PROM OUR WASHINGTON 00RRESP0N- DENT. Dear Brother : —This time last year I was in your city. We were then in all “ fears and dreads ” of Lee’s invasion of Pennsylvania. I remained long enough to see strong, bearded men em brace each other on the street, like children, and thank God for the great deliveraneo. I loft Philadelphia on the 4th of July for Gettysburg; and heard, as the cars rolled out into the green fields, tho ringing bells and shouting multitude behind. How much has been crowded into the year! What hopes and fears; what triumphs and defeats; what judgments and mercies; much to mortify and humble us; more to lead us to distrust all human wisdom and might. What shall the next year bring us? May it bring ns as a nation nearer to God, and find us more entirely under the shadow of the Almighty. FORTRESS MONROE AND HAMPTON. I have just returned from tho Army. I have had the pleasure of relighting on' many scenes with which I becamo fa miliar in the campaign of 1862. The appearance of the Portress and environs has greatly improved since those days. The debris, crumbling buildings and shanties are all gone. The streets are widened, the mud-holos filled, and the houses painted. Within and around the Port are many beautiful bouses, covered with vines and surround ed with flowering-treeß and shrubs of Arabian fragrance. Two miles from the Port is “ old Hampton.” This, until the commence ment of the rebellion, was one of the most beautiful towns of Virginia. It has a venerable antiquity, being the Bpot to which the cavaliers tied from the pestilence of Jamestown, and com menced a village here as early as 1610. Hampton had grown to be an opulent commercial town of seven or eight thousand. It is surrounded with the finest agricultural fields in Virginia. It has an interest of its own ; as being the place in the Old Dominion where the first cargo of slaves was landed and sold; from whence came “ death, and nil our woe.” The town, in the midst of seronity, was burnt, by Order of General Mngruder, to prevent our using it for winter quarters. But one house escaped. When I first saw Hampton it was a most striking and novel spectacle. The strongly-built walls and chimneys had refused to yield to tempest and storm, and were standing, the grim memorials of the past. Then no one lived in the ruins of Hampton ; now there are not less than four hundred cabins of the Preedmen. Their little houses, built.at the base of the tall chimnies look like bird cages. The streets ate clean, the ■old gardens cultivated, and the fields around the town are green with corn. Certainly, the desolation of other days was gone, and I think there is more laughter and exuberant joy in Hampton than it ever know in the best days of the old Virginia aristocracy. There are schools, churches, stores, aud most of the sigus of civilization. NORFOLK. This city is about eighteen*miles from Fortress Monroe, and contained, previous to the war, above twenty thousand in habitants. It has one of the finest harbors on our coast, and will, in time, be one of the great citios of the country. Its people lived in a style of commercial opulence. The houses are large, and surrounded with flowering trees. "We found tho fig tree full of fruit, and nearly as large as in Syria; and the tropical magnolia, with its rich loaf and its golden, lotus like flower, is the glory of every garden. The population of .Norfolk, generally, sympathized with the rebellion, and when the place was taken by our forces many families left for Eichmond and Petersburg. But throe-fourths of the people remained, and most of these, in time, took tho oath of allegiance; espec ially tho men. But, in the mean-time, the fire has not gone out; it is only the slumber of tho volcano. Tho old inhab itants, as far as possible, refuse to have anything to do with the officers of our army, and the teachers of the schools. Tho churches ai-o mostly closed. Tho Rev. Dr. Armstrong, of the Pres byterian Church, has been sent a pris oner to Fort Hatteras. After taking the oath of allegiance, he showed that in heart and counsel be was still an ene my. In his church there is now no Sabbath worship; this is also the case in the Episcopal and Baptist Churches, on account of the defection of the pas tors. This is a most disastrous state of things, for in tho meantime tho founda tions are broken down, and the young people grow up without the restraints of Sabbath worship and teaching. There'is, in Norfolk and Poi’tsmouth :a population of 20,000. But few of these are now slaves. Some of them are paid wages to remain in the employ of their former masters. COLORED SCHOOLS. The colored schools of Norfolk and Portsmouth are the best I have ever seen. The progress of the pupils in the high schools