186
.aEtjflVtrolgivrias
AN tr---
GENESEE EVANGELIST.
THURSDAY, JULY 24, 1862
JOHN W. MEARS,
PROTIDEITIAL CONTROL OVER
wlttm God has seen fit to permit Irien to sin,
he by no means abandons even the impenitent
to the tall sway of their sinful natures. Sin is
as muoh under restriction as are the waves of the
ocean to which it was said : "Hitherto shalt thou
some but no further.; and here shall thy proud
waves be stayed I" Neither sin nor its agents
on earth or in hell are outside the limits of
the divine government. " The Almighty pow
er, unsearchable wisdom, and infinite goodness
of God, SO far manifest themselves in his Prov
idence, that it extendeth itself, even to the first
fall, and' all other sins of angels, and men', and
that not by a bare permission, but such, as
bath joined with it a most wise and powerful
bounding, and otherwise ordering and governing
of them, in a manifold dispensation to his own
holy ends; yet so as the sinfulness thereof pro
ceedeth only from the creature;" etc. Conf. of
Faith V : IV.
It is easy to see that if God did not so vontrol
and obstruct 'the sins of men % the whole earth
would become' Ininhabitalge s it would be mon
verted -itito an outlying suburb of hell. Men
in the unrestrained exercise of passion and lust
and wrong would visit upon each other far' se
verer punishment than'any`of God's temporal in
terpositions have ever done. His chastisements
are great mercies to the race. Far better'sweep
away.all the families of the earth but one, with a
delnge, and start anew, thart l leave that pious one
to be overwhelmed, and the whole world to be
popessed by an ungodly' and irreclaimable seed.,
Stroh merciful interferences.on asmaller scale are
taking place every day in theminds and the out
ward circumstances of-wicked men.; God makes
the; wrath of man to praise him and the remain
der of wrath he restrains. Sometimes we find
ourselves amazed and disposed to cavil at the
power and success devil in the world. lo
plate the view, we ought to conaider Cm* much
worse: it might be, what wise and powerful ar- -
zangements are made to pinto:ascribe. and pb-,
sttnet the motions of sin ; whatgreataeheutes
Satanic cunning and, malignity have actually.beelifi
thwarted by these providential arrangements:
The external obstructions which God puts in
the way of sln are such as =remove the 'agents'
themselves, at' the deluge, the destruction of So-
Join and Gomorrah, the death which overtakes
the individual sinner before his plans.of mischief
are. matured.. In the height of his wicked un
dertakings, andiwhen seemingly on the point of
ex'ectiting them, He sometimes.arrests, him as
he did , Pharaoh in the Red Sea. ()tench the
Psalmist writes : have seen the *kited in
great.power and spreading himself like a green
bay-tree; yet he passed away and lo he was not;
yea - I sought him,,but he could. ,
,not be Sound."
Or, He destroys his resources and dependencies
and 411efeats,,his plans. So he slew the vast army
of Sennacherib before the walls of ,Terusalera.
So he scattered the 4 ; Invincible Armada" of the
Spanish'Emperor on the waves and rocky shores
of the North Sea. It is one of the chief func
tions of History to record the wrecking of the .
plotS of the wicked upon the InbStrnctions which
ProVidence continually puts in their way.
~
Some of the divine obstructions to sin are less stri
king but more steady and efficacious. Such is the
ordinance of civil government. It is from , a
divine protapting, to stay the violence of sin, that
men frame laws. and penalties,,and send abroad'
the minister of justice, 'bearing not the'sword in
vain, to be a terror to evil doers. It is, a dyke
raised up against the raging waves of sin that
would engulf every thing in anarchy and barba ,
rism for its own selfish, shortAived pleasnres,
It is for this that God:surrounds the very idea
of government with majesty, and clothes it, in its
proper exercise; with the very sanctity - of reit
glen. Wisely framed and justly administered, it
is our great defence, our best earthly possession,'
our daily peace and'security. It claims our hon
or and allegiance next to God..; To disturb it
causelessly, is to strike a comprehensive blow at
every earthly goo/ It is to lend onesself to the
service of the devil in some of his worst demon- ,
strations. It is to assail, the most powerful tem
poral barrier against sin and to encourage its un
restrained outbreak in every sphere of life.: No
earthly duty is so 'ettored, no serrice to man in
his temporal relations is so beneficent, 'as that of
rallying' around and maintaining such an assailed;
Government It is upholding one of God's own
appointed and chief obstructions ~against
At this crisis God is giving such a work to our
nation ; a work the , mare sacred, as the govern..
ment to be upheld is more excellent,: more suite
ble, more manifestly' one 'of God's own appoint-'
raentoiv earth. In this view, ours 'may well be
called a Bray war. It is a war for the obstruction of
sin. It is one of the great providential; `historic,
movements, of 'OWL the world has been fill,
the upshot of whit& is to cross and frustra6: the
wicked purposes of men and to, prevent sin from
having its own wild . way with the best interests
of men. '
Of this one thing let ins be sure; God has the
entire control of the.powers 'of sin in the world.
All thbir raging and their seeming success will
but advance his plans and promote the cause of
truth. The triumph of the wicked is short. By
their apparent successes they are lured on to more
certain downfall. Unrestrained power to work
mischief is given to none in earth or hell.
There are limits to it, as there are to the sea
which may not swallow up the land with all its
riggings; as there are to the sweep of the torna
do, lest man and his works be hurled in mid air,
as there are to the. water floods which shall no
more, destroy all flesh. Great mischief may be
inflicted by them all, and by - the wicked, upon
mankind, but never •can they get the mastery.
God is above, holding the reins of government.
He Will see to it that the issue of every struggle
shall be to the discomfiture and further obstruc
tion of sin.s
Rzv.. LEEDS K. BERRIDGE'has been appointed
by.the President, chaplain to the U. S. Hospitals
in Philadelphia, in connection with Rev. Dr.
West, and Rev. James H. McFarland. There
are now thirteen military hospitals in the limits
of our city, synd an ample field is open forluseful.
nese in the line of chuplain-cies.
OLIVET PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH corner of
22nd.and Mount Vernon streets, will be open all
summer on Sabbath = mornings and evenings:.
THE EVOGELICAL ARMENIAN CHURCH
AT ',BRA.
