A Wealthy Miner.
atn .Sau Frftncisco Mail tells this
V?3 of "e of e wealthy miners of thnt
Bention : Mr. Fair was b.rn in Ireland in
lfU-V i? Cftme to tho United States in
, ; ""anireil his business edit
cation in Chicago, and came to Cali
n ma during the gold excitemeut in 1849.
ouice that time ha has deroted himself
Principally to mining, and from that
IZ ? J now enjoying nn income of
about $000,000 per month. Mr. Fair
resides in Virginia City, and personally
l P6?? tenj8 tha work on the Consoh
uated Virginia and California mines. His
nouse on B street is one of the sights of
tne town, boing pure white, and as
Prettily ornamented as a tor. In the
iront yard there is a bird house elovatod
on. a pole, and it is finished in the high
est stylo of art. No bird was ever known
to enter it.
There is very little of the snob about
'HI. fair. It in trim t inf. I,a La. fm,'a
U for his family a barouche, drawn bv
tnit 1 . . . . ' . . J
nurses, witn gold-nobbed harness,
but a pair of geldings drag his own
buSgy, and there is no gilt upon the
straps.
Notwithstanding 1n" i m inpnuii iron hi,
Mr. Fair is not a happy man. Certain
persons scattered
through Nevnda are
convinced that the bonanza kinc has
pronged them in sundry financial opera
tions, and would be pleased to blow tho
top of his head off. Until withiu eight
or nine months Mr. Fair drove a single
liorse through the streets of Virginia,
nnd. it is said, carried a loaded revolver
in his boot. Latterly he has ridden be
hind a span, and beside him in the
"uggy is a horseman named Mooney,
who lias the reputation of being an ex
ceedingly Itnrd hitter and a haudy man
in a row. Mooney does all the driving
lor the Fair family. At the house on B
street the greatest precautions are token
aga;ust auy attack. A watchman prowls
about the yard all night, and another is
Btatioujjti in tho hall wiUrn doors.
1110716
opuliir name for Mr. Fair among
riuians is "Slippery Jim." He
me Virginians is "Slippery
Js exceedingly polite to everybody, and
" my son " is one of his favorite forms of
address. Bores have no terrors for him.
To a young nnd disagreeably inquisitive
tourist, Mr. Fair is the essence of suavity.
Placing his hand upon the shoulder of
the Bt;-anger, he will say, with an engag
ing smile : " My Bon, would it be too
much to ask of you to come around to
morrow ? Those mines are any amount
C 4 1.1.- i , . .
i'i iiuuuiu io me, una Dusniess, you
1 hero are a good mnny stni?s current
in Virginia illustrative of Mr. Fair's pe
culiar style of doing things. Olio is that
nt a tinia who'i a csrbvn cross-cut in tho
Consolidated Virgiui'i, showing very rich
ore, and it was politic to keep the fact
secret, Fair went down the shaft about
midnight, and found two minors in tho
main drill coolin.r ntr
"My son," said Mr. Fair, picking up
a piece of rock that had fallen from a car
from the cross-cut. and addressing onn
of themcn : "rnvsnn. whnt. ln vmi ti.tni,
that rock is worth ?
" It won't pay for crushing," answered
the judicious miner.
" What do you think, my son ?" asked
Fair, turning to the other. The man,
anxious to display his knowledge, blurt
ed out :
" It's worth two thousand a ton if it's
worth a -cent. "
"You're a miner," sHid Mr. Fair, ap
provingly ; and five minutes later he or
dered the foreman to discharge the sec
ond speaker, on the ground that " ho
knew too much. "
Fashion Notes.
Tan color is revived.
Tight sleeves are dc rigcuer.
Buttercups are favorite flowers.
Small caps are very fashionable.
Small yellow roses are in demand.
Putty color is revived for kid gloves.
- No birds nre seen on the new bonnets.
Madras ginghams are in vogue again.
Tho "Imperial" is the leading dol
man. Orange and flnme color are fashion
able. "No wine," is the rule for the kettle
drum. Visits of ceremony should always be
short.
French and English chips are on the
wane.
Black aud tilleul is a popular combina
tion. The Normandy is tha leading spring-!
UUUIIUt.
The "Corisande" is a beautiful new
overskirt.
Square box-toed boots are the most
fashionable.
Bonnets with pointed crowns are things
of the past.
The princesse is the favorite dress for
little girls.
Several kinds of tea are served at a
kettledrum,
Plush gouze is one of the new bonnet
trimmings.
For summer wear long white luce mit
tens are shown.
Tan and brown nre the favorite con
binations in the new wraps.
Gobi nnd steel are combined in bonnet
miu uuiiiuru ornamoiits.
All shades of yellow are freely used
iu uiiuuiiu (spring uonnets.
trruy and tan m pale shades nre the
glove colors ot the moment.
The hew shades of green are sea foam
crysiui, cnscuue nnu uronze.
Bushes of lace an I cre,pe lisse
used for luce trimmings of bonnets.
are
A pretty visiting toilet is en regie for
jce'.iieurmna or iiincneon parties,
Silk Algerine gauzes in Oriental stripes
are siiuwu lor evening uresse3.
Undressed kid gloves have almost
superseded dressed kids for street wear,
Among the millinery novelties
straw works and straw laces.
are
Dolmans and scorf mantles are worn,
but so are half long French sacks.
Bird3 nnd birds' wings have flown
away from the spring millinery openings.
The new bonnets are small, but are
made to look large with the trimmings.
w, uiuiies imperative ueuimula vmnii ; ""- " nutra mo oiuceuin wasn- ,
une 3 ume. nea ho goes to a clerk 'K ""K"". wve wuicu are circular re- ; (Jin
tell him I'm not in." the fishes are thoroughly cleaned, and
A hint to busy people : When your
neighbor is sick, if you would do your
. friend kindues3, be helpful to the doe
tor and a blessing to society, just stay at
home until yon are sent for; keep out of
the 6ick room unless the physician asks
you to aid him in treating the case. If
tins one rule was usually observed, epi
demics and contagious diseases would be
easily held in abeyance.
