page 8 - The Behrend College Collegian. Thursday, January 22,1998
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A civil rights martyr no longer rests in peace
By JR. Moe/ving,e f•k - (c) 1998, Los
Angeles Times
BIRMINGHAM, Ala. - Every few
minutes, it's like another bomb go
ing off.
Above her headstone, one after
another, jets from the nearby airport
re-create the last sound she heard,
their booming engines recalling the
tragedy that befell her 34 years ago,
a tragedy that still reverberates.
Addie Mae Collins was 14 years
old when she became one of the civil
rights movement's most lamented
victims. On Sept. 15,1963, she and
three other girls were killed by Ku
Klux Klan members who planted
dynamite beneath the Sixteenth
Street Baptist Church, where the
girls were getting dressed for Sun
day morning services.
Monday. as the nation commemo
rates the birthday of assassinated
civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther
King Jr., Addle Mae Collins has be
come more than a martyr. She is also
a mystery.
King spoke at the girls' funeral
three days later, telling 8,000 mourn
ers and 800 pastors, black and white.
that Addie and the other girls were
"modern heroines of a holy cru
sade."
But a baffling discovery was made
last week when Addie's sister, Sa
rah, ordered her grave opened. Sa
rah wanted Addie removed from the
lumpy field of decrepit trees and
crumbling headstones, which was
abandoned 20 years ago. She wanted
Addie reburied in a better cemetery,
one where weeds don't grow shin
high in summertime, where planes
don't drown out your conversations
with an older sister who never had a
chance.
But when workers opened Addie's
grave, they were horrified to find
nothing. They dug two feet deeper,
then two feet wider - still nothing.
No body was there to accompany the
gray marker that read: "Addie Mae
Collins ... She Died So Freedom
Might Live."
"I was really shocked," said Sa
rah. "It was really hurtful, too. I've
been going there, talking to her for
years. Then to find out that she re
ally wasn't there. I knew her spirit
was with the Lord, but I never
thought her remains weren't there."
"At times, life is hard." King skid
at Addie's funeral, "as hard as cru
cible steel."
But what would he have made of
this latest hardship? Of losing a be
loved sister twice? And on this of
all weekends.
"This is one of those weekends
when people are reflecting on the
civil rights movement," said a
shaken Rep. Earl F. Hilliard, D-Ala.,
the first black congressman from
Alabama since Reconstruction.
"This is a tragedy. It's a loss to his
"This is one of those weekends when people are
reflecting on the civil rights movement. This is
a tragedy. It's a loss to history."
Rep. Earl F. Hilliard, D-Ala.,
the first black congressman from Alabama since Reconstruction
The fear is that someone took
Addle. Over time, the cemetery has
been a playground for countless van
dals, both casual and deliberate. Or
else someone connected with the
cemetery moved her, for who knows
what reason. A spokesman for Poole
Funeral Home, which reportedly
handled the burial 34 years ago, re
fused to comment, but no one seems
sure if Poole even has the cemetery
records, or if such records still ex
ist.
Even the name of the cemetery
isn't certain. Newspapers call it
Greenwood; history books say
Woodlawn
The most likely scenario seems to
be that Addie's grave wasn't accu
rately marked at the time of her
death. According to one book about
the bombing and its aftermath, "Un
til Justice Rolls Down," Addie's par
ents could not afford a proper head
stone. Now that Addie's sister can,
the parents and everyone else who
might say where Addie lies has
joined her underground.
Hilliard, whose spokesman gave
the inscribed marker as a gift to
Addie's family, said a "monumen
tal effort" was being made to retrace
the steps of mourners who swarmed
through the cemetery so many years
ago, but he wasn't specific about that
effort. "I just hope it's successful,"
he said.
World and Nation
Sylvia Plath's Husband Ends His Silence
By John Burgess=(c) 1998, The
Washington Post
LONDON - For 35 years they've
been awaiting an explanation,
sometimes growing angry over the
delay. Devotees of the poet Sylvia
Ptah, who committed suicide in a
London apartment in 1963, have
wanted to hear from her husband, a
fellow poet, who had separated from
her shortly before she died.