astonished and delighted all visitors. In less than a year of in struction, hundreds of more children have learned to read. They have thrown off their African rudeness of tongue. Many others write a good hand, and, a great uumber display in their acquisitions a brightness and an aptitute for learning fully equal to those of any white chil dren in our best schools. The Ameri can Missionary Association and *the National Freedmen's Association have each a corps of teachers laboring here. They are doing—in a.field where they are as much alone as missionaries in a foreign land—a most noble work. And those who are about them may deride and scorn their mission; but God, who pitieth the poor, will remenber them. In tho neighborhood, on the farm of General H. A. Wise, the government has placed one hundred families of freedmen. There, cabins have been built for them, and the fields have been parcelled out to them in lots of two and three acres;; each of which becomes tbc home and property of a family. The Taylor prop erty, which is a finer estate than the “ Wise,” is Occupied in the same way. In their new houses, and with the new motives to virtue and industry, the slaves will escape from many of the .vices of slavery. RECRUITS FROM REBELBOM. One of the things which most inter ested me in Norfolk was a full regiment of United States troops who had all been in the rebel army ; but having es caped from it, or being taken prisoners, had taken the oath of allegiance, and were now serving under the old flag. They are all true men. I preached to them on the Sabbath, and certainly I never addressed a more devout body of troops. In the drill, they were perfect; and in person as fine a body of men as I have seen. I was told by their officers that they are much more easily governed than our troops. They never question the wisdom and propriety of any com mand, but obey with unhesitating alac rity. It is thought by their officers that they can be trusted in tho most perilous positions. Their intelligence and edu cation are evidently much below those of the regiments from the Free States. They have much of the languid, unim passioned look and manner ol the poorer classes in tho South. But they are mow in a great school. 'Washington, July lsfc, 1864. J. J. M. CHAPLAIN STEW ART’S LETTER, Battle-field, six miles South from > Prtbjsbuhg, Va., June 23,1864. } RIFLE PITS. Dear Bro: Mears: —Much is said and written at present concerning their structure and use. The term has be come a rather general one, designating any military construction, for of fence or defence. The term was, per haps, first used during the Crimean war. As the earthworks of the French and English were advanced against the Re dan and Malakoff, they were accustom ed, by night, to advance their pickets in front, who would dig round holes in the ground in which three or four sharp shooters would conceal themselves and thus be able to annoy the Kussian gun ners and sentinels. 'These holes were called Rifle-pits. How, however, the term is used to designate not merely a round or square hole in the ground, but a ditch, breastwork or embankment miles in length. NUMBER AND EXTENT OF THESE STRUC- TURES, The whole country between this and the Eapid Anne, has been made literally a region of Rifle-pits. In the construc tion and use of these, the rebels have evidently excelled and we have been forced to take lessons from them. When ever and wherever we have advanced against them, we have invariably found them hidden in ditches, burrowed in pits and ensconced behind formidable earthworks. During our present cam paign it has been the almost invariable practice, when in close proximity to the enemy, and before proceeding to attack, to throw up rifle-pits the whole extent of our front-, ofton four or five miles in length. This, in general, not for use, but as a precautionary measure. Being the invading army, we are still compell ed to make the assault. These rifle-pits aro constructed so that in case of any repulse or disaster, they are a ready and concerted place in which to rally and repel an advancing enemy. In va rious instances already, they have prov ed a wise precaution. FACILITY OF CONSTRUCTION. 