Out readers will remember that we have sev
eral times called attention to a serious divisive
movement among , the Armenian converts, under
the care of the American Board at Constantino
ple.. The late lamented Dr. Dwight, and a cor- 1
respondent ', W," both of whom had taken
part in the organization of the Mission churches
in that field; Contributed articles to our columns'
in response io`o4.own views of the subject, and '
representing' the tiovemptit as unimportant and
temporary. European journals , had ' given 'the
matter; considerable,"attention. They quoted the';
complaints of',..the Amenians, against the Board,
and seemed *lined to sustain them as well
founded. Thpse turned upon tlae eccldiastioal
arrangernentsofthe Board, and constituted strong
evidence to ottiminds that the 'metttodi of the
Board in this r pect, were radicallydefective.
Meanwhile, the (mid in its published state
mentsfi luta observed
a remarkable and almost un
broken Silence on this this serious movement in the
very heart of its ' ost impollant missionary en"-
• ,
terprise. Our colespondent W,• 11 ,,in his com
munication of January 9th, rehearsed the few
statements which, tip,to that time, had been giv- .
en, to the 'public.; the' did not cover as,much. as
a quarter of one' of ou columns. And the` drift
of all that was said ova to the depreciation of the
movement as insig ificaht and temporary.
31 ,
.Acerniding to - one of' t '`e stiitts, the difficul
ty had actually beatZve t e A. ),,,
' 'Tilde - then of our&O it finding finding in the
ittn
issue of the Berlin /Veit . e Evang. Eirchenzeitung
for 'May 17th, which has redently'bome to,liand,
an appeal in behalf of the independent Evangeli
cal
Phtirch of Pere, which having forsaken the
American Board entirely, has - taken' refuge in
the church edifice erected for.the Prussian Ern
bassy,in Constantinople, and is . expected, with its
sister organization to.pom entirely under the fos- ,
tering care of the Ettng ieel° churches of Ger- :°
;
many I . We give.the substance of . the article ,
which is the leading one of the"number.
Editor.
As early as the year 18'60, an itssooiation had'
been
been formed in Berlin in aid of the Elangelical
American church in Pere, including such names
as Gen. von Wildenbruch, \he . former; Prussian„
AMbassador at ConstantinorilA-,,. Superintendent
.lloffinai, Dr. Krumma.cher ; and many : , ether,.dis-
,:
tinguished •persons. Its operatioek had , :been
suspended by the Syrian rebellien. As the neces-,
sities occasioned by that event Ore removed, the
tam of the Evangelical 'Arinenians again comes
' up for attention. • The Aridene-14.1Vingelical ''''
'church in Constantinople -4 Asla filincic'S' Syria
a'nd Mesopotania, is the result,---as is well, knOwn
!
-of the faithful and devotedolabors - ..0f the •
. ,
missionaries sent out by the greatest of. the
American Missionary Societies (Board of Qom
missionem for Foreign Missions.) ~ This - Society
is ',composed of Congregationalists, i. e.,'lndepett
dents who are descended from th' original Eng ,
Fish 'settlers in North America, ( hiefly in NOW:
England, so called) together with t
l e Dut e li Ite,'-',.;
formed.' (sic.) ; In their extensive and_l suicess-':
ful labors in this , part of the world, t ese mis
sionaries did not aim at introducing an of the •
a
forms of church. organization prevalen i the
West, nor did they or the Armenian cone at
firsttpropose to form:a new Armenian eh c by
the aide of the old one. It was hoped that re-
formation might gradually be effected in t en-
tire body of the Armenian organization. 'l l rse- .
cuticle' and excommunication however, 4301 a lied
them to organize an independent church, ich .
has since been reeognized by the Turkish ov r
eminent, and is entitled to protection e ally !,
with the old one. _ • , ; ..
The church in, Constantinople, with a thous;
and in.embers, and perhaps a thousand more ad
herents, is without an edifice—a great want, i
any case,but especially so in a land where the ,
are surrounded with` Mohammedan mosques arit
the churches of the Greeks and Roman Catholics.
A site for building has been secured by the° buret
in Pera. But this is not by any means the only,
,
want, of 'the new community. Its relations to
the American Mission have essentially altered.
Its preachers and teachers are, sustained entirely
from its own, resources, and ate actively'engaged
in the work_ of evangelizatiOn. 'They claim,
the right of self government, or at, 'least of a par.q
ticipation in the councils .and . decisionit of the'
Mission. This is denied them by the Mission,
and they have complained, in two declarations
addressed to all Evangelical Christians, a the
-
~persistence of the American brethren In their
repressive policy, , As early as 1857, they held a
church-assemblyin which they resolved:m hence
forth to govern themselves, as a church, accord
ing to •the word bf-: = God.' and to recognize Christ
alone as their head, and, while thankfully •
receiving aid from any 'Other church ot'eorifbra
tion; not to subject 'themselves to their - aentrol.l
It 'is true, that the missionaries acknOwledged i
this independence in .yroids, yet not in actions
clearly because it, was herd for them to Jet the
' child , . which. they had Aired, go free from the' '
paternal , guardianship.„ They also expressed'.;: ;
the fear that -the young : church might, 'in its
childhood, fall awaylrom the truth. The otherti
retorted` that the work of evangelization *odd -.
proceed, more,' effectually if a proper participatien ..
in it was allowed to their native pastors, and ;:
complained
complained that the new church% was:denied its
necessary and rightfnl independencp and that
an attempt was
,made to force uponal
enoughpew form.
and' ChaMeter,- which might be WW t I in
America, but would not suit in Tfirkey. More
over they felt that government by the , miiisiona-
ries without any possible appeal to ,aif "higher
court, and in the name of' a SOCIETY fro `u whic h: they were , separated by sea and • ocean; . which
itself does not belong to a 'church Will, but to
an indefinite number of congregations, was a des
potism by'no means - corresponding to the free
spirit of the Gospel, Which does not crush -out
national peculiarities, but ennobles them through`,
the truth. They present, in ; ten articles, a thor 7
oughly evangelical confession, in order to ,show
that the errors of which they ,are accused by the,
missionaries, consist only of deviations from the
Congregational forms of government. ,
As their more prominent members gradually
became acquainted with the worship and order of
other denominations, the bald forms of the Ameri- .