But Ted Hughes kept silent. He got
on with his life. He became Britain's
poet laureate. Along the way he
offered hardly a word about his and
Plath's failed seven-year marriage
and what role he might have played
in the final despair of a woman who
became an icon of the feminist
movement.
Now the wait is over. Hughes is
telling his story of their life together
in verse, 198 pages of it, starting from
the moment he scanned a news photo
of young American Fulbright
scholars, newly arrived in England in
1955, and wondered idly if he might
meet any of them.
Prepared in secrecy, the book
"Birthday Letters" was excerpted in
the Times newspaper here this
weekend and instantly became the
talk of the literary world, though sales
won't begin until the end of the
month. "It sounds very exciting," said
poet James Fenton. "Good for him, I
say, that he's managed to put together
so many poems about this subject and
allowed us to see them."
Today Hughes is 67. Tall and
craggy, he writes verse for state
occasions, campaigns for river
conservancy and gives readings in a
voice that could only belong to one
of his calling. But for all his
accomplishments, his long-ago link
with a bigger name is a large part of
who he is in the literary world.
Writing up to her death in 1963,
Plath used jarring, sometimes-morbid
It wai tipivotal moment in Ameri
can history when the bomb went off
at Sixteenth Street Baptist Church,
turning part of the beloved local
landmark into a pile of bricks. Three
weeks earlier, King had marched on
Washington and delivered his "I
Have a Dream" speech. Two months
later, President Kennedy would be
dead. With Birmingham public
schools facing a federal court order
to admit black students, the city and
the nation were trembling with ra
cial tension.
Addie's sister, Sarah, lost an eye
that morning. She'd been standing
amass the church basement from her
sister when suddenly the world
erupted. Lying in a hospital bed for
days, both eyes bandaged, she was
unable to attend Addie's funeral.
Another sister, Janie Gaines, at
tended the funeral but never again
visited the cemetery. She never so
much as laid a flower there until last
week, she told a Birmingham news
paper, because the pain was just too
great.
The pain promises to become still
greater and fresher when news
spreads that a central figure from the
civil rights era isn't resting in peace.
As workers clambered over the cem
etery Saturday afternoon, searching
for Addle, her face filled a TV screen
at the rebuilt church_ along with the
faces of fellow victims Denise
McNair, 11, Carole Robertson, 14,
and Cynthia Wesley, 14 - as dozens
of visitors viewed a documentary
about the bombing.
But this particular Saturday, the
documentary had a somber post
script. Tara Walton, a tour guide, in
formed the crowd that one of the vic
tims was missing.
Many gasped.
"Heaven's sake!" cried a woman
"Oh no!" said another.
The visitors then peppered Walton
with questions, none of which she
could answer. Are vandals respon
images to convey feelings of
loneliness and general powerlessness
of a woman in postwar America. Her
work rang true to more and more
people in the 1970 s and 'Bos, notably
feminists, and she became one of the
best-selling poets of the century. a
posthumous Pulitzer Prize winner.
Hughes' defenders say Plath was
unstable from the beginning - she had
tried suicide before their marriage
and drove him out of the house. But
for the past 35 years, he has been
subjected to constant, often-vicious
hostility from people who variously
consider him heartless, responsible
for her suicide or a symbol of male
domination in general.
Vandals hacked his surname off her
headstone in Yorkshire; someone
once piled his papers on floors in
"You can't read this book without being
absolutely swept away by his feelings for
her." Andrew Motion
a poet and critic
several rooms of his home and set fine
to them.
Andrew Motion, a poet and critic
here, doubts that Hughes' hard-core
critics will be swayed by the poems
in "Birthday Letters." But Motion,
who knows Hughes, says the verse
proves the man's deep tenderness.
"You can't read this book without
being absolutely swept away by his
feelings for her," he said.
It was a tumultuous bond from the
start. Their first meeting, in February
1956 at a boozy London party for the
launching of a new magazine, has
passed into literary legend. Details
vary, but they apparently retired to a
back room where Hughes appears to
have kissed Plath hard and ripped off
her scarf, and she to have responded
by biting him on the face.
sible? Can anything be done? How
long has the little girl been gone?