Messrs. Nichols and Ogle, rival cand:.
dates for the mayoralty of Galveston,
tossed pennies to determine who should
retire from the race, and, the latter has
refused a nomination.
HOW SARDOES ARE PREPARED.
Slenhade'n t'rd In this Country-How tbe
Fish la tint Handy for Market-Ureaf la.
creiue In llie Trade during the Last Seven
Years.
The American Sardine Company start
ed the business of preparing sardines for
sale about seven years ago, at Port Mon
mouth, N. J. Some idea of the extent
of those works may be gained from the
fact that in 1873 the company manufac
tured and sold 470,000 cans, a quantity
which was nearly equal to the total im
portation of foreign sardines in 1870, the
year when the company was started. In
1874 the production was equally large,
but during the lost two seasons the catch
has been small, owing to the scarcity of
the fish which the company selected as a
substitute for the sardine the menhaden
or ocean trout, commonly called the
"moss bunker." Its color is silverv.
spoiiou wnn uarK Drown. These
fl.l.
1 BUOunt " the bays and deep rivers which
! in,1nnt l. XT T l
1 ""-" -iwunswicK,
; Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, and in
; th0 Pvm8 nd fall appear also in great
i numbers along the New England coast
! &nl in the Raritan bar. Here during
tue season they are oaught by the era-
Pu,Tees OI "- sardine oompany, who
continuo tha work until Vnroml, fivt
wKiii IMJVKtblullB IIUUU& iHttV nrflC Brill
The flesh of tho menhaden is sweet and
nutritious nml in lv mnn-o- -f,.,...i
that of the imported sardine, the only de-
feet boing the unusual number of bones
These, however, are now removed by a
ivSveeptle,nt of the nr?
ly gave a frtbune i reporter the following
mformation as to the manner of catching
the fish and the process of manufacture :
Iho menhadon is a timid fish and swims
upon the surface. When at early dawn a
sohoot is descried by the ripples on the
Biuinue, mo smau boats are lowered from
the sloops which have been lyinsr off tha
KrouU(l since midnight, and a long net
I aoont 700 feet in length and descending
iwoive or inirteen teet into te water is
carried out on both sides until the school
is surrounded. The fish are then ladled
out by the fishermen with "scoops,"
placed on board the sloops, and brought
to the factory docks at Port Monmouth.
In the factory they are first brought to
the "scaler," a long shaft with twelve re
volving wheels filled with long blunt
teeth, which removed the scales. The
heads are then cut off. tho entrails
ii , r; .
the bones removed. They are then put
in pielding vats for several hours, until
well salted; troin these thev nre trans-
i 41. ( 1 1 t . i
ferred to the cooking cans, which are , amount of money which the establishment
placed in the sti'aming tanks, seven in I was to pour into the hands of every nier
number, each capable of holding 1,000 chant and trader in the citv, as events have
boxes. From the steaming tanks they ' shown, the first thing which the Citv Kath
pass to a long table, and are finally pack- , era did when these works were being erect
ed in permanent cans. After oil and ' ed was to tax the bricks and material not
Bl"Les lmye een piaceu m the cans, they
' nre 8ealeJ- The time occupied in the
I whole process is about three days.
: Prior to 1874 the sales were confined
i to this country, but during the last two
years large quantities have been export-
ed to Bussia, Germany, Australia. Entr-
land and South America. Last year ap-
Plication for arpiicipB in
received, but as. owinsto the small vield
cva. uui urj. uwini; io me Hill Uil TieiU i
mson the PiRtin ,lm.nT ,, i
i sumdiod il B,L'
i supplied, it was deemed inadvisa- j
H o I" UIUnaUV.T:
P,.,r, .,, ii. n , " : ' "ci
4 j j! mBU. An ex- gand dollars everv two weeks. These hun
tensive catch is expected during the com- dreds of hands pay out that money to the
lug season and preparations are making j butcher, the baker, the grocer, the clothier
to enlarge the works. i the dry goods merchant, nnd all wl.n 1.
A Peculiar General.
! One
of the late Gen. Chantrarnier's !
peculiarities was a horror of tobacco.
oa n i.. i .i
! lie has been seen at home, where he was
otherwise the kindiest of hosts, pursu
ing unfortunate smokers even into re
mote corners, harassing them, reducing
Zr7u V U ' nrer ana ,
partlv bv serious pvnnftfnl.,,,,, o,,i
. .v Di- i
n submission, and bringing them up ;
I in triumph to the drawing-room. In I
uv, iu in ,o jjui Liuumr icupeci ne seems!
vi nnve ire.ttea ins guests as a stern but
iiiuieny oia colonel might treat a parcel 1
of subalterns. Au odd story is told of j
him in the time when he was himself ,
a subaltern, lie and two comrades had i
been dining together; and they had!
dined so well that one of the comrades, I
overcome with wine and the heat of a j
discussion which ensued, lost his head
I - ,
ami struck Changariuer, who turned
deadly pule aud felt that he must light
Bomuuouy. xsut lie was fur too generous
to fight his intoxicated friend. He left
the room without saying a word, went
into a neighboring eofl'ee-house where
the students of the place were wont to
assemble, aud administered a couple of
cuffs to the first unoifending student
he came across, aud, when swords were
drawn, followed this outrage up with a
severe wound in the shoulder. He then
returned to his friend, who had no recol
lection of anything that had occurred,
and said to him : " What a bore you
are ! You've obliged mo to run a poor
devil through the shoulder who never
did anything to me. It's perfectly
ridiculous." And so the two embraced,
and no more was said.
Giving him a Load.
A story is going tho rounds about old
Cooke, the actor, whose will is at pres
ent tho subject of such exciting and
costly litigation in London. The old
gentleman went out with a friend to
have n day's shooting, and, to add addi
tional zest to their sport, it was agreed
that Mr. Caoke should carry home all
his friend shot, and his friend all that
Mr. Cooke mnnngad to kill. As fortune
would Jiave it, Mr. Cooke had particu
larly bad luck nnd shot nothing, while
the other was in excellent form, and
slaughtered quite a host of game of all
sorts. So tho poor old gentleman, ac
cording to the terms of the bot, was com
pelled, grievously against his will, to
carry all the game on his own shoul
ders, and got unmercifully chaffad for
his pains by his unsympathizing com
panion. The old man bore it all with
grim patience, .until going along the
road they stumbled upon a huge grant
er. In the twinkling of an eye Cooke's
gun was at his shoulder, and the pig fell
dead, a trophy to his skill. "There
now," said the hunter, turninar to his
companion, ' take up that and carry it
li,,z " .i.;i. j; v .