1 This would altogether confound rail road builders, canal makers, ditch-dig gers andshovelers generally. A section PHILADELPHIA, THURSDAY, JULY 7, 1864. of country quiet and unbroken at even tide—by nature’s arrangements . and a little careless farming—will, by morning light, witness a rifle-pit from three to six miles in length, constructed through woods and jungles, over hill and dale, across field and farm; not in a direct line, but zig-zag, in order to suit, in military judgment, the nature and incli nation of the ground. The next morn ing-light, may witness a similar struc ture erected as if by magic a hundred yards in front of the first, then another and another, until the enemy’s works be finally reached, or the place quietly abandoned for some new sdene of opera tions and fresh construction of rifle-pits. MODE OF CONSTRUCTION. A number of wagons filled with en trenching tools always accompanies 'the army. But to facilitate’matters, ekeh brigade has usually a number of mules with pannicles and these Stuck full! of axes, picks and shovels. There are also various pioneer corps, in which each man carries a chopping or tool. When a rifle-pit is to be constructed, each, regimentfis usually 1 ordered tC per form the labour on that portion pi its own front. If no timber he available, a simple ditch is dug, say three Jeot jwide and three deep, the flirt thrown in front —the side next the enemy, thus miking with the ditch a protection as higlij as a man’s shoulder ,and over which ho| can point and rest his gun at an approach ing enemy, his head only being ex posed. j Should rails or small timber lj,e avail able, short posts are driven itto- the ground close in front of where tlie ditch is. to be dug, and a rail or small tree laid on the ground and against the posts on the outside. As the earth is thrown over and rises, a second rail or log is laid on the first, and also agilinst the posts, and thus continued until an inner wall of wood strongly flanked by earth on the outside, is raised to the desired height. Such a structure is much more neat and more conveniently used than a mere erection of earth. Not unfre quently have-1 seen houses, barns, sheds and outhouses torn down and the frag ments converted into such structures in a space of time that would astonish the uninitiated. Tho work is performed by detachments, each commanded by a pro per office? whose duty it is to sde that all the work is property done and that each soldier does his duty. These! detach ment are* relieved every half of whole hour, thus enabling the work to pro gress uninterruptedly and vigorously. Considering the amount of labour and drudgery actually performed our army, the query may well be started; 11 How do our brave soldiers endure all these sleepless choppings, . diggings, marches, fatigues and battles ?” They do indeed seem to be made of iron. IMPROMPTU RIFE-PITS. A week since, when the advance was made on Petersburgh, our regiment with others was advanced as skirmish ers to within about half a mile of the city, and far within the outer works of the enemy which had been captured. On ascending a rising ground, they found the rebels in an open field and within direct rifle range of heavy earth works behind which the rebels were strongly posted, and from, whom vol leys of Minnie bullets came singing and whistling in such a manner as to kill and wound almost at once, over twenty of our regiment. To advance with but a skirmish line, was to instant death, to fall back was against orders. All at once, fell flat on the ground which was dry and loamy. "Without pick or shovel, each soldier immediately com menced a rifle-pit on his own hook, us ing his bayonet, if need were, to loosen the earth and his tin cup for a shovel.. One had no tin cup and worked away lustily with his spoon. The officers, for once at least, found convenient use for their swords in the construction of these hasty life-preservers. The position was held, and in a few minutes, each one had a little pit, fronted by a small bank of eai’th, in and behind which, as true Northern mudsills, they lay compara tively safe from the continued shower of rebel bullets. Long have I been familiar with a kind of metaphorical expression, kicking up a dust , used when some sudden dis turbance or miniature rovf was extem porised. No occasion for metaphors or other figures of speech here, Mr. Editor. A real dust is kicked up, with eveiy step, man, horse or mule ventures to make, as well as at every rotation of a wheel. This sacred soil of Virginia, on which we are at present trying to exist, seems made of dust. If memory serves, it has not rained for a month. The weather is intensely, awfully, roastingly hot. All moisture has seemingly left the soil, aud it has become much like a newly burnt bed of ashes. Wherever our immense host of men, animals, wagons, ambu lances and Artillery goes, the ground is at once worked into the finest dust to the depth of from three to six inches — which rises and spreads itßelf, like the ashes of Moses, sma* dust In o" the [and. As movements of infantry, artillery, cavalry, wagons, and ambulances, are constantly going-on, there is, in conse quence, an unceasing cloud of dust. Everything seems turning to dust. All things, yourself included, assuming the color of dust. You see nothing but dust —you