Nervously, Walton said only that
talks had been under way to bring
all four girls back to the church, to
rebury them together in a special me
morial area, but that those talks were
now indefinitely on hold.
If Addie can be found, it may be
largely the result of efforts by Jim
Stokes, manager of the Superior
Concrete Co. He's the man Sarah
hired to open the grave, and the only
man now willing to search for the
body.
"I thought we were coming to a
conclusion of this situation," he said
the other day, standing in the forlorn .
cemetery, peering at the ground. "In
stead, we've just made the situation
worse."
Stokes has consulted various old
timers and longtime Birmingham
residents with sharp memories, hop
ing one will remember that funeral
in vivid and precise detail. But al
ready he's discovered what histori
ans have long known: When it
comes to memory, time is the ulti
mate vandal.
"You get 10 people out here," he
said, "and they'll point in 10 differ
ent directions. Some say the body's
in this vicinity. Some say it's in that
vicinity."
He walked back and forth, exam
ining the plane of the ground like a
golfer, squinting at every name
etched in the old stones. He was 12
when the bombing happened, and he
remembers little about it.
"I wish I'd paid attention," he said,
"so maybe I could solve this now."
Next to the place Addie was sup
posed to be buried is the grave of
Cynthia Wesley. Below Cynthia is
an unmarked, muddy mound where
Stokes suspects Addie may be. But
he needs Sarah's permission to dig
again, and even then he fears exhum
ing the wmng person, inadvertently
reopening another family's grief.
Idly, he studied the epitaph on the
nearby grave of an unrelated
stranger.
"Gone But Not Forgotten," he
read. "That's a for-sure statement."
Behind him, however, he failed to
notice the epitaph on a laige crypt, a
quote from the Book of Psalms: "He
is at my right hand," it read. "I shall
not be moved."
In his new verse, Hughes writes of
leaving the party with a swelling ring
moat that was to brand my face for
the next month The me beneath it for
good.
He made an impression on her too.
She wrote a few days later to her
mother that he was "the only man
I've met yet here who'd be strong
enough to be equal with - such is life."
She was 23 at the time, a Smith
College graduate who was already a
prize-winning writer. He was a
Cambridge University graduate in
English and anthropology, a
sometime rose gardener given to
cruising around London in a
corduroy jacket with poems stuffed
in the pockets.
Some of the excerpts published
Saturday recount the courtship. He
writes of an early walk around
London with her
We clutched each other giddily
For safety and went in a barrel
together
Over some Niagara ... .
You were slim and lithe and
smooth as a fish.
You were a new world. My new
world.
They married in June 1956. In later
years, they moved to the United
States, then back to London. They
had two children. Along the way, they
became perhaps the premier literary
couple of the time. She published her
first book of poems, "The Colossus,"
in 1960. In 1963 came an
autobiographical novel, "The Bell
Jar," drawing on the despair that led
to her first suicide attempt.
22 new Cardinals named,
including 2 Americans
By Vern Haller=Special to The Wash
ington Post
VATICAN CITY - Pope John Paul
II on Sunday named 22 new cardi
nals _ among them two Americans,
a Canadian, seven Italians and the
archbishops of Mexico City and
Vienna.
When the new cardinals are el
evated officially at a ceremony Feb.
21, John Paul will have named 106
of the 123 cardinals who will be eli
gible to take part in the conclave that
chooses his successor.
With the new appointments, the
total number of cardinals, including
those over the age of 80 - who are
not eligible to vote in the election of
a pope - will be 168.
The pope tapped American Arch
bishops Francis Eugene George, 61,
of Chicago and James Frances
Stafford, 65, the former archbishop
of Denver who is now prefect of the
Vatican's council on the laity. From
1976 to 1982, Stafford was auxiliary
bishop of Baltimore, where he was
born.
The Canadian is Aloysius Matthew
Ambrozic, archbishop of Toronto.
In Chicago, George said that his
elevation to cardinal is as much a rec
ognition of the place that the Chicago
Archdiocese holds in the church as it
is a peztonal honor. "I knew it was
going to come sometime," he said
during a news conference at his resi
dence. "This is an honor to Chicago
primarily. I'm really very grateful."