"mi niuuu iiia uuw uisconsoiate
friend proceeded to do.
Why He Resigned.
When asked for the reasons that in.
duced him to tender his resignation
Senator Cameron, of Pennsylvania, said:
"I am seventy-eight years old, and think
that I have been in publio life long
enough, and that I will never find abet
ter time to retire. I am tired of the car
and worry of office, of haying to turn
away gooo. people wiiora i would be glad
to serve if I had the power, and of being
annoyed by bad people seeking to make
use of me. I am rich, and need not sub
jeet myself to all thi trouble, ' ' "
CLARK'S "OirSPOOL COTTON
How, and Where it is Made The
Clark Thread Company Largest
Works in the New World
Acres of Splendid Build
ingsForests of Won
derful Machinery.
The Process of Manufacture,
Down In the Cotton Fields The
Employees' Societies The
Clark Hose Company A
Grand Relief Society
Employees' Centen
nial Excursion
The Renowned
Eureka Club
and Thistle
Band.
MANY INTERESTING PARTICULARS.
Fr.im tha Essex Count? Prt, Newark, N. J.
At the foot of Clark street, in the Eighth
ward of the city of Newark, on the banks
j ot tn Pnssnic, occupying several acres of
j Kraunui "pen wnicn are uuuuings the Hoor-
"ii.,-,i nicaDuu-n Itvaur riL'Ill acres.
are situated the largest thread works in tlm
?ew WorlJ employing about fifteen hun-
dred hnndi and paving out everv two week
m 8,xteen to twenty thousand dellain in
I wase, to be distributed by the employees
i .7"0"B difT"e"t cXa?? nd occupations in
! aeg
largest pay roll of any employers in New
Jersey, nd contributing SlZ the web
fare and prosperity of the city than all its
, financial Institutions combined, we hear le
j in the newspapers of tiiis world of wealth
I makers than of dome second-class moncv
j lending shop on Broad street. It would be
I useless for anv one to atteumt to tnn tn
j their source all the varied industries which
have entered into the production of Clark's
i. ' opool (Jotton, which is sold by
every merchant dealing in dry goods, fancy
Roods, hosiery, notions, etc., in the United
.States, and contains two hundred yards of
thnt indispensable article, strong) smooth
and beuutiful. It is made up of
NEARLY FORTY-TWO MILLION DOUBLINGS,
and yet is so fine as to be liardlv visilih. n
few inches from the naked eve.' The im
I mense capital invested in TheClark Thread
i Company's Works and the vast volume of
business, amounting to several millions npr
um, extending to everv part of the
ted States, is one of the principal sources
ewnrK's prosperity. What it is
u i,i..: ...i.:..i. o. ...
uiCTmus iiii-u uuw iroin it. are
, not realized by one in a thousand of' the
people who dwell within the sound of their
tower l,BU Krtii:tl,t..n.lin i. i
. 7el "napeo. into Diiuuings. it was on a
I pnr with the intelligence and appreciation
: of tne
real sources of wealth,
' uaual.'.v exhibited by the average politician.
V , uu,e lru" company or curb
eton,e ,brokerthat asked exemption.it would
p,robab -v have1been gntcd. Some idea ef
tlle vnlue of 'he work to the community
i ,nay.be had by an illustration of a thing
ir i i i ii i " o i
whlcU mi?ht reall-v haPPen at any time.
rhe Clark T1,read Company employ, as
Btatej. obmll fif.pn i,n,i' i ' , '
! hundred 'peiWiis, pay.
ln? out to them sixteen to twenty thou-
anything to sell get a part of it in sonie
way, either directly or indirectly. From
their hands it goes to pay debts, meet ob
i: .; ,,,., , , r . i
"al;ons aml nu e cnanneis oi trade with i
ine circulating medium called monev. and
which is to business what blood is to the
human system, giving it life, animation
and power. Suppose to-night those works
were
DESTROYED BY FIRE.
They are fully insured. The Clark Thread
. , .... . .
tunipanv receive ineir l
from their underwriters
themselves: " Business is dull, sales are
uncertain, profits are small, the future is
i . '
" - -) ... ... . vU . T . A 11C ,
vast business requires close attention ai d I
persistent energy. We will not take this j
money and rebuild the works, but adopt I
'he plan pursued by most moneyed men,
B Washington, buy government j
OOIUls, bring them home, put them in a tin i
box Pav no 'axes, and sit down to take our I
e!U!e eat d,ink a,'d ue merry, with no
thought of care, supported in luxury with
out risk by the interest on our bonds, paid
by taxation of the producing classes." Can
any man calculate the wide spread ruin j
which would follew such a calamity and
course of action by The Clark Thread
Company ? It would be incalculable. All I
I those people who earned money to purchase ',
what they wanted to buy, would be added
I to the list of paupers who to-day clamor for I
work or bread. Misery, want, j
STARVATION AND CRIME
would be the fruit of Biich a coarse. But
this is exactly what has been done through
out the country, and explains why one in
twelve in Newark nre to-day supported by
the city. The pruductive capital of the
country, which employed our now idle mil
lions, lias been put into government bonds,
and appalling destitution and want are on
every hand, and increasing at a fearful rate.
Labor is the source of all wealth and pros
perity, and there is no loset equal to that
which follows enforced idleness of the pro
ducing classes. There is no music so full of
joy and peace and good will to men ns the
song of labor and the music of machinery.
Better far that all other songs be hushed
and every note be stilled, rather than those,
and to them we now introduce the reader.