smell dust, you eat dust, you drink dust. Your clothes, blanket, tent, food, drink, are all permeated with dust. You walk in dust, you halt in dust, you lie down in dust, you sleep in dust, you wake in dust, you live dust—you are emphatically dusty. Adding largely to our comforts amid heat and dust—the region affords no adequate supply of water for such a,host. Long trains of horses and mules are daily seen led by their drivers for miles, in search of water for the thirsty animals. Squads of soldiers, with empty canteens, wan dering everywhere through fields and woods, and often vainly in search of water. Quite comfortable and romantic, dear reader, this soldiering business. Yetone seeming marvel is connected with it all: these brave, noble generous union soldiers are cheery and hopefu J under all these terrible discouragements. FROM OUR ROCHESTER CORRESPON DENT. CORRECTIONS. In our last we were in error in regard to the name of that clergyman in Eng land, upon whom tho doctorate was con ferred by Ingham University—it is Rev. Josiah Crofts, not Cross, as wo at first understood it; and we beg pardon. It may be important that the honor should fall on the right man. And then the types made us say that tho business of Gloversville, in the man ufacture of ‘gloves was jjl.ooo a year — it should have been 81,000,000. These cyphers were evidently left out by some slip, and would make quite another statement, if they were only there. PRESBYTERY OF ONTARIO. This body convened in its Semi-annual meeting with the Church in Livonia, on Friday afternoon, the 28th ult., and was opened with a sermon by Rev. A. L. Benton, of Lima. The object of the sermon was to set forth the importance of a more perfect evangelization of every parish. It happily showed the hearers, ministers and people, bow they may work for Christ in cultivating the home wastes. "What more important theme could b ave been presented ? The church needs tho work for its own spiritual life and health; and thousands are perish ing every year, right here in this Chris tian land, because so little of this work is done. After ti.e sermon, Key. L. Conklin, of East Bloomfield, was elected Modera tor, and Rev. P. E. Sanborne, of West Bloomfield, Temporary Clerk. But this meeting of Presbytery was not confined to the mere routine of ecclesiastical business, and was one of unusual inter est and profit. In the first place, an unusual number ot the elders of the churches, were in attendance. And then by, a happy thought the pastor of the church in Livonia had invited the ministers and elders to bring their wives to the meeting. A goodly number of these had accepted the invitation and wero in attendance; and it was very plain to see that this added much, to the interest of the occasion. Another part of the Pastor’s admira ble arrangement, was to have a good, old-fashioned temperance meeting on Tuesday evening. It was well attended, and earnest, and interesting, addresses were made by Rev’s. Dwight Seovel, J. E. Page, and L. Parsons, Jr. These speeches took a hopeful view of the sub ject. All is not lost. True, there has been some recent increase of intemper ance ; but we have by no means gone back to the place from which we started but a few years ago, in this glorious re form. Then drinking was universal; now vast numbers touch not, taste not, handle not. Then there were ten law yers, judges, ministers, physicians, or men in, other high places, accustomed to indulge’ too freely in the use of intoxi cating drinks, to one noV. The earnest ness and eloquence of these speeches showed, at least, that there were some that stilL understood the subject, and were ready to lead off in a new effort, if necessary.l to put this reform again upon the ascending grade. The repeats also, which, by the grace of God, these pastors were enabled to bring up, i« regard to the state of re ligion in their respective fields of labor, were most cheering. We have, informer letters, spoken of revivals in several of their churches; but the grouping of the facts into oi«e brief summary, gave them renewed! interest —in Mt. Morris, fifty conversions; in Genesee, thirty or forty; in East Bloomfield about the same number, twenty-nine having been received to the church at the last com munion season, twelve of them receiv ing the ordinance of baptism at the time; and ten are to unite with the church in Livonia next Sabbath. Eev. S. M. Day, pastor of the church at Honeoye, was received into this body from the Presbytery of Chemung. On Wednesday afternoon, came the usual celebration of the Lord’s supper,—the business all having first been disposed of. And then, before parting, all were in vited to repair to the parsonage to partake of a bountiful collation, pre pared and served by the