Trying to make it on reduced assistance
By Kim Murphy=(c)l99B. Los
Angeles Mmes
LEWISTON, Idaho - Colleen
Asdefoni isn't one of the 63 percent
of Lewiston welfare recipients
dropped from the rolls. She's still try
ing to make it with Idaho's reduced
cash grant."l'm so far behind, it's not
even funny anymore," said the 25-
year-old single mother of three. "I
was getting $382 a month, which
wasn't enough to begin with. You're
not really gaining, but you're stay
ing above water. In July, it went down
to $276. And I completely drowned."
Medicaid still pays the doctor bills
for her 7-year-old daughter, who was
born with a hole in her heart. But
But they never found a settled nest,
traveling frequently. Tension began
to appear at home.
All the time, deeper rage and
frustration were spilling out in her
writing. Many of Hughes' critics see
him in some of it. Her poem "Daddy"
focuses on feelings of love and
abhorence for her father, who died
when she was 8, but her husband
seems to appear in the words as well:
The vampire who said he was you
And drank my blood for a year,
Seven years, if you want to know.
In 1962, involved with another
woman, Hughes moved out. He left
Plath caring for their two small
children.
One night in February that year,
she turned on the gas in the kitchen.
She was found dead the next
morning.
Hughes inherited rights to her
works and later edited and published
some of them. His career advanced -
he became poet laureate in 1984 - but
the sniping continued. At times he
responded to critics in letters to
newspapers, but for the most part he
let it go.
"That silence seems to confirm
every worst suspicion," he wrote in a
1989 letter. "I preferred it, on the
whole, to allowing myself to be
dragged out into the bull-ring and
teased and pricked and goaded into
vomiting up every detail of my life
with Sylvia," according to "The
Silent Woman: Ted Hughes and
Sylvia Plath" by Janet Malcolm.
But now, for reasons he hasn't
explained, Hughes is giving a
detailed account, in poems that were
written over the past quarter-century.
Motion, one of the few people to
have read the full work, says the
poems' complexity increases as
Hughes moves toward her death.
"You feel it's written in a burning,
continuing process - like she's just left
the room," he said.
George succeeded the late Cardi
nal Joseph Bernardin as head of the
Chicago archdiocese. Bernardin, who
was the church's senior prelate in the
United States, died of cancer in late
1996.
Cardinals, in addition to electing
popes, are influential church leaders
who advise the pope and often hold
key Vatican positions.
Among the archbishops named as
cardinals are: Christoph Schoenborn
of Vienna; Norberto Rivera Carrera
of Mexico City, which is the world's
largest Roman Catholic diocese; Paul
Shan Kuo-hsi of Taiwan; Antonio
Maria Ruoco Varela of Madrid;
Serafim Fernandes de Araujo of Belo
Horizonte, Brazil; Polycarp Pengo of
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Jean
Balland of Lyon, France; Salvatore
De Giorgi of Palermo, Italy; and
Dionigi Tettamanzi of Genoa, Italy.
Other nominations included four
Vatican department heads, three Ital
ian archbishops chosen for special
merit and Bishop Adam
Kozlowiecki, a Polish missionary in
Zambia who was imprisoned at the
Nazi concentration camp in Dachau,
Germany, during World War 11.
The pope did not reveal the names
of the final two cardinals, a practice
usually reserved for prelates in po
litically sensitive positions.
The pope said a 23rd cardinal
whom he had planned to appoint,
Giuseppe Uhac, secretary of the Con
gregation for the Evangelization of
People, had died Sunday morning.
now, Astleford's 9-year-old daughter
has been diagnosed with leukemia.
Her doctor says she must be treated
in Portland, Ore. And Astleford has
no car.
Why not move 10 minutes away to
Clarkston, Wash.? Washington's cash
assistance program also requires work
or job hunting every week, but the
benefits would be $642 a month - at
least after the first year.
Astleford shakes her head. "That's
what everybody asks me," she said.
"I have kids = this is their home....
Now, they have their school, they're
happy. They have their friends, and
is it fair to drag them somewhere else
again?"