ON THE DOCK
of The Clark Thread Company, which is
live hundred feet long, is a mountain of two
or three thousand tons of coal, drawn out
of boats at the wharf by a donkey engine,
and the bales of cotton find their way from
the same wharf to the brick house, for the
storage of that precious material, one pound
of which will make one hundred miles of
thread, containing about forty-two million
doublings. Xhe mind cannot grasp the
numerical fact. But four grades of cotton
are ordinarily used in the manufacture of
Clark's " O. N. T." Spool Cotton, and known
as "Sea Island Cotton." This comes prin
cipally from South Carolina and is grown
on the small islands along the coast. Con
siderable is raised on the peninsulas and
around the bays and inlets, but it is not
equal to that of the sea islands, whieh is
the finest in the world. The first bag of
this sea island cotton of the crop of 1876
was purchased by the Clark Thread Com
pany at Utty cents per pound. The inland
cotton is not used in the manufacture of
thread, being too short in the fiber. On
these sea islands were the richest planters
of the South in
THE OLD SLAVE DAYS,
many of them having as high as six hun
dred slaves, and compared with whom the
fendal lords of England were children in
luxury, hospitality, and elegance. But to
day all is changed. Those vast estates are
cut up into' small plantations, many of
them owned by the negroes, who now call no
man master. They bring in theiwseason's
firoduct, sometimes on a mule and again in
arge quantities. Brokers on the ground or
at the landings, buy and pay the negroes for
their cotton, often dividing the money ac.
cording to the labor performed in raising
the crop. Some lease the lands of the former
owners, but the old state of things ! " dun
clar' gone." This trade and trafBe, it may
be fairly expected, will In a few years large
ly increase the wealth and intelligence of
the racs in these localities.
TUB SEA ISLAND COTTON
brings treble the price of inland. An acre
will produce in the neighborhood of three
hundred and lifty pounds of seed cotton,
which when ginned weighs about seventy
6ve pounds, or one to five. The negroes
without doubt will evutually grow all the
cotton, as not one in five of the Northern
men have thus far succeeded in their at
tempts. Let the reader remember that we
have not looked at a single piece of machin
ery yet, and then calculate the number of
people and the amount of wealth, these
works employ and produce, before we reach
the factory. The sail, the mine, commerce
and manufactures, all find employment to
supply The Clark Thread Company's
works, and when they stop the cotton may
bloom and fall nnplucked. the col miner
may starve on a bed of black diamonds,
the sails on the rivers be spread to the
breeie no more, and the lathes in a hundred
shops be left to rust in silence. The manu
facture of Clark's " O. N. T." Spool Cotton
embraces the islands of the sea and pene
trates the bowels of the earth, utilising the
treasures of wealth on every hand, enrich
ing and blessing mankind at every step,
from the womb of sees to the snindleB of
! Newark
We will now examine into the
immediate sources of
the power which
drives the endless machinery of this vast
hive of industry, with its sixty miles of
belting and about seventy miles of steam
pipe for heating purposes.
WK ENTER THE ENGINE HOUSE,
itself large enough for an ordinary factory.
Here, is a mighty production of human
brain and brawn. In the presence of this
monster, with its majestic tread, one feels
his own insignificance and frailtv. This
I vast piece of machinery, moving' filentlv,
save the sharp click of the improved steain
I cut-offs, is equal in power to the combined
arau oi six nunareu horses, and is two en
gines in one, usually termed a double en
gine. The lly-wheel traveling at the rate of
forty-eight revolutions per minute and car
rying three huge belts on its surface, each
two feet wide, is seventy-eight feet in cir
cumference, twenty-five feet in diameterand
weighs thirty tons or sixty thousand peunds.
The shaft is fourteen inches in thickness,
the double cylinders are twenty-six inches
in uiameier, wu,i condensers, anil a stroke
of five feet. They were built by Corliss, in
1874. One of the three belts "on tha fly
wheel is one hundred and fifty feet In
length. But even this double monster
could not run the works. It has a big twin
brother, and together they travel every day
for ten hors on their endless journey, anl
never get tired. Tlicy are wonders of power
nnd elegant workmanship, worthy of a vuit
from any one who wants to see the
BIGGEST PAIR OF TWINS
in New Jersey. They are supplied with
steam from nine immense tubular boilers
and four large upright boilers, Corliss' plan.
They consume twenty-five tons of coal per
day, which will give some idea of the
amount of s!eam necessary to drive the im
mense establishment. Besides these there
are three ordinary sized engines, made by
Watts. Campbell & Co.. of Newark, in dif.
! ferent parts of the workB, making seven fn
un, ngrnnu total oi nearly loarteen hundred
horse power. The young mountain of coal,
whjcji looks enough to last the whole city a
year, is rebuilt by two hundred and fifty
ton boat loads, at brief intervals.
MANCKACTURINO THE THREAD.
The cotton is brought in bales to tlir mir.
. i . 7 . .
'"S rooms, when it is examined and placed
in bins, according to the different grades,
readv for the .cutrhino m.ni.in.. i,:i
open nnd beat the material, cleaning it from
the dirt and sand it contains in the bale.
After going through the seruching ma
chine, it conies out in the shape of a roll,
like wall paper, comparatively soft, while
and clean. It is, however, really in a very
rough state, compared with the fineness nnd
perleotion thnt is to be reached. Several of
l;lCBe teuiciung macuines are running con-
"nunny, anu ineir sounu is like the roar of
uyuvMing egress train, as ii whirls past i
the platform where you stand. The first I
scutcher is fed with the bale cotton from a I
hopper which lets it through into knives 1
set in large rollers, which revolve with tre- '
raendous force, and lightning speed, picking j
the cotton into small pieces, and passing it '
by suction of nir, on to other rollers, be- i
tween which it goes nnd comes out in the
sliape ot a web or "lap" in large rolls
r .i n . , f
' . "T i .1 U1IUII U
machine like the first and run together
through the same proce s of
picking and beating and cleanino
when it comes out again in the same shape
as before, rolled to exactly the thickness
which it is desired to make the "silver"
from which the thread varn is to be spun,
What a " silver" is will' be learned further
on. The maehine is so delicately set that
it regulates the thiokm ss of the web or lau
to within half an ounce, in a web of five
feet, weighing only twelve to eighteen
ounces. After being put through three
scutcbi ntt marhinpa in thia wav nml
out with eight thicknesses of web or lap
similar to that produced by the first pro-
cess, it is ready lor the circling machines.