cans could,, no longer satisfy them, and they at
tached themselves one by one, to the preacher of
the Prussian Embassy. Carefully as he avoided
interfering with affairs ofothers, his unsought
influence upon the ecclesiastical views of the
Armenians is nevertheless not to beoverlofted:
To a considerable extent, the Armenian Chris
tians have the right of the controversy. elf the
Gospel is to be communicated by degrees to the
entire Armenian church, the Most extreme form
of Protestantism (perhaps excepting Quakerie;m)
atzttir.in - V..::t,.it0b1 . tt.04,,:,1 : •,.. ::.. 4,:*1 - ( o2eit-tott
.„(6...v.,414.t;1i-iot
must not be required of them, or held up to them
as a standing model. If the new community is
to hold its own, against the power of Islam and
the Greek church, it must not be divided . into
independent fragments, but must be a church
binding together -firmly the-separated organizer
tion, in the German. manlier. If it is to have
future of victory, itd:dist seek aid of well.4irgan- t
ized vigorous churches. , near -aS hand, and not ,
have a mere nebula of congregations in. remote
Ameiica as its uncertain reliance. These necessi
ties are too plain, to ,be overlooked by any but
the wilfully blind. It is admitted however that
in demanding a voice in the appropriation of
funds contributed by Americans,' or in directing
the labors of missionaries coming from that 'coun
try, these.preachers were wrong.
- With unimportant exceptibn,s, the societies in
Constantinople and 'Nicomedia.' openly: arrange
theinselves with Pent Church;. arid all the
EvangeliCal Athenian congregations would do
so at once, if they could dispense with aid from
America. As an, expedient to meet' the iron:md:.
ate necessities of the, case, the aura- of the Prus
sian E r ntWassy just completed, has tem, .11 . /410 by
the trustees (Xirchenvorsiande) to the evavelical
Armenians, for purposes of Worship. Yet this
can only serve as a momentary assistance, '
' To aid, therefore, in building
_a hbuse'fOr the
Pera Church, and more, to assist
,in educe;
ting for preachers and teachers, several .A.rmeni r .
au„yonths,, two ef - whom, were left with us fin;
3 -4§% A', 4 4 6 ;4lkgetoreif the =Para 611 .P10h, Mr: Eu
Wean, we need- help :and- our purpose:in this,
undertaking, is to open the *ay for a 'growing
intercourse between the Reformed , Armenian
chnifili and the Evang,elical churches of 'Ger
..
many, and thus to secure an influence .on -the
spiritual. life of Turkey as the tittle has arrived
for the German nation to exercise it. [ Wie,er auf
dot, geiphichtliphen „Wage der Deu4chen Nation
//cut.]
-The Evangelical Arinenians earnestly ask our
aid. They feel that all which they now need , is
a European training, What the Catholic - Church
is doing'for the United Arnienians in the Meehit,
aarist Institutes at 'Venice Padua, Vienna and
Parrs, that the Protestant
,Armenians expect of
EvangeliCal Germany We have already receiv
ed several contributions for these important ob
jects, especially a •icsal'gift from His. Majesty,
Kting . William of Pruisia, 'Of. two thonsand Thar
leis.' •
;Our bells.,in wide regipna of Germany still
ring the summons to the ,prayer, which cen
turies long, was offered. for the removal of the,
danger of a Turkish invasion. . May the !!•Turk
alarm" now sound in many. hearts the call to let
the pure Gospel be ;heard-.among the adherents
of Islam. •
[trpomthis•reniarka ble document •we reserve
our comments until' next, week.]
PgOTEgtANT& , NATIOI S
' T lin alienation of feelinig which has taken
between mirselves and 'Great Britain is the more
deploiable because'it estranges the leading Prot
estant powers of the 'mad .from each other. - if
we could say that only,the prelatical elements- of
English society had misunderstood us, in the.,
'preset crisis, and eicultedin -the prospect. of our
overthrow, the case would not be so , bad.*. But
kin' not so. No attacks upon us have surpassed
in grossness those froth = thesorgans ` of tlie Free
Church of Scotland; such an the :NOrtkPriti.s:h,
Review and the EdinbitrO, Witness. It is a
monstrous spectacle and bodei evil to the world,
when . dismemberment and s overthrow .are thus
wished
. hy one Protestant nation to, befal the
other. Great Britain forgets the Cause which is
greater even than herself, the supremacy of which
in the world is essential to her own greatness,
while with an indescribably narrow and Selfish
pOlie3 she wishes the only. other 'greatTiotes
tant nation in the world to be 'forever sh s orn of
its power, that her own aggrandizement May be
complete. It pains and amazes us to find toe
religious, the Protestant people of that country
ompletely. oblivious to this serious view of the
ase, of :which one would think no Christian
,
man Could rid himself. >ds Protestants,.
we have'
cus
a
been tomed to regard ourselves' and Eng- -
i\ p
land as atural allies. No other nation has seem
ed s near to the Christian •people of America:
Wehave almost familiarized ourselves' with the ,
pros eot of one d4y waging, side by side withEog
landA the. last , great conflict ,between the massed
adherent's of a pure Christianity,i and the dev,ices;
.
and: sinueof the Man of Sin. ;,We; believe the
time is coming when GreaVßritain will find her
self beleaguered and sorely pressed by the foes'
of Civil' and'religions liberty 'who" - cherish bitter
.reniembrances of her Powerful interposition in
fonder times fir these high interests: Even now
W
her Condition is oneof chronic ,alerm, re4uiring
immense arPlPFneos, in the:
face of a neighborasi
~
unscrupulous as ; 11e , ,is ~powerful, and. jealous.,
The mother country may yet , live to see thena
don she has , `so wantonly'and deeply itlienate-d,i
more Prosperous, happy, and powerful than - ever;
while she is Vaini3retrugiolino- against ..s; combi
nation of unprincipled:and 'malignant despots in
conflict which .AMeritan interposition atone
.i.lit turn ,decisively inher favor. ,We fear she
odd seek that interposition in vain. The aliena :
, tion which has recently been caused, involves an
element .of deep, distrust in
, the essentials of'
English character, , which -threatens -forever to
f dissipate the synipithiee 'of Christian Men, and
inclines us` at 1444 fdr the present, to turn away
from ... those' favorite interpretations of .`prophecy
which placed England and America in the same
line of battle for the cause of truth} freedom and
evangelical religion, in t ~ : l w orld'. . ..„
* Dr. Hengsstenberg,= the - oblebrated: Lutheran
divine and Professor of Berlin i,matarally enough is
bitterly against us.. 11.,e azt'lmperialtst, a High-
Churchman and a defender of the Pope'S temporal
sovereignty.
VERAOITY.
