCarer, of Evansville, Indiana, writes, under date of December 27th ult.:— " Our ladies carried through a ' Christmas Festival' in which they cleared one thousand dollars, which, I believe, they intend to ap propriate to the purchase of a bell." This is_the last article necessary- to the completion of one of the most taste ful, convenient, and, in all respects, most appropriate church edifices we know of iri the country. We advise those con templating the erection of churches to look over the edifice Brother _Wearer's people have now completed. While doing this ourselves a few weeks ago, we conld not help feeling how much a sanctuary' added to the power of a pastor and. church to AD good.—Presbytery Beportei% NESHAMINY.—This church, occupying the " classic soil " of the old Tennent College, has not forgotten to esteem very highly, in love for their works' sake, those who are over them in the Lord. Its pastor, Rev. D. K. Turner, was, on the evening of December 29, made the re cipient of a surprise visit, resulting (money and other choice gifts included) in a bene faction of more than $2OO. MORE OF THE SAME.—Springwater church, N. Y., has complimented its pas tor, Rev. W. Hunter, with a visit and donation of nearly $2OO. Rev. William Lusk, of Huron, N. Y., has received about the lame amount in a similar manner. Rev. George Ransom, Home Missionary, laboring with the two _young churches of Muir and Pewamo, Mich., having unitedly a membership of only forty-six, has re ceived presents from his charge to the amount of $lB7, a large share of the sum cash. Rev. H. R. Hoisington, of War ren, Ohio, acknowledged $lOO, other valuables; and the especially delicate compliment of a nice set of furs for his mother, widow of the late missionary Hoisington. The pastor at Mount Ver non, Oneida county, N. Y., gives thanks for. $l7O. The people of Chaumont, N. Y., church dropped in at the parsonage and left $320._ Rev. Charles Gillette, of Milford, N. Y., is the recipient of $l5O ; Rev. 0. H. Newton, of Delaware, Ohio, $144 ; and Rev. N. S. Dickey, of Colum bus, hid., a large lot of valuables, some $250 in money included. . WILMINGTON PRESBYTERT.-A Pro-Re- Hata meeting of. this body was held in Hanover Church, January 26th, when Mr. W. H. Edwards was received as a licentiate from the Presbytery of Monmouth, and ex amined with a view to ordination as an evangelist, his expected field of labor being in connection with the new Mission C.hapel of Hanover Street Church in Hedgesville, a suburb of Wilmington. The examination was thorough, (Mr. Edwards being from an other Presbytery, and a graduate of Prince ten Seminary,) developing the theological soundness of the candidate, and his accord ance with the generally received views of doctrine in our branch. His ordination' is arranged to take place on. the Bth of Feb ruary. The Presbytery also heard an interesting . report from the committee of Home Missions, and directed that measures be immediately taken in connection with the AsseifiblieS Committee, to meet the wants of the large Presbyterian and other immigration now flowing into the State. A great increase in the contributions to this important cause is hoped for from the churches. RNVIVALS, We find revivals reported in Rev. Edward Taylor's congregation, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; in Meitasha Wisconsin ; in the Monson A.cadenii, and in the Conway Aeadeiny, in the .' 1 . 1 "/ State. -