This department is filled with Carding Ma-
chines, Drawing Frames, Lapnen, and
ujiuuuig macuines, a peneci lanyrinth ot
belling, pullevs and machinery, the noise
of which is like the roar of many waters
mingled with tho clatter of a thousand
wheels. One of the large rolls of web or
lap that cume from the last scutching ma
chine is placed on a carding machine
which takes and runs it
between the teeth
of a large and small cylinder for the pur
pose of drawing out the entangled fibers
and laying them parallel orin the same line
of direction und also to remove the small
pellicles or motes which may have escaped
the nction of the scutching machine. Af
ter being treated in this way, a comber or
doner takes the web from the small cylin
der, which is now a delicate guare ; and it
is gathered up and passed through a small
hole, say half an inch in sire, after which
it is coiled in a revolving can. The whole
process is one of wonderful delicacv, the
material being so finely worked that
breath of air would break it. This card
contains ninety thousand square teeth to a
foot, or a total of four million one hundred
and eighty-six thousand. On the carding
machine is a little joker that works like
some old man, raising the wire covered flats
from the teeth of the carder, which it cleans,
and throws off the particles of dirt and
eoarse cotton left on them. Six of the
tin cans called card slavers,
in which the roll is wound are now taken
to another machine called a Drawing
Framt and run together into one " sliver."
These six are so light that when they are
passed together through a hole and made
one, they fall into another sliver and are
then no larger than one of the six from
which it was made, although they have not
yet been twisted at all. Fourteen of these
cans full of slivers are placed at the " Ls ri
per "and run between two rollers, making
a new web nine inches wide and half an
inch thick, which comes out like the origi
nal roll from the scutching machine that
takes the cotton from the bales, only that
now it is soft and delicate as is possible to
conceive, weighing only one hundred and
forty-five grains to the yard, nine inches
wide. It now goes in rolls to a wonderful
little machine, a Freneh invention, first in
troduced in this country by The Clark
Thread Company. It is a refined carding
machine, the product of which is as much
superior n fineness to the large carders just
described as the most elegant silk goods
are to,
THg CO ABLEST COTTON CLOTH.
It U .lled the French combing machins
amj . only uwd by (he lst thrond makers,
as it is very expensive and while it makes
the thread superior in quality, it adds
twenty per cent, to the cost of manufacture.
Six of the rolls of webbing are now passed
together through the combing machine be
tween two rollers, and combed by innumer
able steel teeth to the fineness of gossamer
and the thinness of a spider's' web. It
passes on, is gathered into one soft round
" sliver " again, goes through rollers once
more, when it is coiled Into cans as before,
with a loss of twenty per cent, on the ma
terial which composed the web when it was
put on the French machine. It is a tex
ture so fine and soft that one cannot but
wonder how it bears its own wight. After
the last process, six of the slivers are again
put through the drawing frame making one
sliver no larger than any of the six from
which it is drawn. Then six of these last
are put through the same proceess reducing
them in size six times, and adding that to
the length. This is repeated three times,
nd each time they are coiled into cans.
The last sliver is the same size and weight
as when the process began, although doubled
four hundred and thirty-five thousand, four
hundred and fifty-six times. The last cans
are now taken to
THE FIRST SLUnnlNG FRAME.
from which cans they are passed through
rollers, then twisted to about the size of a
lead pencil, nnd wound on bobbins, all by
the same machine. From this they go to
the second stubbing frame, where one hun
dred and two spindles on each machine are
winding yarn from two hundred nnd four
bobbins, which enme from the first slubber,
two threads being wound upon one spool.
The next or intermediate slubbing machine
winds upon one hundred and seventy-six
spools, from three hundred nnd fifty-two
bobbins, which came from the second slub
ber. The next nnd last is called the roving
machine, nnd fills two hundred and forty
spools, which came from four hundred nnd
eignty ooiimns, irom the intermediate slub
bing machine. By this repetition of doub
ling ana twisting the yarn is fast becoming 1
Btrong and hard. We now follow the yarn
called "roving" to the self-acting "miile,' j
which makes eight hundred and forty
threads of yarn from sixteen hundred nnd !
eighty bobbins. This wonderful machine, j
two of which nre operated by one man, i
draws out the yarn and twists i't from six- i
teen hundred and eighty spools, when it !
comes away, and on i'.s return winds it on i
eight hundred cops (spools) making the j
nisi iiumuer oi mreau yarn, we now come
10
THE THREAD MILL,
which is a distinct and independent depart
ment. The cotten yarn comes here, and !
first goes to the cop winding machines, j
where it is run from the cops, through deli- i
cate balances, over soft felt ground, upon j
bobbins, two threads together upon one. !
From the con winding denartmpnt (ho i
bings go to the slinging department, where
the two threads that were run together on
the spool, in the cop winding department,
are twisted or spun in one thread. The
thread, as it is unwound, runs through
water, and rapidly over glass guides, and
the bobbin which receives it revolves five !
thousand times per minute twisting hundreds !
of threads on each machine. ' After biing !
twisted two threads together, making one I
hard thread, three of the latter are ngiiin '
run together on a bobbin, the same ns in
the first cop winding department. Three of I
these nre now twisted together, making six :
strans, and
THE PROCESS OP TWISTING Til EM
is exactly the same as the one lai-t de
scribed. It is known ns the finishing twist- ;
ing department. When the thread comes
from the finishing twisting department, it is
inspected with the greatest care, by skillful
persons, and put through several "tests be-j
fore passing the reeling department, to be''
wound in skeins for the bleach house. The
machines in this department nre verv curi-
ous, nnd daily turn out vast quantities of
thread, which is packed, and given a !
through ticket to the blench and dve houses, j
They measure off the thread into' skeins of j
an exact length and size, and when thov I
have reeled off just the right amount of ;
yam, always stop, and unlike some kind of j
yarners, they never forget to tell the same
story without variations. Again after com- '
ing from the reels, !