This golden quality of speech and action is
rare and seems to be growing rarer in these times.
Coolness andjudgment have not a little to do with -
it. And we may pardon the etagkertititma'which
fly abroad on the,. wings of riu#or, about losses,
and casualties, and advantagefli':on je field •of
battle. The.witnesses have often . ** In such a
terrible, .state„ of excitement, as actually not to
know what was passing under their own observa
tion. They are incompetent to testify; veracity
is out of the question. There are cowardly strag
glers, too,.and panic stricken men on every battle
field, who are sure to run away and retloit4eir.
own regiments' utterly destroyed. Shcqimitteia,
we are' need to , and 'are not dee,,'
.)-4;
Yet there are other influences at work which col
or our reports, and leave u 4. at the mercy of the
prejudices Under which they arelramed. There
is'the positive intention to przirvert, to extenuate,
or to exaggerate; to gratify pique, orjealousy,
or -favoritisnry to make sh • impression upon,the ,
enemy, , upon .our own- *Ti*,;:or :abroad. This,'
sdmetitneahetrayiitself in Inch 4 manner'. as most'
cruelly to..shake oureckild nee 'ands create skep
ticism in all we hear., e exaggerations of a
senseless panic pass away`,l but these intentional'
perversions in t weaye them elves with the' original
sources of our knowjedge o ,ithey are inet.:hyßer
versiens in the oppoPite terest, ; and truth is
the last thing that ,is t ought! ot, Even the
etpeople, in. the indulg,enc lof , their partisaulbel-•
ings, cease to' wish foi. tr th, So much as for a
construction of 'events" st favorable to their
own 'Prejudices.' TheY p y to the"' reporters
speak unto US- smooth thi ; ProphePy r unto• uP
deceits. they, wish to be eceived and. they are
" I s
deceived.- ,
, The Northern puhlic,h not been clear of this
vice by any mesns. For ' xample, , the, represen
._
tations of the recent; m i ements before Rich
mond are so widel* diffd ent that . .sunlv as care
simply to know the truth are perplexed beyond'
measure. • Was,t,thermovefaent: a great`piece of
strategy' pure 0 10 0 0 lib, c' 'early. capture • of
Richmond; was it a compulsory retreat, neces
sary to the'salvation, of. Am> army, and •131100e138-
folly executed ; or :ifas it a disaster more Melon
cholythaii,Rull ituult , Each of thesv views' is
held bidifferent:eitsS'6Ofiloyalmen;' While'the
rebels , exult in
,i'seliero,f , Vietories ''' resulting
. in crowding , off th e ‘`•;' briikeir remnant'" of the
kriWY of the RAC inset to' a flistance of two 'day's',
'ft'fi• - 'th* " •-• Aol Our;General' tells''
mate_ om , eir cap. • 118
thatiu A:very engageMent the enemy were beat r
en hack :with immense,slanghter ; yet at gainee
Mills on Friday the 28.t'h.of,,land we lost twenty
five pieces of 'artillery, and. wereKaccOrding to
,
general opinion; decidedly w o rsted : f
.
It is > utterly ithpossible for us to attempt an
eriftmeiation; even, of the notorious instances in
whfeh diming -this war, iherCredulio
Pie' has bieU imiased 'upe4. At the South the
oumn has ,bien carried on, in a scale Of enormity
to which the North, guilty as it is, can _furnish
no . parallel. The..desperatil,condition of their
cause And, the , greater ignorance nf their people,
furnish 'the> temptation :;aid! the -facility for the.
work. - Tven the leadifig `men. of the South;
their high &Bela's, their cler'g,y, are earriecraway
_by the in 4. of thnexelteirient and "give ;utterance
to the 'most palpableifalseho'ods and the vilest'
calumnies'against the North. The latest- and
most eitraordiriary example ..that pf Lieut.
Maury, the distinguished saran, who would nev-.
er, have gained his scientific ; .laurels,.but for the'
liberality, and confidenee of , the, government.
which he is now seeking to overthroi. The
character he , thus "acquired,. he .is now - relyino ,
upon to antlinnticate,liefore the World, the most
andaciona and miligAnt taliehooda against us:
Re has ;written a letter; to triends Nance, de
• .tr •
signed, doubtless,to Wept - public sentiment-in
Europe„ in which he. asserts that weliseA
filled with fulmipeting powder, designed to ,ex-'
plode afte,r entering the body; also that North
ern journalists actually Yfabricate , ithitations of ,
Southern :newspapers, filling thei celumns With
their. own Inventiona,_ and then send - therii
Europe "iefriiiiie for effeet'lliere.! '
riasAei our comprehension ntterly - ho'W even
underihe.deniciralAindiefluence of an anarchical
and Prb-slavery,rebellion rational . men can be:.
come. so 100tto all the ,claims of truth and honor'-
as to make - such :statements. It proves at any
rate; the; desperateness - off theii cense; anditspres
sing need ofiforeign interventiontin 'Spite of-'' its
seeming advantages. We doinot need the 'aid - of
faliehOod‘Or misrepres,eritatiiin ; 'let us frown"up
on it as the policy of bad men, and:es an omen of
weakness and 'or.overthrow. 'Let us frefer the
truth even though it seem to be toour disadvan
tage. Let as- do. Rix humbie,, part to Inep t the,
springs, of future history .elger, , no Matter ;who
shall seem to : suffer thereby: ,
" . 4(ID
. WHILE there is.much-: sinSere,:zerget among
Christiani3 for the imperfeetiOns of flair 'service,
the slowness of their growth lin grace, and the
general coldness oftheir . live - there is . no., cor
responding diligence to:el:WA ...*, is t Of t ie be
al y
weeting,, the : eheeeee'4-; •fr'" 9.19 WA 12
hunented: . .11'he,.lues . of f i thtil . dotK iof;fipt Jove
and of a sense of fogiveheas . 4 ' auoiirce of daily
uneasiness; but. few-Stir hp tli elves to -a ill
igent, -fi n po r t,Otat A tkisii dfilief ''sans needful' to
regain •think::: 'We" doi thae , 'mention • these
thingi 'in our prayers'*l the* are a burden on
Ofti`beil,itli,hdt do we lake a 64111e8.4 of seeking'
theit . iestbratiOn t : Sys 9 od, will be inquired
of for these things . He canrait be 'expeeted,to.
heed our cold 'and merely bitual requests.