worthy people of the place. It was a very social time, and' a pleasant conclusion ,to a very in teresting and profitable gathering. The next meeting of the Presbytery of Ontario is to be held in Ifunda. May we be there. They are caring for the little orphans in Auburn. .The Asylum contains about eighty inmates. The annual festival in aid of its funds was recently held, real izing $550. But the incident to which we wish more particularly to refer, was the visit of the Sunday-school of the Central Presbyterian church in a body to the Orphan Asylum, each one of the children bearing some precious little gift of such things as they could spare from their own wardrobes at home, for the benefit of the little homeless ones. A. M. Stewart. Rev. Mr. Fowler, pastor of the Central church, addressed the orphans in a few happy words, and made the presonta tion'of the childrens’ gifts and his own; to which one of the orphan boys re sponded in av&ry neat speech, evidently furnished to order, of which we givo a few words: 1 “ Friends of the orphan, we hail with joy this day of gifts and kind remem brance. We welcome you to our Ajsy luin home. You come to us on an er rand of love. May the benefits of the visit be mutual. *■ * * * * * * “Again, dear friends, we thank you for your kindness to us. Wo receive it as a fresh token of God’s remembrance of the orphan. You give to us of your abundance; wo give to you in return our grateful prayers that God’s blessing may rest on you and yours, and that in the last day the God. of the fatherless may say unto you, 1 Well done; —inas- much as ye did it unto one of the least of these, ye did it unto me.” This pleasant interview was enlivened also by sweet singing, by the children of the Sunday-school, and by the or phans. It was an interesting andmemor able occasion, and must have left a sweet influence upon the minds of all the children, which time will not so soon efface. It was a happy thought of the ever fertile brain of the pastor, or of some one else, to suggest such a visit. The contributions were as follows : fifty yards of cloth, donated by Mr. Bailey, Superintendent of th§ Sunday-school, and made up into shirts and pillow cases by the young ladies of the Central church, besides a good pile of little pantaloons, jackets, dresses, undergar ments, shoes, and some seventeen dol lars in money. Surely that was a deed twice blessed, blessing those who gave, and those who received. In Buffalo also they are constantly doing for the same praise-worthy object. They have established a “ Soldiers Rest.” A building has been erected under the auspices of the ladies of the Sanitary Commission, near the Central Depot, and formally opened for its. charitable purposes, by the raising of the old flag, and by addresses and prayer. Here the weary, worn, and wounded veterans of the war may find a place of rest, and care, and kind, attention, when passing through Buffalo. The ladies of the Christian Commis sion in the same city have also been moving to add to their moans of helping to care for the soldiers. They planned an excursion on the lake; chartered two fine propellers for the purpose; crowded them with passengers, and had a fine time last Saturday, sailing sing ing chatting, and cooling off, on the Niagara river. The proceeds of the excursion must have been handsome, and all again for the soldiers. So our' thoughts are constantly in exercise for the brave defenders of our country’s liberties. God give them the victory, is our prayer without ceasing. We are anxious just now, but hopeful. We will not, can not, despair of final success. A great victory, or a great decline in gold would give us special cheer. WESTERN N. Y. BRANCH, U. S. C. COMMISSION. Rev. S. Hunt, who has passed some A GOOD DEED PLEASANTLY DONE And Auburn is always astir with good things. On the same evening, we be lieve, a-grand concert was given, under the direction of Mr. Thomas, a member of the senior class in Auburn Theologi cal Seminary, for the benefit of the Ladies’* Soldiers Aid Society, it being the third given for the same object, and under the same auspices, within the last six months. We do not know how much money has been realized in this way, but it must be considerable, and the sick and wounded soldiers, will get the benefit of it. time with the Army of the Potomac, and who knows the wants of the soldier and can plead his cause, has been ip. pointed Secretary and General Agent of this Branch of the United States Christ ian Commission. He enters upon the duties at once, and all communications and supplies for thiß branch should be directed to him, at the rooms of the Christian Commission in Buffalo. Rochester, July 2,1864. LETTER FROM REV. JOHN 0. SMITH, Washington Citt, June 29, 15^4 Rev, Thomas