THE THREAD IS CAREFULLY INSPECTED, '
the work employing several girls, who take '
all the rough nnd imperfect thread from the '
hanks. After this second inspection, we !
find it next in the Meach house. The bleach
and dye houses are ..inong the most inter- :
esting departments of this vast establish- i
mcnt, although not the most agreeable, j
The progress in washing machinery, that is i
here exhibited, would make our grand- !
mothers think that the millenium had I
come. The baby washer, ns we call it, of !
this concern, is rather a large child, whose ;
place and uses will appear later. After the !
thread is sent from the inspection depart- j
ment to the bleach nnd dye houses, it is I
unpacked, counted nnd put into lnrgetnnks, '
immense loads nt a time, nnd boiled by ;
steam 'or several hours, which lakes out the j
dirt nnd j
CLEANS IT PERFECTLY. j
It is then put through washings oft, nnd
preparations wonderful and curious. The
water.used, we judge, would have increased
the flood just about enough to have lifted
Noah's ark from the snag on Mount Ararat.
S me of the wash tubs are of stone, and nil
are on a scale equal in magnitude to nny of
Col. Seller's schemes for making millions.
The londs of thread nre put in nnd taken
out of boilers, rinsers, washers, dryers and
half a dozen other procesws by machinery.
Then after all this, it goes "right back to
those huge steam boilers, nnd the same
thing is done over again. The dry room is
heated by seven thousand five hundred
feet of steam pipe, nnd can be regulated to
any desired temperature. After leaving
the reeling department, the thread that is
to be colored goes to the dye house, and
tha; which is to remain white, to the bleach
house. In the dye house is the patent dye
ing machine, used only to dye black. It
does the work far better than by hand and
is equal to the labor of more than a dozen
men.
ALL COLORS OF THREAD
are made, nd the quantities of seaps, dve
stuffs, and other material of the kind usd,
are immense. Eighty thousand gallons of
water are consumed daily in the bleach
house alone, and one of the Artesian wells
of The Clark Thread Company has a capa
city of one hundred and fitly thousand gal
lons per day. This is a remarkable well,
sixteen feet deep and eight feet in diameter,
of which Professor Maynard, the New York
ehemist, said it produced the purest water
he ever saw. It makes a man thirsty to look
at it, and is absolutely free from any parti
cles of matter, by chemical test. The thread
is blued on a big seale, Which gives that
handsome tint so greatly admired by the
ladies. Then it is committed to the tender
mercies of the baby washer, which are cruel,
and goes through it ten times. The baby is
built like an ordinary washing machine,
but ech of the rollers weighs a thousand
pounds, and as the thread passes through
the water into th washer
THEY HOP AND JUMP
and pound with antics queer, but it does the
business thoroughly. This was formerly
doHe by the old fa-hioned pounder and bar
rel which our grandmothers used to set us
at when we were boys,beforegoing to school
in the morning. Then it is drawn through
the rinscr," which is a simple and novel ma
chine continually supplied with pure Arte
sian well water. The thread passes over a
roller into the water, eomes up again over
another roller, then down into the water,
and up and down, and out and in, and out
and up over the reels into great boxes on
whteU, from which it is put into a large
water extractor, a perforated hollow cylin
der, revolving several thousand times per
minute, and then it is transported to the
drying room. In this way five hundred
htftdi can U fluted it) four minutes which
used to take nn hour and half. After the
thread has come out of the drying room,
COLORES'Olt TJNCOLOREfl, '
it goes to the wnrerooms, where itiscounted
and put in packnges to lie given out prepar
atory to being wound upon spools for the
market. The thread having reached this
stage iff perfection, ban become very valu
able and is looked after wilh the greatest
care. Tickets direct it to its different de
partments nnd denote its size, quality, etc.
The inspection and testing of thread is one
of the most important .features in it pro
duction, nnd it would surprise the lndy who
sews day nfter d :y with Clark's " O.'N.T."
Spnnl Oitton, to know by what patient snd
constant care the perfect smoothness and
regularity of the thread was secured. It is
now taken to the hank winding department
and wound upon large bobbins, wlien it is
ready for the last wind upon the spools,
from which it in taken by the consumers for
its thousand uses of necessity nnd utility,
from tying the rag en the boy's whittled and
bloody finger, to the delicate embroidery of
the wedding garment.
THE SPOOLING DEPARTMENT.
The spooling room is a busy place, where
spools of thread of all sizes and colors by
tens of thousands are wound every day, two
hundred yards on a spool. The self-acting
spooling machine is a. marvelous p'ece of
mechanism. The spools are placed in an
iron gutter by the operator, when the ma
chine picks them up. puts them on a shaft
eight at a time, winds the thread nnon them
nt the rnte'of three thousand revolutions per !
minute, cuts a little slot in the edee of the I
spool, catches the thread in it, nips it off,
drops the spools full of thread into boxes ;
below, picks up eight more empty spools, i
places, winds nnd diops them as before, and
never makes a mistake. The machine,
which is used in this country only by The
Clark Thread Company, was exhibited by
them nt the Centennial, and with their
magnificent case of goods, was one of the
great attractions among the many wonders !
of the exhibition. From the spooling de- !
pari ment, the spooled thread is taken to I
THE W'AREROOM, i
where the beautiful little label containing i
the name, number, etc., of the thread, is put i
V... i n'i. . .. ? r... I
on giriH, me mncKesi oi tnem win
put labels on the ends of nine or ten thou
sand in a day, all of which have to be
moistened by the tongue, placed on the
spool, and then slruek with tiie lmnd to
paste it. Some of these girls work about as
quick ns lightning. After ticketing, the
spools of thread are put into boxes of one
dozen each. They are then ready for pack
ing. About twenty-five thousand feet of
lumber per month is cut nt the mills, in
Michigan, to tho various lengths required,
and all that is done here is to nut the hnxp
together. A private wir runs from the !
works in Newark to the New York office, j
and the line is kept busy in sending orders
nnd transmitting messages of the company. I
In the short time we were there Bevcral i
large orders came in from diflerent parts of
the country, nnd among them were some 1
from Maine, Texas, California, Wisconsin, I
Oregon, etc. The Clark Thread Company j
sends out annually vast quantities of show
cards, calendars, etc., some of which tire
magnificent specimens of the lithographic i
and printers' art. i
IS THIS IS A FAIR COUNT?