Ile will' not:
..eoiiitnniiitititiC c:g , sonsjbiy t o
i p se
those 4ho'haMehijr- Akre i . *it initst seek,
and knock. : We mustseek until-we W., He
- desfre#l'l4i'd . 'delighti in on e i mportunity.: *e
ingot, `fill our mouths with l ii*UM"ents ; we ni t
consider and present our ease wiekall that variety
of. plea with:. which we , would &peat to convince
a fellpwman t ,X,e must, take special measures, as i
well as obierve our: .regular dibies i :to meet the
. .
necessities : o f cede.. Willis We' - avoid ' ' the ,
ninitiplicationcoklthere duties,'we must act
. ITith`
urgency and' in iiiiirUftliii vital interlude at StOce
in Alp , question 'Ot, the degree of 'our per oral.
POY;; -
. 1. - ' . . , .. , • .
_;• '_:,
The .difficnlietk in ;the way are two -fol d .....
• ::,I' . .
We hive become worldiv)niniled IRA have lost.
alroper. sense of timettpronict impoitanoo of
sonal•lioliness and spiritualityi • : Tire;dotOtifeel,
thile. we .ought to _bee. groviing Chriatiezik fig*:
.. thmtlaiything. else. ~ . .We no" longerliiiikiiiiiiily
and:'elevating conviction' of the graiplAtir 4ifihn i
Christian's - calling. j We' hiv'C' , le'en'aisiiii,' a iiit i
by eioiteineskythUsiness, of doMeitio ' affairs,, or
the:
Carr tha , Or. ty the .easy tide ;of speio . coruilir,
ance, „oit,cf all clear ssight of the, . objects . that
once filled our vision—a crucifi ed Savior, a di
vine Fountain of purity an.41,,,j0 ,1
ii,' holy heaven,
the contemplation of God's taut ~ providence and
grace, the'. ioik of, buildihg uP I,iia'siikiiiitcliiiii,
and of saViizesfoiils..' If iii;liiiMe , dediuslietial i k
a due degree of interest in these .object:, We:
cannot be expeoted to purtinel the'search , Tor'
them with the needful zeal. Ouk worldly objects
cannot be made to - appear seiioisiary; or to .give
way to • them. Half the diligince *Mesh , jai be
stowed Upon those objects, if applied in' the Chri
stian life would make na saints. '
2. Again, and naturally enough," we are na
-1 believing:" Cin we attain any great 140 I.
in.
2
, . g. . n
holiness? Surely it is reserved for a liivo'red
few to reach them :"Vilille we , immeried in busi
ness and cereal' inn.stlends ' linger in ilie:-cfnn
mon-place walk of the Christian masses. One
would think that decided piety was as much a
gift as inspiration, to hear : some , ;Christiarus, talk
—at least to themselves. Such fow views and
language spring from, unbelief, and are contra
ry to-the whole spirit of the Gospek• • They are
contrary too to the experience of such as Paul,
who Wrought' at his _seCular. occupations some
times night and day; and of. sneh:xnen--enalar.N.
lan page, who was the direct, ,means,floy. his ;
simple personal labors, of converting many snore
souls, perhaps, than most ministerkare," and who
yet popped a daily calling; or of such men as
ColonelAay.elock, not prirauCthe ene
my w4;greato.9i.soonneii vigor, as, in the
midst othis-inconamt::and lab Ors;
kept' up.daily: and-alia s r eoinniunion with God.
'felt- it more tuipoitipt, to do
.thati. than, to
gain . a victory.: ItSs idle for us to cast the hiame
of our coldness upon 'the excitements of' 'war t ',
when we have inch examples of spiritual activity ..
in the camp, 'and ..ttion the battle-field
mustgOt'f.d of our . ; . unbelief, so dishonoring
to ih,o fplhiewand-readiness. of divinegrade;:ao
wale ;ttr'..the Christian. Let Int ;not. da're to
doubt; that the most blessectresults will flow to
as no matter in what sphere of.lifeire are'placed,' I
if we . make diligent application' io this grace.
In this connection we would mil:itess our great
pleasure that writers on this' sON,a - oi.iidio‘ f luiow
how to han!ile it, are ~appearing in noc Church.
We regard ihas,toks**Oellont,otnen for ; the future,
and we would cordially recronmend ; the-irorks of
Dr. r pacliocan4 Mr. Pymn the attention of
nor people: i '• r
IETTER PROM E 1111017,.
Afiniste; of 'this City
.to lie People o f
' - ' :' his-071'41'rue.
I SEND yen aliiinvied' . Orig. froua
the hills
Of the eternid•Oity..'li tOWarcla •
mbl
simmer, a time in Rome 3vben,,.as the
,old
pOet tells xis, nien were' *6:4 to . ",fl y from mad
dogs and streets blak with funerals" into the .
country. Rome n ;. .linidstimmer
• is ,surely„no
place the health seeker, and, I expect' in a
day Or :twntO, take my departure from this an
cient .einjirith its treasures of art, and wealth, , of
historhanterest, for -healthier and cooler climes.
Tdigteratiy; at evening; 1 stood the
cian.Hill," not many yards from the hill side
wits:sr? Oincinnitus left his plough when called
to.defend the liberties of Romi., Almost on that
• • .
memorable site stands St. Peter's, illumirtated,as
I looked upon it, from base to dome, with 7000
lamps. It was the concluding ceremonial of a
memorable fete day in Rome. • I gazed in `won= '
on the sta.pendons pile; looming on ; the
boriion like a great firmament, frettncrwitli mag
nificent flies. It was,
, as I said,' the winding up
of a memorable day : fOr Papal ; Twen ty:,
seven lart:FrH.l wvo Japan' about 200
years ago, : were yesterday., canonized as. saints.