Braineed, D. D., Mod erator of General Assembly: My cousin Geo. H. Smyth pastor elect of Sixth Church and myself called on the President this morning, and handed to him the letter which yon wrote in the office of the Executive mansion, when you with other members of the appointed by General Assem bly, called to present the resolutions of the Assembly. The President was un expectedly absent on a visit to General Grant, when the Committee weredhere. With your official letter, wo presented the resolutions of the Assembly beauti fully transcribed on parchment, signed by Thomas Brainerd Moderator, and Edwin F. Hatfieft, Stated Clerk. The President gave respectful and earnest attention to the reading, and said that he would write his reply if he could find as much time. He was evi dently much gratified with “the docu ment,” and though oppressed with spe cial calls at. the close of the session of Congress, ho was cheerful and said kind things, especially to my young relative, who was charged with “the resolutions,” while Irend (with difficulty) the letter in the hand-wilting of my noble friend and honored brother of “ old Pjne street,” May God bless him and his loyal church a thousand fold more and more, with all in our consecrated bro therhood. Always. John C. Smith. PROGRESS IH'MIOHIGAIT. At a late meeting of the Presbytery of Marshall iu Homer, interesting re vivals were reported at Battle-creek. Marshall, Lansing and Mason. At Mar shall 70 conversions in seven weeks, 50 of whom had already been received. At Lansing a second church had sprung up, with 04 of a membership—4o on profession. At Okemos and Delhi, in the same pastorate, churches had been also ‘ organized under favorable pros pects, and church buildings in progress. The First, Lansing, though severely test ed, are determined under God, togoforth from the crucible thrice purified, and as a three-fold cord that cannot easily be broken ! Their success during the last eight years has been a triumph. Presbyterian. Presbyterian Union. —The Presbyterian Standard, contains the following significant suggestive editorial: At the late meetings of the General As semblies at Newark and Dayton, the spirit of union was manifested in a very gratifying degree. The same thing was true of the highest Judicatories of the other Presbyte rian bodies in our country. Who can tell, but that one grand purpose which God in tends to accomplish by the war, is the bring ing ot all the Presbyterian churches in our land, now separated by unjustifiable parti tions, into closer proximity, if not actual Union! This result many expect, and for it, tens of thousands of Christian hearts, that have long mourned over the divided body of the Lord Jesus Christ, are fervently praying and pleading. With a view to favor and fa cilitate such an issue, a 3 far as the influence of the Standard is concerned, we offer the following , PREMIUMS, for essays on the subject named: For the best essay on “ The desirableness of the union of the various branches of the Presbyte rian Church,” twenty dollars. For the best essay on “ The Praclicableness of unilhxg the various branches of the Presbyte rian Church,” twenty dollars. For the best essay on “ The most effectual means for securing the union of the various branches of the Presbyterian Church twenty dollars. Ministerial Changes. — Rev. J. Moore, of Witliamsbw'g, Pa., has resigned his charge to succeed Sen. Dr. McCurky in the manage ment of the Mantua Female Seminary. Rev. J. S. Doolittle, pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church of Flatlands, iicmg Island, has been' elected Professor of. Belles Lettres and Elo cution in Rutgers College, at New Bruns wick, N. J. Pitting Testimonial—Act. Jfr. R. j, Breckenr'dge, while attending the late Na tional Convention at Baltimore, as a dele gate from Kentucky, was presented with a beautiful and massive silver pitcher, bearing on one side the inscription “Robert J Brecken ridge, D. D„ of Kentucky, from the Illinois Delegation to the National Conven tion, assembled at Baltimore, June 7th 1864 ” And on the other side the emphatic words, “ God and Liberty." Moravian. . Tbe Moravian says:—Our Norwegian Mis sionary, Rev. A. M. Iverson, after a faithful ana acceptable service of a good many years at Ephraim and Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, has accepted a call to become the pastor of two congregations in La Salle county, Illi nois, at Leland and Mission Point. His new charge will consist of three or four hundred souls. He will continue as hereto fore in connection with,the Home Mission Society at Bethlehem. His successor at Ephraim, Rev. Groenfeldt, of Denmark, is exp'ented in this country by one of the first vessels arriving from Europe. Genesee, S. B. S.