The number of feet of draft which one '
pound of cotton undergoes is one trillion, j
seven hundred nnd seventy -two billion, j
three hundred nnd twenty million, six bun- i
died nnd thirty-five thousand, six hundred !
feet, or stated in figures, l.TTS.SO.CI'.o.OOO.'a i
distance of 335,477,582 miles. The Col
lowing demonstrates the .apparently in- ;
credible statement: The web of cotton '
from which this immense length of thread
is drawn is forty inches wide. It goes to
the carder, where it is drawn tn 4x120, :
equal to 4S0 feet. Then the drawing frame !
increases it to 480x0, equal to 2,880; the j
lapper 2,SS0x2, equal to 0,480; the comber
draws it out to 6,480x20, equal to 168,4S0 ; j
then it goes to the firt head drawing frame,
where lli8,4S0x0 equal to 1,010,880.
THE SECOND DRAWING FRAME
multiplies tho last length by six again
making 1,010,880x0 equal to 0,005,280,
which repeated on the third drawing frame
makes a length of C,0i5,2S0x0 equal to 30,- ;
3111,080 feet. Now conies the first slubbing '
frame where 3ti,3'.ll,0M)x5 is equal to 181.-'
958,400; the second slubber 181,908,400x4.1
eqinil to 818,SI2,S0O; the intermediate
slubber 181,953,400x0 equal to 4,012,870,- ,
800; tin? finishing thread winding machine '
makes the total length of the thread 4,012,- '
870,80x0 equal to 20,477,200,800. Now it j
goes on bobbins to the " mill " where 21),-!
477,200,800x9 gives us 272,004,002,400 feet. '
We then multiply the last number of feel
which states the total length of one pound ;
of cotton drawn into thread, by the length ;
of the original web, which is six nnd a half :
feet, and have the total ns stated be'ore '
272,004,002,400x01 feet making a grand
total of 1, 772,320,035,000 feet. The cotton, I
when finished ns yarn, has l cn doubled six ;
million, nine hundred and eixty-seven thou- i
sand, two hundred and ninety-six times i
(t),y((,29o), in pas-ung through the diflerent
processes. When the yarn is made into six
cord finished thread, the above number of
doublings have been multiplied bv six,
making a total of 41,803,702 doublings.
Now divide the total draft, 1,772,327,032,
000, by the total doublings, and if the work
is correct, we shall have the total number of
feet of yarn in n pound of cotton, which is
254,337 feet. But there has been 20 per
cent, loss in the manufacture, which must
be added, making n total of 305,254 feet of
yarn for a pound of cotton, of 120 hanks of
810 yards each, enough to reach from New
York to Trenton, a distance of sixty miles.
MACHINE AND CABINET SHOPS, BOX FAC
TORY AND PRINTING HOUSE.
The Clark Thread Company do all their
printing nnd lithographing nt the works
here. Four printing presses nre kept run
ning nil the tune, aud in the lithograph de-
fiartnient one steam press and six or eight
land lithograph presses are continually em
ployed. In both departments the practice
of the "ait preservative" is in the highest
style. Orders for the paper box department
in llie one item of straw hoard are f iven as
high ns eighty to one hundred tons at a time.
In the machine shop a large number of men
areeniployed in making new machinery and
keeping in repair the Vast quantity in use
in the various departments of the works.
The cabinet factory turns out about two
hundred cabinets per day. The bobbins,
etc., used in the mill are made here. In
fact about nil the Clark Thread Company
go outside for is the raw material. They
manufacture all they use, except a few of
the more intricate or patented machines.
THE CLARK HOSE CO"MPANY.
One of the best organized and equipped
fire companies in the city of Newark is the
"Clark Hose Company," organized May
15th, 1809 There are twenty members,
employees of the factory, brave, active men,
trained by frequent practice to their duty,
ar.d proud of their company and outfit.
Their equipment is as follows : Two hose
carnages with wrenches, bars and axes,
carrying seven hundred and fifty feet of
hose on reels and two pipes with extra noz
zles. They also command nine hundred
feet of hose with pipes and nozzles in twenty-one
different stations, in and around the
factory, one Cameron fire pump, one Worth
Ington, one Watts A Campbell, and one
Blake pump, one hundred and seventy-eight
filled buckets in their proper places
throughout the works, sixteen hand pumps,
sprinklers in all the rooms of the cotton
mill, the packing house, the machine and
carpenter shop and the drying rooms. There
are also sprinklers in the two top floors of
the thread mill and in the warehouse, and
there are thirty-five fire plugs or hydrants
ou the premises. Kt-gular meetings are held
on the second Monday in each month, and
practice is bad every two reeks. Examina
tion of all the valves, hydrants, pump and
other equipments takes place on the first f
each month, and a minute fyox of the ex-
net condition, position snd effectiveness of
the fire service made to The Clark Thread
Oompany. ...
THJC CLARK THREAD COMPANY REL1FF
SOCIETY. .
One of the best and most beneficial or
ganizations which constitutes pnrt of the
system and care of the Clark Thread Com
pany for their employees, is the Itelief So
ciety. It was orgnnized Jnnunry 22d, 1870,
for the purpose of providing a fund for the
relief of those who might, by accident or
sickness, be incapacitated from sustaining
themselves. All the employees of the con -pany
must be members of the society, nnd
each receives assistance when needed, from
the fund according to the amount paid in,
which must be at least one cent per week,
but no one is permitted to pay in an amount
which-would draw, in case of sickness,
more thnn half their average weekly
wages. Every cent paid in drnws seventy
five cents per week. The Clark Thrend
Compnny contributes five dollnrs per week
to the fund without cessntiori, but nil others
cease their contributions when the unex
pended bnlanee in the treasury reaches fif.
teen hundred dollnrs. When the fund is
reduced to seven hundred doljnrs,pnyments
Hre renewed. The payments into the treas
ury average about nine months in the yesr.