All the.grandenr of ceremeitiakthat; Rome could
summon was displayed cm , :the: occasion. Thous
ands of priests and bishopslwetelinnembled from •
all parts `of Papal Oltrititetcdoa' I sti@lett'the
whole:icene'eatifttlly:r I' obtiiinini - 4 . seieunder
the very dorna : of the . Cathedral' wherethei act*
many was enacted-Liavr-the' :Popnborno-614in .
his chair amid a grand. p*eseion.
ou,d,biohoPs, and, witnes sed f 40,114004111; display of
music , and painting and-etatttaxy is this most
majestic temple; tot., the :,Christian world. :And,
from it all Inurned- to • tbe ' , pleasing contraitinf
our pure•and• simple rircipettatit .faith. The more
I see of other nountriciendiin. ciplite, the more'fer
verity ni . euch a noiinfiy,
and such a dbristienityfii . wkenjOY in Apiar.,
Anlietched the';oeiratiany yeaterdaY and °pm.
the ;day excluded .0 illumine
ter's with wax lights, I' thought it an aptiem
blem ef:the policy of Romein replacing the com
mon light.epOhristianitylbt the farthing 'rush
lights . oftkunan. ' Rortiu • Shuts out'
tlie'Sun.liflgtlit4uutineir4,that she may lie up
the' tombs : 'martyrs '.` and saints.: 'pae t. feele
amid this ;Pomp rand 040 e of artificial
play, as 31#y:felt . When' alie,e,#)einsed::.'‘ They
love taken away . my Lordand know' nok wlinre
they have laid ,Topery, excludes The den
tral element of,OrtsArintian taitliouidcoversiiir
Vhrist. waslhelr4t'work - 40 thcr.:B4fintt.:
trot to Meltithirtimui. °Meek
idolatry That for Centullieg"hita ! aeonitio: .•
*AU the disciple
communicant face . to face witha
. Rome seems at present intently busy iltyn e ,...
djeg.tiew. objects 79rOilp between • 44144 7
Ple and Lis Master.; She builds the! tombs, °trite
Prophets. She enthrones and idolizes the.peat;
The canonization of these Japanese martyra . is an
illustration in pointi . No saint can be canonised
until at least 'alialf cetituir after hit deetti.).The:
Chrint of.tile 3toininist is the .Chiiet?laitotLy.:
The cross' and the sepubibre locanfar away in .
the rentote,perspective of
.14.ostoli,e's0„'Artnind
the illonnt of Olives lies tbesolemn twilight,oftra, ,
dition.. .Meanwhile, , both : . as cense . and a
consequence of this,! innumerable . , I.lsOnts,.. have
swelled the ecclesiastical .calendar.. their sta
tnes" fill conntleaVnitihes ; in the"Walbvif glorious
cathetfrals. iii#l44:has lavished - Ai resources in
producing, from the inuivess and the inerble;,re
presentations of 'the ; Yirgin mother of Christ.,
EVery shrine tonbniits votaries. I]eri insOrne
richLi-de.9oratpd chapel is
..a woman kneeling be
forethe relics of some patron saint. .!- I K.9n#,Tis
a fashionably dressed *group,, alternately!conver t •
sing and muttering.their prayers before the grand.
altar• which is 'supposed to culditine the' boner kof
St. Peter. There again is algrenti of men'Mid *
winiteit-460i., people they
what is called' the!! Sacred 'mar e .
c - 61#in said to have been hp:light: , fropi
le* ? and t 4,5. be the identical yillar..on.which the,
SaViour leaned when he. wes : pcourgcd,by
'At a eeremonyiipAte chnsctkof-kaie3.lllggiore
last week,, a portion : , of the .credla :cifths 'infant.
Jesus was 'displayed, and• I noticed' with) some as
tonishmentlhe atddrit-zeal with' Whieltilio"Mnl
tifnie-orciedeeto sacred relitte ord .
woman - Wlicee diate! . #3 was most intense on ac •-'
count of not being' able to 'reach tVin through
the crowd, excited. for more re , tAnte than One
my profound commiseration:
•Flutare thus enlargaon oirowns — tanoes - like
theseyro Show hoW.uttqly At'. great -he
pal Christendom seater*, lie' diverted 'from the
worship of a hying t?' the ;idolatry' of .
bones 'aid 'Slice, and . .;;;f :,patron
saints. the impression of all this lins deep up
on.' my mind. No city *the world can oompare
with Papal Romefor i the wealth Of ancient and
sacred story whickikenshrines. lle r e are walls ;
'and temples, and . tombs, which in their -ruined
'majesty are eloqnent of an age and a miqgnif,
ROME, June 9, 1862.
cence that has passed away. " Here ; lived ; and
sung the mighty men 'of old—thepoets,,hisiori
ans, orators of other days. The very air seems
eloquent with their accents, anitthe foot of the
traveler stumbles amid the magnificent fragments
of their-tombs r -.Tralrif-it-be , the genius. of
Christianity to enshrine the glory of a-dead
past-, no spot could be so fitly chosen as that
whielLimieeVered ....with -the ?fallen •monuments *of
once imperial. Rome.
dead'` Chiipt a fpssiliied Christirmity,,
however,glorious with the reminiscences of. de, :
parted eras,is notgOing to-regenerate the world.
Christianity ,indeed,: of facts: .Its
historic' reetaliredeeply-bediledin the past. But
its-life is in the Presiite, iniditaglofry is iTY:the
Puttire.. 'I believe the irorkr .s it' this moment
needs ' something more thanPii;NonO and all his
cardinals' eau` 'it. :Papai . Christianity be
gins feel its weakness. The question of
Glitr at, and Stat e 'is at the heart of European
politics.
,It is this question:that has lately stir
red Englandl it is this that agitates Italy to-day.
And I believe-'that this' splendid < ceremonial
* which has lately , called. Bishops..from all parts of
the Papal world together for the ostensible pur
pile Of . 'canonising a few' Jiii4eso martyrs, was
bat the for anothgr and deeper,9l4ot ;
While I write tie Pope is in conclave at the Qa
tiCan'witlithe representatives from all Christen
dom, and I learn that none but Cardinals and
Bishops axle - admitted to his councils. Certain
ly-4 apparent that' a great crisis awaits the
Papal Chureli:':Alfitaly is waiting for redemption,
ninie•ot(o: predict hoW soon the stroke may
fall:for hiv :deliverance. .
Let* me, Bayne you dear , friends, that I shall
retuni,r, to .yecovith a higher appreciation than
ever,
of; aimplei vigorous Protestant Christi
anity in .AMerica;• , • Let • us contend more than,
ever for the of the , faith. Let . TIS'
more thankfully than ever our proud" position
tout Pre:eininiliee .a psopk'Whqm God has
blessed: _ Pi:ay htethres,,for44'ohitrch of (toil
.
in :Aineriesi:, at:4*e, earnestly,, as a branch.
that, s have fervent piety among your
marts...dove: op.e. another. Be much in oom
munion.With Christ. This is the secret oft, liv- .
piety..il Then' carry this spirit of secret :pray
er and:communion into your religious assemblies:
This 'Make the truth preached mighty'in the .
stdvation'of • •
—, s •
AOKNOWLENEXKIIT PROM 'BEY. ITOKti:b
- ,1;! , ••• •-•• skit D . D . . •
Ws))liingtonlyll7th 1862
TEntinti het* that have
dnvised'esnik-libitfalvthingn'•fol' - the "sick
- lionikrsid'eoldiers in•!ho!ipiiils'her t e. EsPeCialli
are thine'thankti'dae to Rev: Geo rge
P;P; IF4l4 l4 l)o9Ple'c.rtis ekt! .. P*aFid . congregit- : '
tio k:l / A ' N* l/ o ° '') aware ~ iboies •
ofinnOlitieededirticletrof clothing and.delicacies
for'onr noblp fello7s, My, nife attends personal
-4.t0 .the distritution,'visiting as she.. does daily,
foie hospitals, andnocisionally others.. '2;
I The'''tiontkion. - of 'the . Sabbath School of Air.
irlenrell'inimiolt Made' an gnly 4th, is ti . i4killeof
•
their.` patriotain` ind..liberality, and am:hint/0k
$2OO. ' nlw proof of tmipa r i
triotic kindriesiOf our Philadelphia fri,do4t
the reeeipt,of. ivr,o,43sr,es .of..wine—,‘‘Tort, and
"-herry," , Yam (ana ,
These are .alivaysannehwed4 ' *r
The blessings. of tiodNniOrtythez brave men so
relieved and f'oomfOrted !WV red' upon all these
friends in 'this ' ' '
Pastor of thW4th4lloo.oll.
• .$
A.. e N .4 .4IIOIIC.ELBLE SURPRISZ.-Pp... the ,retepn.
of ,tli :Ir. Joel garker, - ,of,the:Eourth
elide , Presbyterian Chtrioh, of this city, from; an
absence last Sabbath to supply a vacant pulpit
in a: neighboring city he was Presented with a
fund "te tOtE*Ope, together
liith the' 'fellewing unanimously
;passed:; by.;lhis
last
*ft":
the 61Fise, of last Sabbath . evening'a service in
t*c404 1 3.,... - :•., • , •
- '. .,1.194:448 3 4 our.: pastor, 4he Parker;
for. apekied of , :over thirty4l*e:!years; has' nnre
inittisglylevroted,:hirnself to:pulpit and: atella
labor'iiiithreeO# the ;leading •eities t of the Crinien;
gretitly,'"- iWe'' to"
spiritual advantage;the Churches to'wlii* he
haaiffilOstere4.3 : „
tO,S : period•ofjelasaticti ; torAufkpuicroses of tra.
t vel,observation andpleasure ;abroad,
e Therefore i t,Reidbed ThaL•this church and
congregation 'earndstly.'nspnast their pastor t 'if
agreeable to himi to hip nself of the'etiin-'
'o'er . v.acatton Enropte i '• for '' which pnr:
pose We :ask his acteptanee' df 'necessary.
funds centributed by,. his to „defray the.
emenalip, of the journey, witli.which we tender.
t him our i best Fis4es for Mei happiness, . : and
fqrA t safe .p3l7u .14 , t4e field s of pastoral la;
r'•••••;• • • •'. .• .• . • , • ..,.
• Wei tliatilds,nretiwiti °Nile chitrokind:
ddriiregition. liatif:been complied. with liy:Dr:
Pidteri and 014 the. coricludirig servitierprior.
t ins : departure ;' will tike plire neat' Sabbath
evening, *lii*Welitifolivill closed
nij%tt 9 41 C i T er • , • • ; •
• 1 -' l .l/EDICAT/ON AT. WARSAW,- ILL.- , -11:111e 4 RSV
house of wbtehip kw/completed' by the.Churok
a Waisiiir,l3l:;:mag 'dedicated on Sabbaili,, the
24 !hilt Prdaching in the tnorninih* Rev.
L.M. of Jacksonville, with formal dedi
'101,04 by . the pastor Rev. J. S. Rinkin. Preach
ing In,:,t t lics,eyenitig i by Rey,,.t. of 4,n
-gusta,'ln, • • •1:.; •
.This edifice; now .neatirand pleasantly finish,
ed and tastefully lurniahed, with its Leetturei
Sabbath School,' and session rooms, complete,
had been erected itt'.im'expense of nearly $9000,'
drithig "'the*, stringent..'' imei; trii#g greatly
the energy and faith of those. wholialie built it •
tiadlAnnei, completion his been scmcwbat•
clalued by,Ahe , .financial straits which have,9a.,
pectially-opmised': 4 ' border, towns 7 it is no3v, a
handsome and - appropriate..monument of :the
faithful efforts of those who bave undertakefflarul
accomplished 'the work..—Evdvelist. •
ROMUTAT Se- O A ,let4rullY) the afty..,
Charles B. Dye ,w • receive d as a member higkc,
Presbytery of. Geneva from,. the;LitclifieldeNorth.
Association, and installed ''past,or.of the Church
of Romulus, N. Y.- The Bev. Dr: Wood :of Ge.
neva, ',peached the sermon, and the 04riti3to
the pastor and iciiiile - lierei:gi.7hinlitipeetively
ReV:tr.'LoutibUry , Cf qvid, and the Rev. F:
Starr jr. of Pent(You,-.41,(1. - •
',Raniit;
JULY 24,
VLERr r IN TIM' BOILDER STATES.--The
31
z: elStiitVouritql of fist week, thus speaks
-of thispaator of tlieentralphiffehi,Wilmington :
• "The Av. Mr.Wiswe, ll i ofthe Centiil Church, left
this city on Tuesday lest.to,spend4he remainder of
theSishested:termlpluni'd.the recuperative breezes
.
of Long, Isla4ldli He will not. return, we under
xmiirthe September:: Since
the,ontbrealEingioSibiiirrebellion,:no 'minister of
the gospel, in Wilmington,
has labored more un
iimittiugly to itorgaa:Vn, his hearers the im
portance of the struggle in which the nation is en
gaged, and the great necessity . for united, self_
sacrificing, peishifentailtridtieleitoit on the part
of the loyal people the . assaults of
treason nikiiiAhe donttitniiiiit:Od the Union.