We hope that this humane and svstemntie
orgnnization may find manv imitators
among the manufacturers of Newark nnd
throughout the country, wno renu hub arti
cle. The company pays interest nt seven
per cent, on the money in the treasury, be
sides their five dollnrs per week into the fund.
Since its orgnnization one thousnnd three
hundred nnd ninety-seven members hnve
been relieved, nnd twenty-four deaths have
occurred in the society. The reason that
the receipts for 1874 and 1870 nre less than
usunl is because the fund had reached the
maximum of $1,500, nnd payments were
stopped. The following very interesting
table shows the amount received and paid
out from 1870 to 1870 inclusive :
lVur.
1870
1871
1872
1N73
1874
1875
it
me!!!!!!
raymtnti.
1.504.58
2,010.2
1.704.18
L742.il
1,5H5.I B
1,024.76
1,751.!4
.$1,742.84
.. 2,247.95
.. 2,114.42
.. 2,381.57
.. 8fG.0
.. 1,611.01
77.04
.. 953.31
Tctal $12,1123.34 $11,930.12
Balance in treasury Jan. 1, 1877, $986.82.
now Clark's "o. n. t." spool cotton
ORIGINATED.
Until within a few years, the great diffi
culty to be overcome in the introduction of
sewing machines, was the objections made
by manufacturers and operators to the then
popular threads. These complaints weie
so loud and well founded that the sale of
sewing machines was greatly impeded on
nccountof the impossibility of obtaining n
thread adapted to their use. Mr. George A.
Clark, appreciating the difficulty, intro
duced into the American market the now
famous Clark's 'JO. N. T." Spool Cotton, all
numbers being six cord, from 8 to 100,wbieh
met the demand, did away with nil com
plaints, and long since established its repu
tation as the best thread in use for sewing
machines or hand sewing. To Mr. George
A. Clark belongs the credit of being the
first to supply those fine qualities of Six
Cord Spool Cotton with which his name is
associated. The thread is used nnd recom
mended by agents of the Singer, Wht elcr &
Wilson, Grover & Baker, Domestic. Howe,
Florence, Weed, Wilson, Ulces, I'cmingtcm,
Secor, Home, Lathrop and other sewing ma
chine companies. The superior quality of
Clark's " (). N. T." Spool Cotton soon' se
cured for it nn immense sale, but with the
great popularity of the goods came sIfo
counterfeits which made it ncctssary for
the manufacturers to adopt a trade iiiaik
for their own and the public's- protection,
and now upon every genuine spool of their
thread is the following :
This tradimnrk is familiar to every mer
chant in the I'nited States and all who have
ever tried the genuine Clark's "O. N. T."
Spool Cotton, continue to use it.
EMPI.OYEIS AT THE CENTENNIAL.
A noticeable feature of The CI -irk Thread
Company has always been their thought
ful and considerate attention to the welfare
and pleasure of their employees. The Cen
tennial Exhibition afforded nn opportunity
for its practical illustration which should
not pass unnoticed in this nrtii le. Desir
ing to give nil their operatives nn oppor
tunity to witness the great Exhibition at
Philadelphia of what the nation had ac
complished during the first hundred yenrs
of its existence in industry nnd art, the
company planned nnd carried to complete
success a monster excursion to Phila
delphia, which embraced their fifteen
hundred employees, with invited guests,
members of the press, nnd the mnvor
and Common Council of the City of New
ark. Some idea of its extent may be gained
when it is known thnt forty-five railroad
conches were employed for their accommo
dation, and the cost for transportation, ad
mission, entertainment, etc., exceeded six
thousand dollars. But this large sum is
small compared with the unalloyed pleasure
which was afforded the grand army of
industrious people who find employment nt
llie Clark Thread Compnny Works' in New
ark. The Common Council passed and
caused to be beautifully engrossed and pre
sented to the Company, a series of resolu
tions from which for lack of space w'e. copy
only the following extract i
Retolved, Tliat we witnessed with great satisltr.
lion tbe kiuduesa and allcutiiiu showu by tlie offi
ce of this Compai; to thuir tlflef n hillKlreil work
ing people and the evident goud feeling that exiaia
between them ; rei-ogiming Unit wlieu labor aud
capital thna harmonize, prosperity must ensue.
Rrmlved, That the location of the Cladk Thkfad
CoMi'iNi in our city, w.tb their immense, works,
uud their army of operatives, has proved a viift
beueflt, and that Newark la aud uliould be, jnutly
proud of her inauufacturea on which hfv itrowtli
uud prosperity iiiiwl ever depend, aadnial Una
municipality should to.ter aud encourage by every
proper tneaua their establishment aud success.
lt'solutioua of thanks to the Company were alao
passed by the employeea,
THE EUREKA BOAT fLUB AND THISTLE
BAND.
The now famous crew, which came eo
near winning the prize against the world, at
the Centennial International Kegatta last
August, is from The Clark Thread Com
pany's Works principally. It has a list of
ibirty-five active and about forty honorary
members. It is the champion crew of the
Passaic, and has beaten the celebrated
Atlantic crew of New York. They won
the first heat on Monday. August 28th,
1876, at Philadelphia, beating the Dublin
and Argonauia crews. On the second dav
they were beaten by the celebrated Beaver
wycks, of Albany, by only six seconds, the
Beaverwycks winning the championship of
the world on the last day, the Newark it ys
of The Clark Thread Companycominld.very
close to the championship of the wor i
The Thistle Band, one of the best n the
State is organized from tbe employees of tbe
company and plays for all the many excur
sions and festivals of the employees, besides
answering outside calls when made. They
accompanied the Eurekas to Philadelphia,
and also th grand excursion of the em
ployees to the Centennial last year, and al
ways play at all the regattas in which the
Eurekat take part, ,
THE SEW YORK HOUSE.
At No. 400 Broadway, corner of Walle
street. New York is the splendid msrb'e
building of George A. Clark & Brother, the
selling ageuts of The Clsrk Thrend Coin
pany. '1 he entire five stories of tuir mag
nificent place are tilted up with every facil
ity possible for the prompt transaction of
thuir immense business.
K. T. X- V