H'ihas handled rebelwand . s4iet traitors without
gloves, anci-has, from : time tntime, held up before
their eyes thehideous political deformity in which
they appeario all hcmorabbii, honest, loyal, pa
triotic citizens. , By whate r yer, name they may
.
be called,
.Or under what, cloak soever they may
seek to cover up their perfidy and treachery to the
government, these traitorwhave received no com
fort •ficag.tim.• -Upon mere occasions than one
has he Feelitiined, frointhe pulpit, thit if there
were any such in his flock or within his hearing,
the sanettinryCof the Living God was no fit place
for them to.be'in until they shotdd first cleanse
theniselVes of Olii,Vire loathsome heaven-defyino.
crime of treason, and epent pia sack-cloth and
ashes for ha•ving...4qtd to lift :,unholy hands or
entertain /intentions 'against this wise,
beneficent,lreg government.
"In parting temporarily with his congregation
on lasi Sunday morning, Mr. Wiswell told them
that although away, - he would — not be idle, but
would continue hisi label% - of the cause
of liberty and humanity on every proper occasion.
We' wash him successin lii!Ppairioti..., efforts, and
Slibilertaders . heretofore during
hii*oxiiefettjoyment, r have the pleasure of hear
ing directly fOin him through the columns of the
Crain.l6AL CithtoEs
.
Rev. Frederick Sfarrjr., who for several years
has been the eificient.and successful agent of Au
bitrullmological Seminary, was on. the 12th of
June installed paStor of . the Presbyterian congre
gation of Penn Yan, by the Presbytiry of Geneva.
The sermon was preaChetiy the' the Rev. Dr.
Huntington, of Auburn Stiininaii. The charge to
the iiasto was giien by ge;r;I:) Hswley of An
burn,
the, charge to the people by Rev. Dr.
Woad of dincia. •
jpie's.DonglOpn, was, on the 3d of . June,
installed .panifor. stot).4e: Westminster church,
Rleasant Valley . ; Defaces !country, by the Pres
bytery -of. North ;:Riierl, Correspondents will
Pieta° addresa hiM Pleasant Valley.: •
Sellogg late' of;'Trnmansburg,
has; after an lbsende yigis,.aCcepted a
pili - tO i!thin'te W 1 itehall, Washington county,
NA. 'Where "he commenced Ins. - Ministry and
coatinnad.to preach for seventeen years.
'::: . ..:::Z')iiifs',..liiii:litAtiiiii:'
'•!
THE .C.R;ILW ON . Or .. current
vertex (July 1869 contains articles of peculiar.
saterept and,valrie. e. gh . e . :Orn opening ones con
•tinue the disenissien.4,Dr: Hickok's Psychology,
the first being a succinct account of Dr. Ws entire
syitem, furnished " by one of his persOnil friends
who is a decided advocate of his systein." The
reflecting. reader Will receive it with gratitude as
a great desideratuin.iit the present state of the
argument.. We may here remark' that Dr. H's
philosQp it
~ia regarded-by many,
readers,: : Tfao of : the volumes, the
'Moral! Science and. the; Empirical Psychology,
have reached.a Third Edition; of the other two
"new and reviseir.editionstaye.appeared. This
followed by' !" Tindieatiens - Hickok's
Philosophy. , " The riglitlfeliimPlains of
tons of Dr. H a i reply to
„Nothing is gained by contiiinitelis of
. ignorance in such a t iinanission. biogr ap hical
. 'and.,.literary article: ska.i. v A!:.A.ugristinel- ; follows.
" Diversity of SpeeiesAlse.Human Jlace" sub
jects.! to a searching examination , the-,false.: and
anti-Seriptural views of The: Itiortonand Mott,
`and: Prof. Agassiz on great 'question intfa
tiOT Saki:ice, 'The "Ge
leder " ii :the .wiiiii&ertieki reviewin g
ttie:**eiabsgs Ottii,V.) .: B". body at' Columbus.
In ti is the old virus of bigotry and
.4loAlty which are, mast lifslieve,, inveterate
at leapt, in 40-, Princeton section . of the Old
School body., • The subject of re-union-and cor
'respondence with our body, as agitated the As
sembly; at Columbus, is disposed of in the fewest
words rissible. With regardto the resolution that
9iis inexpedient at this time to take any de
finteantion with reference to a i&union" &c.,
themiewer.says: "We are rejoiced at this
diipealtion of the matter, as we are persuaded
tkat the peace and purity-,c,f4he Church would
suffer by any attempt,,.t . ti unite the two bodies."
On the prapraied , fraterial:.:Correspondence he
'says-'-nothing:! •ABat in. regard' to the:action on
state of tile CountrythereiieweiqDr 'Hodge)
Orthe verge of disloyalty; both in: his de
fence of:ail,'" Apposition to, Dr. Breelk,iiiiitge's
paper. , He rehearses the argame,nt t of :lila pro
test; against the ;Spring! . resolationaof,:list:year
. and maintains • the ground that the. Church dare
not, pronounce the secessiew a rebellion That
would be to broach a• theory (!) of our.Constitu
tien—fo meddle with politics , ! Dr. Hodge is
willing to'give his entire l peliioriai influence as a
Christian man againSt the4eliellion. in itietheory
and facts. OfirfitioidChurelunan he
he would do o,* 84,4 thine He is very much
afraid that his ;rill brethren are about to re
114:?ance Aheir,;faitloikrul. the faith of their fathers
andtainSibplitikaiists 1 ! Of course the patriarchs
of illiflotriaAeclared that it was, "manifest
ly th r erdtWetill Christians who.enjoy the light
Of thekiesinfi day :Use their hbnest, earnest,
Orel' iinirearind 'endeavons to obtain the complete
abolition of thrO Aciut 'Christendom"
disownekbY.D.i. H. and Oar body is left in
timuestioned i possession of the succession. In
view ; of the Ahole of, this :article we must say we
unhesitatingly prefer the phase of Old Schoolisui
exhibited . in' slaveholding Kentucky to that of
theillrefacair of free Neer Jersey. - "Slavery and
. tlfo l. Wire-Trade "---an--Historical article—with
coneludeilie number:
-
PriltPritistatialinxit-Crianit i t - Editor of Clark's
actooVrtsitor has pablinhed:in a very neat style
a Sermon for the tiaies 01rOltRIST4N CounAos.
Tliet; 8410 is bold the sentences are
s'lit ; 'the' sentbi dent=ls Vorifuli' manly, loyal,
v"..glia:Clirk, 1808
.dieetnatSt.4. iopent - ipos't paid.
=IIII